Lidar for Wake vortex measurement at Onera

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1 Lidar for Wake vortex measurement at Onera Agnès Dolfi-Bouteyre, B. Augère, G. Canat, N. Cézard, A. Durécu, D. Goular, A. Hallermeyer, L. Lombard, C. Planchat, M. Valla, C. Besson

2 Lidar for Wake vortex measurement at Onera past, present, future Past activities Lidar technology development for wake vortex understanding From cw 10.6µm Lidar (1993) to pulsed 1.55µm fibered lidar (2007) (DST, Cwake, Awiator,.. Awiator, Credos, Fidelio, Sesar, UFO). Present activities Lidar technology development for wake vortex surrounding measurement for long range wind measurement on glide slope, EDR measurement (UFO project) Improved signal processing for lidar wake vortex measurement Lidar technology development for onboard wake vortex measurement. Future activities Lidar technology development for faster long range wind measurement Lidar measurement for improved wake vortex models. 2 Titre présentation

3 Wake vortex measurement with Cw CO2 lidar Reduced scale Vortex_lillex.m 3 Lidar Wake vortex measurements at Onera A.Dolfi-Bouteyre 2016/06/08

-6 image n 5-10 -4-15 -20 vitesse (m/s) -2 0 2-25 -30-35 4-40 -45

4 Reduced scale wale-vortex measurements with cw CO2 Lidar Olive oil seeding. -6 image n vitesse (m/s) temps (s) Velocity resolution : 5cm/s Cores localisation : 10 cm Measurements up to 100 spans 4

5 Wake vortex measurement with Cw CO2 lidar 5

6 6 Wake vortex measurement with Cw CO2 lidar

7 7 Wake vortex measurement with Cw CO2 lidar

8 1,55 Fibered lidar :Why fiber laser? Good beam quality (even at high average power) long range lidar free-space optics are avoided easy alignment, compact setups vibration-resistant design onboard applications telecom industry components low cost Good efficiency 1,5 µm 2 µm Complex pulse shape (amplitude modulation or phase modulaiton, agility ) Spectral agility (wavelength accordability, narrow linewidth) thanks to MOPFA architecture Guided architecture into small core fiber Compact system and airborne applications Monolithic integration of functions : Doppler - DIAL- ranging Higher spectral coverage than in crystals Increase of non linear effect (eg for superk) EOLA transfert Keopsys 8

9 Wake vortex measurement with Cw 1,55 µm lidar B20 Awiator 2004 Integrated all fiber architecture 9 Titre présentation

10 Wake vortex measurement with Cw 1,55 µm lidar B20 Awiator

Pulsed 1,55µm lidar Wind profiler Fibered technology of

from Onera to Leosphere (2006) 2005 2006 2007 WindCube

speed accuracy : 0.2 m.s-1 Wind range : -30 to 30 m.

11 Pulsed 1,55µm lidar Wind profiler Fibered technology of pulsed lidars developed at ONERA Transfer of technology from Onera to Leosphere (2006) WindCube parameters : Range : 40 to 200 m Averaging time 1 s Wind speed accuracy : 0.2 m.s-1 Wind range : -30 to 30 m.s-1 Vertical resolution : 15 to 30 m Wind direction accuracy : 2 Lidar 11

Wake vortex measurement with pulsed 1,55 µm lidar Onera pulsed

m - Speed resolution : 0.5 m/s - Frame rate : 0.

12 Wake vortex measurement with pulsed 1,55 µm lidar Onera pulsed fiber lidar CREDOS Setup (2007) Lidar characteristics : - wavelength: 1.55 µm - range : 400m - min distance: 50m - Spatial resolution : 30 m - Speed resolution : 0.5 m/s - Frame rate : 0.2Hz Lidar Fibered PM Laser 100µJ designed and built at Onera/DOTA Fibered PM architecture Real time signal processing Eye safety Scanner

13 SESAR XP0 (2011) & XP1 (2012) in CDG All-weather sensors (lidar + radar) for Wake-Vortex hazards mitigation on Airport. Beam for φ = 4 XP1 : Real time monitoring of wake vortices with a scanning Doppler lidar 13

14 SESAR XP0 (2011) & XP1 (2012) in CDG High detection rates for all aircraft categories: SuperHeavy : 100% Heavy: 91% Medium:86% 14

regulations To develop new ultra-fast RADAR/ LIDAR sensors

15 UFO project UFO project aims at improving Wake-Vortex Prediction for future weather dependent separation regulations To develop new ultra-fast RADAR/ LIDAR sensors Design of high peak power coherent fiber lasers for lidar applications 15

Design of high peak power coherent fiber lasers for lidar applications MOFPA laser (Master Oscillator Fiber Power Amplifier)

peak power by control of the Brillouin threshold 2005 2006 2007 2008 100 µj 240 µj 600 µj 800 µj M² = 1,8 M² = 1,4 M² = 2,2 M² =

techniques Design and build of a MOFPA With 3 amplification stages Design and build of MOFPA With 4 amplification stages Based on

