Measuring Turbulence with Lidars
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1 Measuring Turbulence with Lidars Experiences from the Technical University of Denmark, Wind Energy Department A. Sathe DTU Wind Energy
2 Outline Introduction 2 Risø DTU Lidar Turbulence
3 Outline Introduction Turbulence Measurements Commercial Lidars 2 Risø DTU Lidar Turbulence
4 Outline Introduction Turbulence Measurements Commercial Lidars Turbulence Measurements WindScanners 2 Risø DTU Lidar Turbulence
5 Outline Introduction Turbulence Measurements Commercial Lidars Turbulence Measurements WindScanners Summary 2 Risø DTU Lidar Turbulence
6 Introduction DTU Wind Energy 3 Risø DTU Lidar Turbulence
7 Introduction DTU Wind Energy 3 Risø DTU Lidar Turbulence
8 Introduction DTU Wind Energy Structure Divided into 8 sections Test and Measurements Section Applied Measurement Technology Team Making new measurement techniques commercially useful 3 Risø DTU Lidar Turbulence
9 Introduction DTU Wind Energy Structure Divided into 8 sections Test and Measurements Section Applied Measurement Technology Team Making new measurement techniques commercially useful Infrastructure Heavily instrumented met-masts with heights more than 1 m up to 25 m. Remote Sensing Instruments Commercial Lidars Short- and Long-Range WindScanners 3 Risø DTU Lidar Turbulence
10 Introduction Test Site Details 4 Risø DTU Lidar Turbulence
11 Introduction Test Site Details Site Layout North Sea 6257 main house northings [km] met mast Bøvlingbjerg 6254 Nissum Fjord eastings [km] 58 o N 3 North Sea 57 o N 3 56 o N Høvsøre Denmark 3 55 o N km 7 o E 8 o E 9 o E 1 o E 11 o E 12 o E 13 o E 4 Risø DTU Lidar Turbulence
![Introduction Test Site Details Site Layout Ten years of wind-power meteorology at Høvsøre Met-Mast Details 7 North Sea 6257 main house northings [km] 6256 6255 met mast Bøvlingbjerg 6254 Nissum Fjord](/docs-images/80/80475434/images/12-0.jpg "446 447 448 449 45 451 eastings [km] 58 o N 3 North Sea 57 o N 3 56 o N Høvsøre Denmark 3 55 o N 1 2 3 km 7 o E 8 o E 9 o E 1 o E 11 o E 12 o E 13 o E Figure 2.")
12 Introduction Test Site Details Site Layout Ten years of wind-power meteorology at Høvsøre Met-Mast Details 7 North Sea 6257 main house northings [km] met mast Bøvlingbjerg 6254 Nissum Fjord eastings [km] 58 o N 3 North Sea 57 o N 3 56 o N Høvsøre Denmark 3 55 o N km 7 o E 8 o E 9 o E 1 o E 11 o E 12 o E 13 o E Figure 2. Sketch of the Høvsøre meteorological mast and its instrumentation 4 Risø DTU Lidar Turbulence
13 Introduction Turbulence Quantities of Interest 5 Risø DTU Lidar Turbulence
14 Introduction Turbulence Quantities of Interest u 2 u v u w Reynolds Stress Tensor, R = v u v 2 v w w u w v w 2 5 Risø DTU Lidar Turbulence
15 Introduction Turbulence Quantities of Interest u 2 u v u w Reynolds Stress Tensor, R = v u v 2 v w w u w v w 2 Turbulent Kinetic Energy Dissipation Rate 5 Risø DTU Lidar Turbulence
16 Introduction Turbulence Quantities of Interest u 2 u v u w Reynolds Stress Tensor, R = v u v 2 v w w u w v w 2 Turbulent Kinetic Energy Dissipation Rate Turbulence Spectra 5 Risø DTU Lidar Turbulence
17 Introduction Turbulence Quantities of Interest u 2 u v u w Reynolds Stress Tensor, R = v u v 2 v w w u w v w 2 Turbulent Kinetic Energy Dissipation Rate Turbulence Spectra Coherence 5 Risø DTU Lidar Turbulence
18 Introduction Turbulence Quantities of Interest u 2 u v u w Reynolds Stress Tensor, R = v u v 2 v w w u w v w 2 Turbulent Kinetic Energy Dissipation Rate Turbulence Spectra Coherence 5 Risø DTU Lidar Turbulence
19 Introduction Commercial Lidar Scanning Configurations 6 Risø DTU Lidar Turbulence
