Linux Boot Process. Nassim Eddequiouaq LSE Summer Week 2015
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1 Linux Boot Process Nassim Eddequiouaq LSE Summer Week 2015
2 Why does boot matter? No boot No boot! OS uses evolving hardware features Faster and more secure please
3 What does Linux need? Hardware initialization Bootloader loading the kernel Initialize arch-dependent and basic features Setup interrupts, memory management, SMP
4 Boot logic Before the operating system Backward compatibility OS boot process is specific Setup and hooking features Linux Boot Protocol
5 Boot steps The bootloader Kernel setup Long mode Decompression and jump to kernel code
6 Bootloaders Responsible for loading and transferring control to the kernel UEFI Legacy LILO GRUB2 SYSLINUX
7 GRUB2 boot sequence
8 x86 Architecture 4 Modes : Real mode Protected mode V8086 mode Long mode
9 Linux Boot Protocol Build-time parameters : setup code size Bootloading-time parameters : command-line parameters and size initrd max address
10 Linux image format The bzimage
11 Linux boot protocol for bzimage 4 entry points : Real mode (16-bit) Protected mode (32-bit) Long mode (64-bit) Final kernel entry (vmlinux decompressed)
12 The bootloader Implement the Linux Boot Protocol Get and load kernel modules Fill the kernel setup header at the right address Jump to the kernel entry point
13 Kernel setup header
14 Kernel memory map
15 Protocol Requirements Kernel usually loaded at 1MB (any position if relocatable, fixed if not) cs (and loaded GDT) must be BOOT_CS ds, es and ss must be BOOT_DS esi has the struct boot_params address ebp, edi and ebx must be 0 Interrupt disabled
16 Finally in Linux ifdef CONFIG_EFI_STUB then linux is a PE _start and start_of_setup
17 Before boot main (legacy) check the segment registers setup a stack if needed setup the bss jump to boot main
18 Problem
19 Kernel setup (legacy) Copy boot header in the zeropage Init console and heap Check CPU and memory Queries (MCA, IST..) Set video mode Set Protected mode
20 Set protected mode (legacy) Hook before leaving Real mode Enable A20 gate Reset coprocessor Mask interrupts GDT/IDT setup
21 Hooks Used in hostile environment (DOS) by the bootloader boot_params.hdr.realmode_swtch subroutine that disables NMI Last resort! 16-bit Real mode far
22 32-bit entry point arch/x86/boot/compressed/head_64.s startup_32 subroutine Offset 0
23 32-bit to 64-bit Keep/Reload Segments Setup a stack and check long mode support Calculate reloc addr for decompression Update GDT for 64-bit and PAE in cr4
24 Long mode Native mode for x86_64 processors Flat segmentation Compatibility mode 64-bit registers, addresses and operands MOAR REGISTERS
25 Switch to 64-bit mode Enable PAE (done) Build PTs, update cr3 and EFER.LME in MSR Enable paging
26 Jump to long mode Set EFER.LME flag in MSR 0xC (done) Push kernel cs Push startup_64 routine Set PG and PE in cr0 lret to startup_64
27 64-bit entry startup_64 subroutine Offset 0x200 Some bootloaders jump here directly (need identity mapped PT for kernel, zero page and commandline)
28 CONFIG_EFI_STUB Allows bzimage to be loaded directly by EFI fw Entry point is efi_pe_entry() Setup boot params, startup_32 efi_main()
29 Kernel code decompression Compute decompressed kernel start address Setup a heap/stack and copy the compressed kernel Clear bss decompress_kernel() Parse ELF header, load sections and jump!
30 Yet another entry point Real kernel code
31 Beyond vmlinux entry point Jump to startup_64 Fix physical addresses in the PT Setup identity mapping Enable PAE and PGE in cr4 Update cr3 start_kernel()
32 start_kernel() Almost 150 initialization functions Takes no args Expect a specific and complex state
33 What else before init? Locks Threads SMP Scheduling RCU Proper interrupt handling, etc..
34 EFI Runtime Services efi_enabled(efi_runtime_services) EFI Runtime Services Table
35 Conclusion Not much recent changes to boot UEFI bootloaders (GRUB2, Linux kernel EFI Stub) Making an adaptive bootloader is not that easy EFI offers a good and complete API
36 Question? (Thanks for listening!)
37 References Linux 3.18 for lxr GRUB 2 Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer Manual Linux Boot kernel.org UEFI phoenix.com
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