Components of a simple PC

Transcription

1 Components of a simple PC Outside world Video controller Hard drive controller USB controller Network controller CPU Memory Computer internals (inside the box )

2 "von Neumann" Architecture Memory Input ALU Output Control Unit Data Flow Address Flow Control Flow CPU Mikro Computer, Single Chip Computer

3 Minimal Configuration of a Microcomputer System Clock Generator Memory (ROM, RAM) Power Supply CPU Address Bus Data Bus Control Bus Input Output () Out In

4 CPU chip register file Bus ALU system bus memory bus bus interface bridge main memory USB controller graphics adapter bus disk controller Expansion slots for other devices such as network adapters. mouse keyboard monitor disk

5 Moore s Law Moore s Law

6 ECHIVALENTA FUNCTIONALA + 24 V START START STOP SISTEM CU CIRCUITE IN LOGICA CU FUNCTII CABLATE L STOP POR RT INTR RARI SISTEM IN LOGICA CU FUNCTII PROGRAMATE POR RT IESI IRI L

7 History Of Microcontrollers Microprocessors came before Microcontrollers November 1971 Intel introduced the world's first single chip microprocessor, the Intel 4004 April of 1972 First 8-bit microprocessor appeared on the market under a name 8008 April of became available Addressed 64Kb of memory, had 75 instructions, and cost $360 MOS Technology - WESCON exhibit ( 1975) a pivotal event in the history of microprocessors Announced the 6501 and 6502 at $25 each

8 What Are Microcontrollers? Microprocessor Microcontroller what's the diff? Microprocessors can not stand alone instruction decoder, ALU, address/data/ctl. busses, timing logic, (CPU) Has no capability to interact with the outside world memory, ports, UARTS, etc. must be added to make it useful Microcontrollers are small computing systems on a single chip Central Processing Unit (CPU) Program memory Random Access Memory (RAM) EEPROM - Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory A variety of peripheral devices USARTs, Timer/Counters, ADC, DAC, Ports, CANs, SPIs, etc., etc.

9 What Are Microcontrollers? So, what s all the excitement about? They are inexpensive- even in single pieces You can design complex functionality in a small package Microcontrollers can be viewed as a universal building block There are a lot of free tools to work with Microcontrollers And The thing I like the best - Next Slide!

10 Microprocessors: General-purpose microprocessor CPU for Computers No RAM, ROM, on CPU chip itself Example:Intel s CPU General- Purpose Microprocessor Data Bus RAM ROM Port Many chips on mother s board Timer Serial COM Port Address Bus General-Purpose Microprocessor System

11 Microcontroller: A smaller computer On-chip RAM, ROM, ports... Example:Motorola s, Intel s, Zilog s and PIC 16X CPU RAM ROM Port Timer Serial COM Port Microcontroller A single chip

12 Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller Microprocessor CPU is stand-alone, RAM, ROM,, timer are separate designer can decide on the amount of ROM, RAM and ports. expansive versatility general-purpose Microcontroller CPU, RAM, ROM, and timer are all on a single chip fix amount of on-chip ROM, RAM, ports for applications in which cost, power and space are critical single-purpose

13 Block Diagram External interrupts Interrupt Control On-chip ROM for On-chip Timer 1 program code RAM Timer 0 Timer/Counter Counter Inputs CPU OSC Bus Control 4 Ports Serial Port P0 P1 P2 P3 TxD RxD Address/Data

14 Microprocessor Basic concept CONTROL ADDRESS CPU contains CCU ALU data registers and pointer registers BOOT ROM Used at startup Instruction (program) ROM Data RAM Transducers Keyboard Screen UART Parallel interface etc DATA Microprocessor, by-itself, completely useless must have external peripherals to Interact with outside world

15 Microcontroller Basic concept CONTROL ADDRESS CPU contains CCU ALU data registers and pointer registers BOOT ROM Used at startup Instruction (program) ROM Data RAM Transducers UART Parallel interface Etc DATA Microcontroller put a limited amount of most commonly used resources inside the chip

16 CONTROLERELE LOGICE PROGRAMABILE What is a PLC? PLC is a digitally operating apparatus which uses a programmable memory for the internal storage of instructions for implementing specific functions such as logic, sequencing, timing, counting and arithmetic to control, through digital or analog input/output modules, various types of machine or processes.

17 PLC History More recently electricity has been used for control and early electrical control was based on relays. These relays allow power to be switched on and off without a mechanical switch. It is common to use relays to make simple logical control decision. The development of low cost computer has brought the most recent revolution the Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). PLC was developed to replace relays in 1960s. Cost dropped and became popular by 1980s. The advent of PLC has become the most common choice for manufacturing controls.