20 Introduction Commercial Lidar Scanning Configurations Conically Scanning 1 x3 (m) x2 (m) lidar x1 (m) Risø DTU Lidar Turbulence
21 Introduction Commercial Lidar Scanning Configurations Conically Scanning 1 Doppler Beam Swinging 1 x3 (m) x3 (m) x2 (m) lidar -2 x1 (m) x2 (m) lidar x1 (m) Risø DTU Lidar Turbulence
22 Introduction Measuring with WindScanners 7 Risø DTU Lidar Turbulence
23 Introduction Measuring with WindScanners Six-Beam Scanning 1 x3 (m) x2 (m) 5 lidar x1 (m) Risø DTU Lidar Turbulence
24 Introduction Measuring with WindScanners Six-Beam Scanning x3 (m) Triple Lidar System x3 (m) lidar2 x2 (m) lidar x2 (m) lidar3 lidar x1 (m) x1 (m) Risø DTU Lidar Turbulence
25 Introduction Mean Wind Speed Measurements Commercial Lidar WindScanners 8 Risø DTU Lidar Turbulence
26 u lidar (m/s) u lidar (m/s) Introduction Mean Wind Speed Measurements Commercial Lidar 2 u lidar = :99 u sonic 18 R 2 = : WindScanners 16 u lidar = 1 ucup 14 R 2 = : u sonic (m/s) ucup (m/s) 8 Risø DTU Lidar Turbulence
27 Introduction Turbulence Measurements 9 Risø DTU Lidar Turbulence
28 u 2 lidar (m2 =s 2 ) u 2 lidar (m2 =s 2 ) Introduction Turbulence Measurements u 2 lidar = :69 u 2 cup R 2 = : u 2 lidar = :66 u 2 cup 1.6 R 2 = : u 2 cup (m 2 =s 2 ) u 2 cup (m 2 =s 2 ) 9 Risø DTU Lidar Turbulence
29 Turbulence Measurements Commercial Lidars Continuous Wave Lidar e.g. ZephIR x3 (m) Velocity Azimuth Display VAD 5 x2 (m) lidar 2-2 x1 (m) Risø DTU Lidar Turbulence
30 height (m) Turbulence Measurements Commercial Lidars Continuous Wave Lidar e.g. ZephIR x3 (m) Velocity Azimuth Display VAD 11 5 x2 (m) lidar 2-2 x1 (m) unstable neutral stable hu 2 i lidar =hu 2 i sonic 1 Risø DTU Lidar Turbulence
31 1 8 Turbulence Measurements Commercial Lidars 6 4 Pulsed Lidar e.g. WindCube 2 x3 (m) 1 5 Doppler Beam Swinging x2 (m) lidar -5 x1 (m) Risø DTU Lidar Turbulence
32 height (m) 1 8 Turbulence Measurements Commercial Lidars 6 4 Pulsed Lidar e.g. WindCube 2 x3 (m) 1 5 Doppler Beam Swinging x2 (m) lidar -5 x1 (m) unstable neutral stable hu 2 i lidar =hu 2 i sonic 11 Risø DTU Lidar Turbulence
33 Turbulence Measurements Commercial Lidars Turbulence Spectra Pulsed Lidar u spectrum Reference A. Sathe and J. Mann. Measurement of turbulence spectra using scanning pulsed wind lidars. Journal of Geophysical Research, 117(D1):D121, 11 PP., 212. doi: 1.129/211JD Risø DTU Lidar Turbulence
34 Turbulence Measurements Commercial Lidars Turbulence Spectra Pulsed Lidar u spectrum f (Hz) k1 Fu(k1) (m 2 /s 2 ) k1 (m 1 ) Reference A. Sathe and J. Mann. Measurement of turbulence spectra using scanning pulsed wind lidars. Journal of Geophysical Research, 117(D1):D121, 11 PP., 212. doi: 1.129/211JD Risø DTU Lidar Turbulence
35 Turbulence Measurements Commercial Lidars Ongoing Research To Correct Systematic Errors in Turbulence Measurements from Commercial Lidars Model Project Goal Reference A. Sathe, J. Mann, J. Gottschall, and M S. Courtney. Can wind lidars measure turbulence? Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 28(7): , 211. doi: /JTECH-D Risø DTU Lidar Turbulence
36 Turbulence Measurements Commercial Lidars Ongoing Research To Correct Systematic Errors in Turbulence Measurements from Commercial Lidars Model SLEMT model Systematic Lidar Error in Measuring Turbulence model Project Goal Reference A. Sathe, J. Mann, J. Gottschall, and M S. Courtney. Can wind lidars measure turbulence? Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 28(7): , 211. doi: /JTECH-D Risø DTU Lidar Turbulence
