Glossary 3D model 3D point cloud 3D city model 3D viewer 4D construction process animation 4D model 5D model Aggregation As-built model

Transcription

1 Glossary 3D model Three-dimensional model of a built facility with geometric, physical and functional properties (3D BIM). 3D point cloud A set of three-dimensional data points in space not (yet) organized into a spatial structure. Typically the product of laser scanning or photogrammetry. 3D city model Virtual three-dimensional model of an urban area with categorized information on geometry, location and appearance of all buildings and sections of terrain. 3D viewer Software for the interactive display of three-dimensional building information. Unlike an editor, a viewer does not provide a way to edit the data. 4D construction process animation Time-dependent visualization of the construction process based on a 4D Building Information Model (4D BIM). 4D model A three-dimensional model extended to include scheduling and/or duration information (time). Serves as a basis for creating a 4D construction process animation (4D BIM). 5D model A four-dimensional model extended to include additional information on costs or cost estimates. Serves as a basis for the temporal presentation of building costs over the course of a building project (5D BIM). Aggregation A special means of association for modeling relationships between components and larger objects of unequal classes. The object is an entire item (the aggregate) and the aggregated objects are part of the item. As-built model Digital model of a building (BIM) that, in contrast to the asdesigned or as-planned model, documents the actual condition of the building as it was actually built. As-designed model (as-planned model) Digital model of a building (BIM) that, in contrast to the as-built model, documents the condition of the building as it was intended to be built. Automated code compliance checking Automatic checking of norms and guidelines. See also Model Checking. Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 A. Borrmann et al. (eds.), Building Information Modeling, 575

2 576 Glossary BIG BIM The consequent use of a digital building model between all participants over all phases of the life cycle of a building using extensive Internet platforms and database solutions. Bill of Quantities (BoQ), also Specification A tabular list of the individual work stages required to complete a particular construction task/service. BIM Collaboration Format (BCF) An open XML-based data format for supporting workflow communication in BIM processes, for example for communicating conflicts and modifications. BIM Execution Plan (BEP) A strategy for every BIM project that defines the extent of BIM implementation, its effect on processes, the composition of the team for the modeling and the appropriate Level of Development (LOD) for each phase of the project lifecycle. Boundary Representation (B-Rep) A typical method for explicitly describing the three-dimensional boundary of a body or solid in a digital form using nodes, edges, surfaces and bodies. Building Information Model A digital model of a building with all its geometric, physical and functional properties. Building Information Modeling (BIM) Methods and tools for the continuous digital support of the planning, construction and operation phases of the lifecycle of built facility based on a digital building model. buildingsmart International, independent, not-for-profit organization of companies, educational institutions and private individuals from all sectors of construction with the aim of make project development more effective and more continuous using efficient methods of integrated information processing. Business Process Model Notation (BPMN) A standardized graphical specification language for modeling business processes and workflows. City Geography Markup Language (CityGML) An open, standardized, non-proprietary format published by OpenGIS for the persistent and multidisciplinary exchange of virtual 3D city models. Class (type, family) An object-oriented data concept for typing and describing the structure and behavior of similar objects. Collision detection/clash detection A procedure for detecting collisions/clashes (usually geometric) between objects of a model, for example an air duct and a wall. Common Data Environment (CDE) A single source of information, used to collect, organize, manage and disseminate all relevant project documentation among multi-disciplinary project team members. Computer-Aided Design (CAD) Computer-aided design of products based on 2D and 3D geometric models. In the past also known as Computer-Aided Drafting, which primarily applies to digital design based on 2D plans. Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) Computer-aided manufacturing of products, traditionally using numerically controlled milling machines, more recently using 3D printing techniques. Construction Operations Building Information Exchange (COBie) A specification describing processes and information requirements for streamlining the