16 Design of high peak power coherent fiber lasers for lidar applications MOFPA laser (Master Oscillator Fiber Power Amplifier) injection Modulation Amplification Spécificities: high spectral & spatial quality Modularity of beam characteristics Incease in peak power by control of the Brillouin threshold µj 240 µj 600 µj 800 µj M² = 1,8 M² = 1,4 M² = 2,2 M² = 1,1 technology transfer (Laboratory proof year) tomorrow > 1 mj - special fibers - coherent combining - other innovative techniques Design and build of a MOFPA With 3 amplification stages Design and build of MOFPA With 4 amplification stages Based on special fiber developments 800 µj, 1 kw peak, 4 khz, ν < 1 MHz, M² = 1,1 200 µj commercial amplifier with narrow linewidth multifilaments core fiber 16

17 Strain distribution technique for MOFPA peak power increase Increase of the extractable peak power : by increasing the SBS threshold with a distributed strain on the fiber (Onera Patent) Applicable to various laser architectures designs Results: Fiber P pic without P pic with Gain ErYb 7 28 W 186 W 8 db ErYb 12 L1 58 W 223 W 6 db ErYb 12 L2 106 W 420 W 6 db ErYb W 600 W 3 db Conclusion : τ pulse ~1µs, E p ~0.6mJ Power (W) Time (ns) τ eff 300 ns with standard (SM) ErYb fibre : P pic 400W, +3dB / best commercialy available sources With large core ErYb fibre : P pic 600W, +5dB / best commercialy available sources 17

18 Wind Measurements of Windcube UFO Lidar Windcube UFO 3D WIND 1.5µm Scanning Lidars 200m-resolution Windcube7 Continuous 1-hour sequence to provide Volume and GlidePath Wind & EDR data and Vertical DBS profiles

EDR from scanning lidar 15-Apr-2014 09:19:39 Vr (m/s) 0.25 15-Apr-2014 09:14:47 averaged 10 mn 6000 4000 2000 0-2000 4 2 0-2 Azimuthal structure function m²/s² 0.2 0.15 0.

19 EDR from scanning lidar 15-Apr :19:39 Vr (m/s) Apr :14:47 averaged 10 mn Azimuthal structure function m²/s² Azimuthal structure fonction for 150m <h< 200m EDR 1/3 = m 2/3. s-1 L0 = 505 m m EDR1/3 (m2/3.s-1) z=0050 m to0100 m z=0100 m to0150 m z=0150 m to0200 m z=0200 m to0250 m z=0250 m to0300 m z=0300 m to0350 m z=0350 m to0400 m averaged over 10 mn, no error terms 24-Apr : EDR1/3 0 07:12 08:10 09:09 10:08 11:07 12:06 13:05 14:04 15:03 16:02 Time altitude(m) Apr EDR1/3 (m2/3.s-1) averaged over 10 mn, no error terms 08:12 09:09 10:07 11:04 12:01 12:59 13:56 14:53 time EDR1/3 (m2/3.s-1) Lidar Wake vortex measurements at Onera A.Dolfi-Bouteyre 2016/06/08

Lidar Signal processing for aircraft wake vortex unbiased circulation estimation :

algorithm bloc diagram Wake vortex analytical model θ = ( x 1,y 1,Γ 1 ; x 2,y 2,Γ

Quick evaluation ( x 1,y 1,Γ 1, x 2,y 2,Γ 2 ) ( x 1,y 1,Γ 1, x 2,y 2,Γ 2 ) (Γ 1, Γ

20 Lidar Signal processing for aircraft wake vortex unbiased circulation estimation : development of a spectral parametric algorithm Wake vortex characterization algorithm bloc diagram Wake vortex analytical model θ = ( x 1,y 1,Γ 1 ; x 2,y 2,Γ 2 ) Detection & localisation Algorithm Lidar measurements Velocity Spectra Yi Quick evaluation ( x 1,y 1,Γ 1, x 2,y 2,Γ 2 ) ( x 1,y 1,Γ 1, x 2,y 2,Γ 2 ) (Γ 1, Γ 2 ) Refined (Γ 1, Γ 2 ) 20 Lidar Wake vortex measurements at Onera A.Dolfi-Bouteyre 2016/06/08

21 Validation (1/3) After the Least Squares After the MLE 21 Lidar Wake vortex measurements at Onera A.Dolfi-Bouteyre 2016/06/08

22 Validation (2/3) Results : Influence of atmospheric turbulence With turbulence Without turbulence Conclusion : The turbulence is the main source of the estimates dispersion 22 Lidar Wake vortex measurements at Onera A.Dolfi-Bouteyre 2016/06/08

23 Validation (2/3) Large Eddy Simulations A340 : Γ =390. Generated with a Hallock-Burnham model 1,31m/s crosswind In Ground Effect After the Least Squares After the MLE 23