37 Turbulence Measurements Commercial Lidars Ongoing Research To Correct Systematic Errors in Turbulence Measurements from Commercial Lidars Model SLEMT model Systematic Lidar Error in Measuring Turbulence model Project Goal Devise a method using the SLEMT model such that they can be used as standalone instruments to measure turbulence and estimate the uncertainty. Reference A. Sathe, J. Mann, J. Gottschall, and M S. Courtney. Can wind lidars measure turbulence? Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 28(7): , 211. doi: /JTECH-D Risø DTU Lidar Turbulence
38 Turbulence Measurements Commercial Lidars Improvement in Turbulence Intensity Estimates Unstable 14 Risø DTU Lidar Turbulence
39 height (m) Turbulence Measurements Commercial Lidars Improvement in Turbulence Intensity Estimates Unstable Ratio of TI lidar to TI sonic uncorrected corrected TI lidar =TI sonic 14 Risø DTU Lidar Turbulence
40 height (m) Percent deviation (%) Turbulence Measurements Commercial Lidars Improvement in Turbulence Intensity Estimates Unstable Ratio of TI lidar to TI sonic (TI lidar TI sonic )/TI sonic uncorrected corrected uncorrected corrected TI lidar =TI sonic Height (m) 14 Risø DTU Lidar Turbulence
41 Turbulence Measurements Commercial Lidars Improvement in Turbulence Intensity Estimates Stable 15 Risø DTU Lidar Turbulence
42 height (m) Turbulence Measurements Commercial Lidars Improvement in Turbulence Intensity Estimates Stable Ratio of TI lidar to TI sonic uncorrected corrected TI lidar =TI sonic 15 Risø DTU Lidar Turbulence
43 height (m) Percent deviation (%) Turbulence Measurements Commercial Lidars Improvement in Turbulence Intensity Estimates Stable Ratio of TI lidar to TI sonic (TI lidar TI sonic )/TI sonic uncorrected corrected uncorrected corrected TI lidar =TI sonic Height (m) 15 Risø DTU Lidar Turbulence
44 lidar 5 1 Turbulence Measurements WindScanners Six-Beam vs VAD Method Six-Beam Method x3 (m) x2 (m) x1 (m) Velocity Azimuth Display (VAD) Method A. Sathe, J. Mann, N. Vasiljevic, and G. Lea. A six-beam method to measure turbulence statistics using ground-based wind lidars. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 8(2):729 74, 215. doi: /amt Risø DTU Lidar Turbulence
45 u 2 lidar (m2 =s 2 ) lidar 5 1 Turbulence Measurements WindScanners Six-Beam vs VAD Method Six-Beam Method 2.5 u 2 lidar = :87 u 2 cup x3 (m) x2 (m) x1 (m) Velocity Azimuth Display (VAD) Method R 2 = : u 2 cup (m 2 =s 2 ) A. Sathe, J. Mann, N. Vasiljevic, and G. Lea. A six-beam method to measure turbulence statistics using ground-based wind lidars. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 8(2):729 74, 215. doi: /amt Risø DTU Lidar Turbulence
46 u 2 lidar (m2 =s 2 ) lidar 5 1 u 2 lidar (m2 =s 2 ) Turbulence Measurements WindScanners Six-Beam vs VAD Method Six-Beam Method 2.5 u 2 lidar = :87 u 2 cup x3 (m) x2 (m) x1 (m) Velocity Azimuth Display (VAD) Method R 2 = : u 2 lidar = :69 u 2 cup R 2 = : u 2 cup (m 2 =s 2 ) u 2 cup (m 2 =s 2 ) A. Sathe, J. Mann, N. Vasiljevic, and G. Lea. A six-beam method to measure turbulence statistics using ground-based wind lidars. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 8(2):729 74, 215. doi: /amt Risø DTU Lidar Turbulence
47 Turbulence Measurements WindScanners Three Lidar System vs Six-Beam Method Three Lidar System Six-Beam Method 17 Risø DTU Lidar Turbulence
48 Turbulence Measurements WindScanners Three Lidar System vs Six-Beam Method Three Lidar System 4 u 2 WindScanner = :836 u2 Sonic 3.5 Six-Beam Method 3 r 2 = :95346 u 2 WindScanner u 2 sonic 17 Risø DTU Lidar Turbulence
49 u 2 lidar (m2 =s 2 ) Turbulence Measurements WindScanners Three Lidar System vs Six-Beam Method Three Lidar System 4 u 2 WindScanner = :836 u2 Sonic r 2 = :95346 Six-Beam Method 2.5 u 2 lidar = :87 u 2 cup R 2 = : u 2 WindScanner u 2 sonic u 2 cup (m 2 =s 2 ) 17 Risø DTU Lidar Turbulence