3 Glossary 577 handover of specific building data from the design and construction phases to the facility s operation and maintenance (FM). Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG) Classic procedure for the implicit, procedural description of bodies based on basic geometric solids (e.g. cube, cylinder, pyramids) and boolean operations (union, subtract, intersect, difference). Data exchange Process of data export from a software program and subsequent data import into another software program using a data exchange format. Data exchange format Specification describing how data exchanged between programs should be saved, loaded and edited, for example IFC. Employer s Information Requirements (EIR) Define the information to be delivered, and the standards and processes to be adopted by the supplier for the development of the project and the operation of the built asset. Exchange Requirements (ER) Part of the IDM method. Tabular catalog of requirements for data or information exchange. EXPRESS A declarative data modeling language specified in the STEP standard part 11, with which object-oriented data models can be defined. EXPRESS is used to specify the IFC data model. Facility Management (FM) Set of measures used to manage and optimize operation of land parcels, buildings, facilities and services. Geographic Information System (GIS) An information system for capturing, editing, organizing, analyzing and presenting spatial data, including the necessary hardware, software, data and applications. Geometric modeling A methodology for describing the geometry and topology of products. Green Building XML (gbxml) XML-based data format for the exchange of building-related geometric data, use profiles and weather data between different CAD, BIM and energy simulation tools. Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) A vendor-independent open, standardized and object-oriented data format for exchanging Building Information Models (BIM). Information Delivery Manual (IDM) Methods for capturing and specifying data exchange processes and flows of information in the lifecycle of a building. Comprised of roles and tasks, process maps, exchange requirements and model view definitions. Interoperability (Software interoperability) Compatibility of software systems with respect to the lossless exchange of data. LevelofDetail(LOD) Describes the different levels of detail when displaying virtual worlds. This concept is also used in the definition of 2D city models (for example CityGML). Level of Development (LOD) A concept describing the degree of elaboration of a building information model in order to determine the reliability and limitations of the information stored within a model according to a specific project stage. LOD comprises Level of Information (LOI) and Level of Geometry (LOG).

4 578 Glossary Level of Geometry (LOG) As part of the LOD concept, LOG describes the level of detail of graphical or geometrical information within a model according to a specific stage of the project. Level of Information (LOI) As part of the LOD concept, LOI describes the level of detail of non-graphical information within a model according to a specific stage of the project. Linked Data Structured information that can be shared, interconnected and queried over networks using open standards. The reuse of common data models, vocabularies and semantics enhances interoperability between heterogeneous information systems. little bim The use of a specific BIM software system by an individual specialist planner for his or her own discipline-specific needs to create a digital building model and derive plans without the intention of passing the data on to other software. Model Checking A procedure for the automated, rule-based verification of a Building Information Model against a particular specification, for example norms, directives or client requirements. Model View Definition (MVD) Part of the IDM method. Specification of a subset of a model or schema (for example the IFC) needed to satisfy the Exchange Requirements for a particular task (for example determining energy demand). Non-uniform Rational Basis-Splines (NURBS) Parametric freeform curve of any degree based on B-splines with additional weighting factors that can exactly express regular conic sections (circles, ellipses, hyperbolas). Object-oriented Modeling Method for the structured description of data or information on the basis of objects and their inter-relationships. Ontology General meaning: study of the nature of being. In the context of BIM: An ordering system. A formally organizxed collection of concepts/categories in digital form, typically formulated verbally of graphically. Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) An international association for the specification of spatial information processing (especially geodata) based on common standards for the purpose of interoperability (OpenGIS). Process Maps (PM) Part of the IDM method. Standardized process diagrams for selected sub-processes of the planning, construction and use of buildings/building constructions. Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) A concept from mechanical engineering for the seamless integration of all information arising over the lifecycle of a product. Process Modeling Methods and concepts for describing processes and workflows (planning, communication, data exchange, business, controlling, construction, and operating processes). Quantity Take-Off (QTO) Also known as quantity surveying. The determination or calculation of quantities of a particular construction task/service, usually in accordance with a particular norm (e.g. VOB). Semantics In the context of BIM: The meaning of a sequence of characters, symbols, data or information, usually related to non-geometrical information.