18 How does PLC differs from a personal computer? A Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is a specialized computer, designed to be used for industrial control. Programmable Logic Controllers are sometime called programmable controllers (PC) but are more commonly called PLCs. A PLC looks different from a standard personal computer. For a start, a PLC doesn t have a keyboard or a monitor. The following pictures show several PLCs.

19 Advantages of Using PLCs in Automated Food Industrial PLCs have been gaining popularity on the factory floor and will probably remain predominant. Most of this is because of the advantages they offer. Cost effective for controlling complex system. Flexible and can be reapplied to control other systems quickly and easily. Reliable components make these likely to operate for years before failure. Troubleshooting aids make programming easier and reduce downtime. Ease to setup and program. PLC are tough enough to keep working in even the dirtiest production environment.

20 Advantages of Using PLCs in Automated Food Industrial Programming the PLC is easier than wiring the relay control panel. The PLC can be reprogrammed (conventional controls must be rewired). Computational abilities allow more sophisticated control. PLCs take less floor space than relay control panels. Maintenance of the PLC is easier, and reliability is greater. The PLC can be connected to the plant computer systems more easily than relays can.

21 The use of PLC in manufacturing Processes Switches and Sensors Timer and Counter Operator Interface PLC Communication Motor Control Field Connecto r Softwa re

22 ..\P L C\Carte net\ebook_plc.exe PLCs..\..\..\KIT\PLC Sim\PLCAutomation Trainer\PLC Automation Trainer\PLC Trainer Demo.exe Keyence, Japan Mitsubishi, Japan Omron, Japan Schneider, Germany Siemens AG, Germany Allen Bradley, USA

23 Location of the PLC in the control architecture Engineer station Operator station Supervisor Station gateway Entreprise Network Control Bus (e.g. Ethernet) PLC CPU COM1 PLC CPU COM M1 COM 2 Control Station with Field Bus COM M1 CPU COM 2 PLC gateway direct Field Bus (proprietary) Field Bus (standard) directly connected COM CPU Field Stations small PLC COM CPU COM COM CPU COM FB gateway Field Devices local intelligence Sensor Bus (e.g. ASI)

24 ANSI/ISA 95 standard the ANS/ISA standard 95 defines terminology and good practices Level 4 Business Planning & Logistics Plant Production Scheduling Operational Management, etc. Enterprise Resource Planning Level 3 Manufacturing Operations & Control Dispatching Production, Detailed Product Scheduling, Reliability Assurance,... Manufacturing Execution System Levels 2,1,0 Batch Control Continuous Control Discrete Control Control & Command System Source: ANSI/ISA

25 Busses and processors in industrial plants Process pictures disk Operator panel Mimic board open network: TCP/IP,... Process Data Base Logging station station workstation bus instrument bus (mimic board) process bus (500m.. 3 km) pool P P P C MEM directly coupled input/ output PLC nodes (multi-processors) P P C P MEM BC control stations sensor bus (30m..2 km) (0, m) node bus fieldbus station bus sensor bus transducers valve thermo-couple position M motor plant (Werk, usine)

26 Example: Production management system enterprise network production planning scheduling maintenance quality control plant network transportation cell control cell manufacturing cell control robot controlle r floor network milling machine rail-guided vehicle

27 Example: ABB Industrial IT (redundant system) Plant Network / Intranet Workplaces (clients) Enterprise Optimization (clients) 3rd party applicatio n server Firewall Mobile Operator Client/server Network connectivity server aspect server application server engineering workplace Control Network Serial, OPC or fieldbus Field Bus 3rd party controllers, servers etc Redundant AC 800M Programmable Logic Controller AC 800C Field Bus touch-screen

28 Decentralized Control System (DCS) engineering workstation operator workstation data logger control bus controller controller controller controller field bus plant all controllers can communicate as peers (without going through a central master), restricted only by throughput and modularity considerations. Note: Honeywell's "DCS " stands for "Distributed Control System", it is not a decentralized control system, but a control system for the process industry.

29 General PLC architecture RS 232 Ethernet CPU Real-Time Clock ROM flash EPROM serial port controller ethernet controller parallel bus buffers extension bus fieldbus controller analogdigital converters digital analog converters Digital Output Digital Input external s signal conditioning power amplifiers relays signal conditioning field bus direct Inputs and Outputs

30 PLC s Component Many PLC configurations are available, even from a single vendor. But, in each of these are common components and concepts. The most essential components are: CPU Module: Input Modules: Output Modules

31 PLC Operation

32 CONSOLA DE PROGRAMARE MEMORIA PROGRAM MODULE DE INTRARE UNITATEA CNTRALĂ MODULE DE IEŞIRE MODULE SPECIALE Trad. MAŞINA ELECTRICĂ Contactoare

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