50 Summary Summary and future area of research Summary Future area of research 18 Risø DTU Lidar Turbulence
51 Summary Summary and future area of research Summary The VAD or DBS methods of data processing do not produce accepted definitions of turbulence statistics, but something totally different. Future area of research 18 Risø DTU Lidar Turbulence
52 Summary Summary and future area of research Summary The VAD or DBS methods of data processing do not produce accepted definitions of turbulence statistics, but something totally different. We should be careful in using the VAD/DBS method, since we can get the right results for the wrong reasons. Future area of research 18 Risø DTU Lidar Turbulence
53 Summary Summary and future area of research Summary The VAD or DBS methods of data processing do not produce accepted definitions of turbulence statistics, but something totally different. We should be careful in using the VAD/DBS method, since we can get the right results for the wrong reasons. The six-beam method looks promising, but volume averaging problem needs to be tackled in order to reap tangible benefits. Future area of research 18 Risø DTU Lidar Turbulence
54 Summary Summary and future area of research Summary The VAD or DBS methods of data processing do not produce accepted definitions of turbulence statistics, but something totally different. We should be careful in using the VAD/DBS method, since we can get the right results for the wrong reasons. The six-beam method looks promising, but volume averaging problem needs to be tackled in order to reap tangible benefits. If there is pronounced inhomogeneity in the horizontal direction then three lidars are essential to measure turbulence, e.g. complex terrain. Future area of research 18 Risø DTU Lidar Turbulence
55 Summary Summary and future area of research Summary The VAD or DBS methods of data processing do not produce accepted definitions of turbulence statistics, but something totally different. We should be careful in using the VAD/DBS method, since we can get the right results for the wrong reasons. The six-beam method looks promising, but volume averaging problem needs to be tackled in order to reap tangible benefits. If there is pronounced inhomogeneity in the horizontal direction then three lidars are essential to measure turbulence, e.g. complex terrain. At DTU Wind Energy department, we have developed pulsed (long-range) and continuous-wave (short-range) WindScanner systems that are capable of scanning any arbitrary pattern. Future area of research 18 Risø DTU Lidar Turbulence
56 Summary Summary and future area of research Summary The VAD or DBS methods of data processing do not produce accepted definitions of turbulence statistics, but something totally different. We should be careful in using the VAD/DBS method, since we can get the right results for the wrong reasons. The six-beam method looks promising, but volume averaging problem needs to be tackled in order to reap tangible benefits. If there is pronounced inhomogeneity in the horizontal direction then three lidars are essential to measure turbulence, e.g. complex terrain. At DTU Wind Energy department, we have developed pulsed (long-range) and continuous-wave (short-range) WindScanner systems that are capable of scanning any arbitrary pattern. Future area of research Tackling the probe-volume problem of lidars Measuring small-scale turbulence with lidars 18 Risø DTU Lidar Turbulence
57 Thank you!
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