5 Index Accessibility, 373 Accident, 350 ACIS, 29, 30 Additive manufacturing, 419, 432, 444 Aggregation hierarchy, 110 relationship, 95 Alphanumeric file format, 116 Analytical model, 330 Application Programming Interface, 377 Approval, 267 Archiving, 267 Artifacts, 72 Artificial Intelligence, 156 As-built, 394 Aspect model, 128 Assembly plan, 416 Assertion Box, 185 Asset Information Model, 240, 285 Requirements, 240 Audit, 146 Auditor, 146 Augmented reality, 562 Automated Code Compliance Checking, 369 Automated Production, 566 Automation, 356, 413, 431, 439, 440 Automotive industry, 3 Bar chart, 323 Bar schedule, 325 Bézier curves, 38 BIG BIM, 11, 84 Big Open BIM, 124 Billing, 9 Bill of quantities, 384 BIM, see Building Information Modelling (BIM) Black-Box method, 369 Boolean operators, 33 Boundary Representation, 29, 105, 210, 224 Boundary surfaces, 343 Bounding Box, 102 BPMN, see Business Process Model and Notation B-splines, 39 Building element libraries, 417 Building Information Modeling (BIM) CAD Library, 552 Collaboration Format, 150, 257, 289, 540 coordinator, 16, 562 Execution Plan, 15, 18, 241, 281, 294, 306, 307, 322, 497 implementation, 295 lead, 562 Level 2, 572 Level 3, 572 manager, 16, 64, 312, 496, 501, 562, 573 Maturity Model, 13 Modeler, 16 pilot projects, 19 Roadmap, 19 staff, 296 use cases, 294 Building measurement, 393 Building Permission, 368 BuildingSMART, 85, 535 Data Dictionary, 114, 156, 161 Building surveying, 393 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 A. Borrmann et al. (eds.), Building Information Modeling, 579

6 580 Index Business Process Execution Language, 68 Business Process Model and Notation, 67, 69 Calibration file, 144, 145 Carousel production, 414 Certification, 84, 124 Cesium, 207 CIC BIM Protocol, 309 CityGML, 201, 210, 211 Application Domain Extension, 208 Clash cycle, 321 Clash detection, 318, 359, 361, 496, 537, 540, 545 Clashes, 501, 502 Classification, 83, 253 Client-Server system, 268 Clipping, 108 Closed BIM, 310 Cloud technology, 572 COBie, 14, 376, 567 Code checking, 326 Code generator, 218 Code representation language, 370 COINS, 189 Collaboration, 262 COLLAborative Design Activity, 206 Collision, 336 analyses, 28 detection, 134 Common Data Environment, 14, 17, 244, 281, 375, 542 Common file repositories, 268 Communication asynchronous, 260 co-located, 260 direct, 260 indirect, 260 process, 294 remote, 260 synchronous, 260 Compliance, 368 Computer-aided Manufacturing, 414 Computerized numerical control, 414 Computer-Supported Collaborative Work, 252 Concurrency, 259 control, 262 Conical sections, 39 ConsensusDocs, 307 Consistency, 2 Constraint, 35 Construction phase, 9 progress simulation, 496 Scheduling, 566 Construction site equipment, 323 logistics, 496 safety, 354 Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG), 32, 107, 210, 224 Continuity, 38 Contour crafting, 425 Cooperation, 262 Coordinate system, 395 Coordination, 262, 293 meeting, 319 model, 257, 270 view, 149 Copyright, 308 Core Layer, 88 CORENET, 373 e-plan Check, 373 Cost calculation, 566 Cost-efficiency, 413 Cost estimation, 128, 383, 498 Critical Path Method, 75, 325 CSG, see Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG) Cyber-physical system, 419 Data flow, 450 interfaces, 451 object, 253 security, 309 set, 253 Data modeling, 44 aggregation, 56 association, 53 attributes, 49 class, 48 composition, 56 data type, 49 entity, 48 entity type, 48 inheritance, 58 language, 86 object, 48 DBPedia, 164 Design development phase, 6 Design to production, 422, 566 Design-for-safety, 355 Design Transfer View, 134 Dictionaries, 159 Digital, 4 signature, 267 terrain model, 32, 103, 537 Digitalization, 2