24 Improved Lidar measurements of wake vortices using data assimilation PHD work : Data assimilation process to constrain Lidar measurements with the equations of flow motion Account for a more complex dynamics of the flow in the post-processing of the raw Lidar data. 24 Lidar Wake vortex measurements at Onera A.Dolfi-Bouteyre 2016/06/08

Design of a lidar simulator Design of a fibered laser

25 Onboard Wake vortex measurements Fidelio configuration longitudinale Lidar FoV LIDAR Orly field trials 2008 Design of a lidar simulator Design of a fibered laser Pulse characteristics: 120 µj-12khz-800ns WV detection at 1.2 km 25

of Doppler target Albedo averaging θ=45 Z Lidar Vibrating Pot θ scan Ω target Vibrations tests: Accelerations &

26 Onboard lidar Performance with vibrations set up Objective : Measurement of CNR with vibrations Doppler Target: reliable and reproductible response (no meteo dependancy) Rotation of Doppler target Speckle averaging Beam scan of Doppler target Albedo averaging θ=45 Z Lidar Vibrating Pot θ scan Ω target Vibrations tests: Accelerations & frequencies representative of a medium size aircraft 26 Lidar Wake vortex measurements at Onera A.Dolfi-Bouteyre 2016/06/08

27 Onboard lidar Performances with vibrations - results Without vibration With vibration~ 5Hz vitesse vitesse-narcisse vitesse-cible vitesse vitesse-narcisse vitesse-cible vitesse(m/s) temps (s) temps (s) CNR CNR-narcisse CNR-cible CNR CNR-narcisse CNR-cible CNR (db) temps (s) temps (s) Rotation hard target Narcisse No vibrations influence on CNR and speed on hard target LIDAR performs nominally during vibrations tests 27 Lidar Wake vortex measurements at Onera A.Dolfi-Bouteyre 2016/06/08

28 Onboard lidar : All altitude measurements with Rayeigh Lidar Laboratory development : Rayleigh 355nm 28 Lidar Wake vortex measurements at Onera A.Dolfi-Bouteyre 2016/06/08

Onboard lidar : All altitude measurements with Rayeigh Lidar Laboratory development : Rayleigh lidar @ 355nm Analyse spectrale par Double-Interferometre de Michelson Spectral analysis with a double

29 Onboard lidar : All altitude measurements with Rayeigh Lidar Laboratory development : Rayleigh 355nm Analyse spectrale par Double-Interferometre de Michelson Spectral analysis with a double Michelson interferometer T=273K, α=1.2 Emission-Reception Head MI of 3cm OPD (Rayleigh-Mie) FCP u (fringe phase) T (contrast + α) ρ (energy + α) CCD Double shutter α=1.2 FCP LASER Delay line MI of 10cm OPD (Mie) α (contrast) 29 Lidar Wake vortex measurements at Onera A.Dolfi-Bouteyre 2016/06/08

30 Projet DELICAT - coll. Thales, DLR, NLR, Latmos, Méteo France Simulation of LIDAR signal: Generation of 3D map realizations of atmospheric parameters: density ρ(x,y,z), aerosol attenuation and BS coefficient α Mie (x,y,z), β Mie (x,y,z), and axial wind wind(x,y,z) Generation of aircraft trajectory (X,Y,Z(t)) as well as yaw and pitch (yaw(t), pitch(t)) => generation of lidar signal Z_ac_1T x Time (s) pitch_ac_1t yaw_ac_1t tas_ac_1t Time (s) Time (s) Time (s) z x rho_3d Turbulent zone centered at 23 km x x 10 4 ρ(x,y,z), β Rayleigh (x,y,z), α Mie (x,y,z), β Mie (x,y,z), wind(x,y,z), x Detector incident powers (W) first A/C position (1st shot) Paer (Mie Channel) Pmol (Mie Channel) Psun (Mie Channel) Paer (Ray Channel) Pmol (Ray Channel) Psun (Ray Channel) Distance along opt axis (m) Direction - Conférence : signal processing

31 Lidar for Wake vortex measurement at Onera summary Onera develops laser & lidar for aeronautical applications. Onera currently works on : fiber laser power increasing for faster and longer range wind measurement improved signal processing for wake-vortex measurement with optimized fiber lidar Lidar study & technology development for onboard Doppler measurements. Future activities Lidar study & technology development for onboard Doppler measurements. Lidar technology development for faster long range wind measurements. Lidar measurement and processing for improved wake vortex models. 31 Lidar Wake vortex measurements at Onera A.Dolfi-Bouteyre 2016/06/08

Pulsed 1.55µm lidar for axial aircraft wake vortex detection

Pulsed 1.55µm lidar for axial aircraft wake vortex detection C Besson, M Valla, G Canat, B Augère, D Fleury, D Goular, JP Cariou, A. Dolfi-Bouteyre ONERA (The French Aerospace Lab), S Brousmiche, S Lugan,