Computer Architecture. Prologue. Topics Computer Architecture. Computer Organization. Organization vs. Architecture. History of Computers

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Osborne Henry
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1 Computer Architecture Prologue 1 Topics Computer Architecture Computer Organization Organization vs. Architecture History of Computers Generations of Computers Moore s Law 2

2 Computer Architecture (1) Definition? The design of integrated system which provides a useful tool to the programmer. (Baer) The study of the structure, behaviour, and design of computers. (Hayes) The design of the system specification at a general or subsystem level. (Abd-Alla) The art of designing g a machine that will be a pleasure to work with. (Foster) 3 Computer Architecture (2) The interface between the hardware and the lowest level software. (Hennessy and Patterson) Keywords: Design System Structure Art Tool Interface 4

3 Computer Architecture (3) Therefore, computer architecture refers to Attributes of a system visible to programmers Attributes that have a direct impact on the execution of programs Attributes Instruction set Data representation I/O mechanisms Addressing techniques 5 Computer Organization Organization refers to operational units and their interconnections that realize the architectural specifications. Attributes: hardware details transparent to programmers Control signals Computer/peripheral interface Memory technology 6

4 Architecture vs. Organization (1) Architecture is attributes visible to programmers Organization is how features are implemented Example: Architecture: multiply instruction? Organization: hardware multiply unit or done by repeated addition? (how is it implemented?) Example: IBM/370 architecture different models (organizations) 7 Architecture vs. Organization (2) Family Concept All Intel x86 family share the same basic architecture The IBM System/370 family share the same basic architecture This gives code compatibility (at least backwards) Organization i differs between different versions 8

5 History of Computers (1) Pre-mechanical Era Abacus (ancient China) Mechanical Era ( s) Wilhelm Schickhard (1623) Automatically +, -, x, Blaise Pascal (1642) Mass produced first working machine (50) Only +, - Gottfried Liebniz (1673) Improved on Pascal s machine (+, -, x, ) ) 9 History of Computers (2) Mechanical Era (cont d) Charles Babbage (1822) Father of modern computer Automatic computation of math tables Any math operation Punch cards Modern structure: I/O, storage, ALU +: 1 sec. x: 1 min. George Boole (1847) Mathmatical analysis of logic 10

6 History of Computers (3) Mechanical Era (cont d) Herman Hollerith (1889) Modern day punch card machine Tabulating machine company predecessor of Konard Zuse (1938) IBM First working mechanical computer, Z1 (later on Z2 Z4) First programmable computer Binary floating point machine Howard Aiken (1943) Harvard Mark I, built by IBM Implementation of Babbage s machine 11 History of Computers (4) Summary of Mechanical Era Contributions Reduce calculation time Increase accuracy Drawback Speed: limited by moving parts Cumbersome Expensive Unreliable Entered the Electronic Era (1945 present)!! 12

7 von Neumann/Turing Stored Program concept Main memory storing programs and data ALU operating on binary data Control unit interpreting instructions from memory and executing Input and output equipment operated by control unit Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies IAS Completed 1952: Basis for virtually every machine designed since then 13 Structure of von Neumann machine 14

8 Generations of Computer First generation: Vacuum tube Second generation: Transistor Third generation: Integrated circuits Small scale integration i on Up to 100 devices on a chip Medium scale integration - to ,000 devices on a chip Semiconductor memory (1970) Microprocessor (1971) 15 Generations of Computer Fourth generation: Large scale integration (LSI) , ,000 devices on a chip Intel 8080: first general-purpose microprocessor (1974) Fifth generation: 1978 present Very large scale integration (VLSI) to date 100, ,000,000 devices on a chip Ultra large scale integration (ULSI) Over 100,000,000 devices on a chip GSI?? 16

9 Moore s Law Increased density of components on chip Number of transistors on a chip will double every year Since 1970 s development has slowed a little Number of transistors doubles every 18 months Cost of a chip has remained almost unchanged Higher packing density means shorter electrical paths, giving g higher performance Smaller size gives increased flexibility Reduced power and cooling requirements Fewer interconnectionsi increases reliability 17

Computer Organization CS 206T

Computer Organization CS 206T Topics Introduction Historical Background Structure & Function System Interconnection 2 1. Introduction Why study computer organization and architecture? Design better programs,