7 Index 581 Dimensioning, 331 Disposal, 10 Document management system, 259, 269 Documentation, 394 Domain, 256 Layer, 90 model, 254 Early binding approach, 218 Employer s Information Requirements, 15, 18, 281 Energy consumption use case, 131 Energy demand calculations, 338 Energy Performance of Buildings Directive, 337 Entity Relationship Diagrams (ERD), 45 Models (ERM), 45 EU Public Procurement Directive, 19 Exchange Information Requirements, 240 Exchange requirements, 129, 143 Explicit geometric information, 224 Explicit modeling, 29 Export certification, 147 test, 144 EXPRESS, 86, 218, 374 Extended event-driven process chains, 67 Extensible 3D, 206 Extensible Markup Language (XML), 47, 222 Extrusion, 33, 108, 224 Facility management, 2, 10, 567 Family, 36 Feature, 35 Finite element method, 331 Finland, 17 Fire safety, 373 5D Planning, 562 FORNAX, 374 Foundation and Infrastructure Modeling, 563 4D model, 322, 502, 559 France, 19 FreeClass, 164 Freeform curves, 37 surfaces, 37 Functional company organization, 64 gbxml, 211, 339 Geographic Information Systems, 456, 497, 536, 542 Geometric modeling kernel, 29 representation, 101 typification, 114 Geometry determination, 394 Globally Unique Identifier, 161, 253 Granularity, 323 Green building XML, see gbxml Guidelines, 350, 357, 367 Handover, 82 Health protection, 349 IDEF, see Integration Definition for Function Modeling (IDEF) IfcAdvancedBrep, 106 IfcBuilding, 95 IfcCurve, 102 IfcElement, 93 IfcFacetedBrep, 105 IfcMaterial, 100 IfcObject, 92 IfcProduct, 92 IfcProperty, 112 IfcProxy, 112 IfcRelAggregates, 95 IfcRelAssociatesMaterial, 98 IfcRelationship, 92 IfcRelSpaceBoundary, 97 IfcRoot, 92 ifcxml, 123 IGES, see Initial Graphics Exchange Specification (IGES) Image data processing, 405 Implicit geometric information, 224 Implicit methods, 32 Implicit modeling, 29 Import certification, 148 Import test, 144 Indexed Face Set, 31, 103 Individual contract solution, 306 Individual entity production, 413 Individualized production, 444 Industry 4.0, 419 Industry Foundation Classes, 12, 84, 127, 139, 182, 210, 218, 371, 551, 572 Information Delivery Manual, 128, 143 Information resource, 253 Initial Graphics Exchange Specification (IGES), 85 Instance data, 218, 222 Insular solution, 11

8 582 Index Integrated Project Delivery, 305 Integration Definition for Function Modeling (IDEF), 68 Interaction, 262 Interoperability, 12, 83, 156 Interrelated models, 190 Islands of Automation, 82 ISO , 117 Job Hazard Analysis, 354, 358 Joint ventures, 448 Jotne Express Data Manager, 374 Keyhole Markup Language, 206 Knowledge Representation, 156 Laser scanning, 406, 537 Late binding approach, 218, 220 Lean management, 448 Level of aggregation, 254 of Detail, 10, 60, 202, 245, 256, 390, 416 of Development, 10, 15, 136 of Geometry, 10 of Information, 10, 60, 245 of Model Definition, 136 Liability, 309 Line of Balance, 325 Linked Building Data, 188 Linked Data, little bim, 11 Local Placement, 110 Lofting, 34 Logistics, 416 Manual electronic surveying, 397 Mapping method, 218 Master Information Delivery Plan, 286 MasterFormat, 384 Materials, 98 Measurement instruments, 394 Metadata, 269 Metadata schemas, 253 Meta model, 253 Mobile devices, 454 Model checker, 130, 257 Model checking, 149, 326 Model Management, 312 Model View Definition, 84, 128, 129, 132, 143, 290, 343 Modularization, 436 Multicopter, 406 Multi Models, 189 Multi-party contract system, 305 mvdxml, 134, 149 Nomenclature, 158 NURBS, 39, 107 Object Management Group, 69 Object-oriented CAD systems, 416 modeling (OOM), 46 Objectified relationship, 93 Occupational safety, 349 OmniClass, 157, 384 Ontology, 160 Open Geospatial Consortium, 200 Operation phase, 10 Organizational Information Requirements, 239 Parameter, 35, 417, 564 Parametric CAD systems, 35 modeling, 35, 564 ParaSolid, 29 Partial model, 128, 256, 540 Permitting planing, 331 Phase, 257 Photogrammetry, 401 Multi-image photogrammetry, 402 Single image photogrammetry, 401 Stereo photogrammetry, 403 UAV-photogrammetry, 405 Photo-realistic visualizations, 28 Planning, 350, 351, 353, 355, 362 effort, 9 Plausibility check, 370 Point cloud, 405 3D, 407 Pools, 71 Prefabrication, 413, 436, 439 Prevention, Procedural process, 416 Process diagram, 131 landscape, 63 map, 129 modeling, 64, 67 Product Data Management systems, 271 Production, 416 control, 449

