Optical Modeling of Scintillation Detectors Using GATE
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1 GATE Simulations of Preclinical and Clinical Scans in Emission Tomography, Transmission Tomography and Radiation Therapy Optical Modeling of Scintillation Detectors Using GATE Emilie Roncali Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis
2 Outline 1. Production and transport of optical photons 2. The UNIFIED model in GATE 3. Look-up-table based approaches (Janecek and Moses, Roncali and Cherry) 4. Optical photon analysis
3 Nature of Optical Photons (1-10 ev) Bioluminescence and fluorescence photons Cuplov V, Buvat I, Pain F and Jan S 2014 Extension of the gate Monte-Carlo simulation package to model bioluminescence and fluorescence imaging J. Biomed. Opt. 19(2) Cerenkov photons Scintillation photons
4 Production of Scintillation Photons Materials.xml <material name="lso"> <property name="scintillationyield" value="30000" unit="1/mev"/> <property name="resolutionscale" value="4.41"/> <property name="fasttimeconstant" value="40" unit="ns"/> <property name="yieldratio" value="1"/> <propertyvector name="fastcomponent" energyunit="ev"> <ve value energy=" " value="1"/> </propertyvector> <propertyvector name="abslength" unit="m" energyunit="ev"> <ve value energy="1.84" value="50"/> <ve value energy="4.08" value="50"/> </propertyvector> <propertyvector name="rindex" energyunit="ev"> <ve value energy="1.84" value="1.82"/> <ve value energy="4.08" value="1.82"/> Incident Light yield Decay time Emission spectrum Absorption (µ a ) Index of refraction Photodetector side
5 Transport of Scintillation Photons Bulk absorption and scattering Polarization (scintillation unpolarized) Boundary effects Transmission to photodetector Incident Photodetector side
6 GATE Default Model: UNIFIED Surface finish n sigmaalpha
7 How to Parameterize the UNIFIED Model Surface finish Surface type Roughness sigmaalpha Reflection probabilities Index of refraction Reflectivity Efficiency Surfaces.xml <surface finish= groundbackpainted" sigmaalpha= 18 deg" type="dielectric_dielectric " name= ground_teflon"> <propertyvector name="specularlobeconstant" energyunit="ev"> <ve value= 1" energy="3.0261"/> <ve value= 1" energy="3.265"/></propertyvector> <propertyvector name="specularspikeconstant" energyunit="ev"> <ve value= 0" energy="3.0261"/> <ve value= 0" energy="3.265"/> </propertyvector> <propertyvector name="backscatterconstant" energyunit="ev"> <ve value="0" energy="3.0261"/> <ve value="0" energy="3.265"/> </propertyvector> <propertyvector name="rindex" energyunit="ev"> <ve value= 1" energy="3.0261"/> <ve value= 1" energy="3.265"/> </propertyvector> <propertyvector name="reflectivity" energyunit="ev"> <ve value="0.99" energy="3.0261"/> <ve value="0.99" energy="3.265"/> </propertyvector> <propertyvector name="efficiency" energyunit="ev"> <ve value="0" energy="3.0261"/> <ve value="0" energy="3.265"/>
8 LUT-based Approaches Measured Reflectance look-up-table (LUT) versus UNIFIED: + More realistic, computationally efficient, no complex input parameters + Crystal and reflector integrated in single optical surface - Specific to one material and surface finish - Needs to be provided in database or enabled through user interface Approach from Janecek and Moses* implemented in Geant4 (February 2016) Approach from Roncali and Cherry** validated in Matlab and being implemented in GATE (available in future release 2017) *Janecek M and Moses W W Simulating scintillator light collection using measured optical reflectance IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci **Roncali E and Cherry S R Simulation of light transport in scintillators based on 3D characterization of crystal surfaces Phys. Med. Biol
9 Reflectance LUT from Janecek and Moses Measure angular distribution of reflected light using laser and photodiodes* Hemispherical crystal eliminates internal reflections and refractions Probability of reflection and reflected light distribution stored in LUT for incidence 0 90 to be used in simulation Etched BGO with Lumirror at 26 * Janecek M and Moses W W 2010 Simulating scintillator light collection using measured optical reflectance IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci
10 G4surface.cc modifications for MJ s model
11 Reflectance LUT from Roncali and Cherry Measure crystal topography in 3D with SEM, or AFM (resolution ~100 nm) Compute reflected rays for incidence 0 90 using virtual illumination* Store in LUT and use in simulation incident crystal + reflected reflected Coupling Reflector transmitted *Roncali E and Cherry S R Simulation of light transport in scintillators based on 3D characterization of crystal surfaces Phys. Med. Biol
12 Use Reflectance LUT-DAVIS in GATE (preliminary) First version will be available in GATE with LUTs for different surface/reflector combinations Surfaces.xml surface finish=" ground_lut type="dielectric_lutdavis" name="ground_lut" model="davis"> Next version will include an interface for users to generate their own LUTs from their surface data or reflector parameters Courtesy Mariele Stockhoff
13 Comparison of Reflectance LUTs Roncali et. al Janecek et. al 1 reflection probability Etched Rough Polished Incidence angle Reflectance probability Reflected rays
14 Use Reflectance LUT (Janecek and Moses) from Geant4 Can be enabled in GATE by changing source code Gatesurface.cc, and recompiling Geant4 needs to be compiled with the LUTs by downloading the RealSurface 1.0 module ( 4/support/download.shtml) LUTs available for BGO only with different finishes, reflectors Surfaces.xml <surface finish="groundlumirrorair" sigmaalpha="0.1" type="dielectric_lut" name="ground_lumirror_lut" model="lut"> <propertyvector name="rindex" energyunit="ev"> <ve value="1" energy="4.08"/> <ve value="1" energy="1.84"/> </propertyvector> <propertyvector name="reflectivity" energyunit="ev"> <ve value="0.980" energy="4.08"/> <ve value="0.980" energy="1.84"/> </propertyvector> <propertyvector name="efficiency" energyunit="ev"> <ve value="0" energy="4.08"/> <ve value="0" energy="1.84"/>
15 Use LUT to Track Optical Photons Compute incidence angle Reflection probability 1 Select reflection probability from LUT Test incident photon for reflection reflection probability Incidence angle Select 2 angles (, ) to reflect photon Read p(, ) to reflect phot on no rand(1)< p(, ) yes reflect photon in direction (, ) Probability of reflection in direction (,f): p(, ) f x z f y
16 Enable Optical Simulation in GATE Turn on GATE_USE_OPTICAL in ccmake process
17 Define Optical Surfaces EACH optical interface = TWO surfaces in geometry macro scanner geometry.mac # === Optical surfaces === ### Scanner - Crystal /gate/crystal/surfaces/name teflonsurf /gate/crystal/surfaces/insert scanner /gate/crystal/surfaces/teflonsurf/setsurface teflon crystal ### COUPLING - Crystal /gate/coupling/surfaces/name coupling_crystal /gate/coupling/surfaces/insert crystal /gate/coupling/surfaces/coupling_crystal/setsurface polish /gate/crystal/surfaces/name crystal_coupling /gate/crystal/surfaces/insert coupling /gate/crystal/surfaces/crystal_coupling/setsurface polish photodetector ### COUPLING - Photodetector /gate/coupling/surfaces/name SiPM_coupling /gate/coupling/surfaces/insert SiPM /gate/coupling/surfaces/sipm_coupling/setsurface Photodetector ### COUPLING - Scanner /gate/scanner/surfaces/name coupling_scanner /gate/scanner/surfaces/insert coupling /gate/scanner/surfaces/coupling_scanner/setsurface polish
18 Define Physics and Optical Digitizer Physics.mac # # P H Y S I C S # /gate/physics/addprocess PhotoElectric /gate/physics/processes/photoelectric/setmodel StandardModel /gate/physics/addprocess Compton /gate/physics/processes/compton/setmodel StandardModel /gate/physics/addprocess OpticalAbsorption /gate/physics/addprocess OpticalRayleigh /gate/physics/addprocess OpticalBoundary geometry.mac /gate/digitizer/singles/insert opticaladder /gate/digitizer/singles/insert readout /gate/digitizer/singles/readout/setdepth detector level
19 Optical Output for Scintillation Detectors Crystal is sensitive detector Root: use Hits tree and not OpticalData tree Optical photons Gammas Courtesy Mariele Stockhoff
20 Optical Output for Scintillation Detectors Crystal is sensitive detector Root: use Hits tree and not OpticalData tree Detected optical photons Absorbed optical photons Courtesy Mariele Stockhoff
21 Optical Output for Scintillation Detectors Crystal is sensitive detector Root: use Hits tree and not OpticalData tree Detector face Courtesy Mariele Stockhoff
22 Optical Output for Scintillation Detectors Crystal is sensitive detector Root: use Hits tree and not OpticalData tree Courtesy Mariele Stockhoff
23 Use PhaseSpace Actor in Optical Simulations PhaseSpaceActor.mac /gate/actor/addactor PhaseSpaceActor MyActor /gate/actor/myactor/save MyOutputFile.root /gate/actor/myactor/attachto crystal /gate/actor/myactor/enableproductionprocess false /gate/actor/myactor/storeoutgoingparticles true # Store exiting particles Escape scintillation photons for gamma interaction at z=0 Courtesy Mariele Stockhoff
24 Optical Output: Timing Properties Track transit time and length of photons is possible BUT accuracy limited by accuracy of reflectance model! Courtesy Mariele Stockhoff
25 Optical Output: Timing Properties Track transit time and length of photons is possible BUT accuracy limited by accuracy of reflectance model! Courtesy Mariele Stockhoff
26 Conclusions UNIFIED model well established, but presents challenges with rough surfaces Reflectance models have been developed LUTs from Janecek and Roncali will be available, with the possibility of using custom surfaces (Roncali and Cherry) Timing information can be obtained to conduct timing studies phaseactor can provide information on photons that escaped Questions?
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