9 Index 583 processes, 449 system, 448, 496 Productivity, 413 Product Lifecycle Management, 272, 419, 557 Project Information Model, 239 Project Information Requirements, 239 Project organization, 299 Project platform, 270 Properties, 112 PropertySet, 112, 161 Proprietary format, 83, 84 Public private partnership, 305 Quality assurance, 140 Quality management, 419 Quantity take-off, 28, 383, 496, 566 Rapid prototyping, 419 Reference View, 134 Regulation, 367 Reinforcement drawings, 335 Reinforcement model, 333 Reliability, 136 Resource Description Framework, 163, 184 Resource Layer, 90 Return on investment, 361, 362 Revision, 265 Robotics, 431, 439 Rotation, 108 Route planning, 538 Rule Box, 185 Rule Interchange Format, 185 Safety, 350, 351, 353, 355 rule-checking, 350, 357, 359, 363 Schedule, 457 monitoring, 499 Semantics, 43, 156, 159 Semantic Web, 162, 182 Rule Language, 185 Sensors, 419 Shared information space, 252 Shared Layer, 90 Simulation methods, 28 Singapore, 17 SMARTCodes, 377 Solibri Model Checker, 375 Solid Modeling, 104 Space allocation models, 322 Space Boundary, 97, 340, 343 SPARQL, 185, 194 Specialization, 159 Splines, 37 Standard Data Access Interface, 220 Standard for the Exchange of Product Model Data (STEP), 85, 86, 122 P21, 218 Physical File, 88 Stationary Industry, 448 Status change, 257 STEP, see Standard for the Exchange of Product Model Data (STEP) STL format, 31 Structural engineering, 329 Structure from Motion, 405 Surface model, 102 Surface of a terrain, 31 Surveying, 394 Sweep, 33 Swim lanes, 71 Syntax, 159 Tacheometry, 399 Task Information Delivery Plan, 242 Technical building services, 338, 545, 562 Terminology, 158 Box, 185 Terrestrial laser scanning, 406 Tesselated objects, 224 Tesselation, 103 Test description, 144 3D city DB, 207 city model, 202 coordination, 536 modeling, 5, 401 printing, 418, 419, 422 materials, 422, 425, 426, 429, 431, 433 standards, 439 viewer, 455 Topology, 29 Triangle mesh, 31 Triangulated nets, 103 Typification, 114 UniClass, 157, 384 Unified Modeling Language (UML), 46, 69 Uniformat, 384 Uniform Resource Identifier, 163, 183, 184 Unique product, 449 United Kingdom, 18 BIM strategy, 18 United States of America, 17

10 584 Index Army Corps of Engineers, 17 Universally Unique Identifier, 253 Unmanned aerial vehicles, 405 Usage rights, 308 Vectorization, 394 Vendor-neutral data formats, 11 Versioning, 236, 259, 265 Vertex-edge-face graph, 29 Virtual reality, 562 Virtualization systems, 453 Visualization, 564 Wall openings and penetrations, 28 Web Ontology Language, 163, 184 Web technologies, 453 White-Box method, 370 Work Breakdown Structure, Workflow management, 66 system, 74 Zonal model, 340 Zone, 256