Tilburg University. European architect law van Gulijk, Stéphanie. Publication date: Link to publication

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1 Tilburg University European architect law van Gulijk, Stéphanie Publication date: 2008 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): van Gulijk, S. (2008). European architect law: Towards a new design. Apeldoorn/ Antwerpen: Maklu Uitgevers. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. - Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research - You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain - You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright, please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 28. dec. 2018

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

19 +**(+ )2.) )29+ *3.87.)9'/ -&.(* (.;.8+' )' 1'/)&.1)7.8.4&**(*/)+ -'& 9/+)./1* )2* 8*4.8 :*)>**/.&129)*1)+./0 9/+7&./1* 27+.8)2'742.8.:&*+9=+ 1'+) &*071)9'/ )2*'&; 9+ )6: 2*-'88'>9/44& )9'/'-)2*+)&71)7&*'-)29++)70; Research Question Market Entry Regulation Architect Liability Limitation of Architect Liability Architect s Obligation to Take out Liability Insurance Protection of the Architect s Title Protection of the Architect s Function Strict Negligence Contractual Limitation of Liability Limitation of Personal Liability Yes No 2* 4&90 +2'>+ )2.) )2* &*+*.&12 I7*+)9'/ 1./ :* +7:09390*0 9/ )2* *H.(9/.)9'/'-)2*-'7&&*478.)9'/9++7*+)2.)>*&*90*/)9-9*09/)29++)70; 7&)2*&('&*.+*.12'-)2*-'7&&*478.)9'/9++7*+2.+)>'8*.09/4'@)9'/+9/ >2912 9) 9+&*478.)*0 9/)2*-93* 1'7/)&9*+)2*&*.&**942)&*478.)9'/ 9++7*+ )2.)>988:**3.87.)*0)2&'742)2*1'+)&*071)9'/)2*'&;'-.8.:&*+9

20 2* 4&90.8+' +2'>+ 9/ > *+ >988:* 9/3*+)94.)*0 /.009)9'/ >988 1'/).9/./ 9/)&'071)9'/ )' 8.>

21 '/).9/+./ 9/)&'071)9'/ )' 8.> ' )2* /')9'/ 0*+94/ 1'/)&.1) / *.12 1'7/)&; 2'>*3*& 09--*&*/) 0*+1&9@)9'/+*H9+))'@'9/))')29+1'/)&.1)7.8&*8.)9'/+29@2*&*-'&*9/)29+ 2.@)*&>988+).&)>9)20*+1&9:9/4)2*/.)9'/.8I )9'/+'-0*+94/ 1'/)&.1)+9/)2**)2*&8./0+*8497(&./1**&(./;./0/48./09/ *1)9'/ 7&)2*&('&* 9/ *1)9'/ )2* +*))9/4'-.&129)*1) 8.> >9)29/)2* 4*/*&.8 >988 :* *H@8.9/*0 &129)*1) 8.> 9+ '-)*/ *H.(9/*0.11'&09/4)')2*09--*&*/)-7/1)9'/+)2.)2.3*)':*@*&-'&(*0-'& )2* &*.89+.)9'/ '-. '& )2* )2.). 1'/+)&71)9'/@&'1*++*/1'(@.++*+ /+)*.0 9/)29+ +)70; 2.3* 12'+*/)' *H.(9/*.&129)*1)8.>.11'&09/4)')2*('+)9(@'&)./)1'/)&.1)7.807)9*+'-.&129)*1)+29+.@@&'.129+9/A**@9/4>9)2)2*.@@&'.12)2.)2.+:**/.@@89*09/)2*&9/19@8*+'-7&'@*./.> *&391*'/)&.1)+D E>988 *H@8.9/)29+ 12'91* 9/ *1)9'/.+ >*88 9/.88; 9/ *1)9'/ 9/)*&/.)9'/.8 &*478.)9'/+)2.)(.;.@@8;)')2*1'/)&.1)7.8&*8.)9'/+29@:*)>**/.&129)*1)+./0 189*/)+ >988:* 0*+1&9:* )2* )2* '8A*+)*9/ 9&*1)93* )2*&'-*++9'/ )9'/+9&*1)93*./0)2*&*478.)9'/+ 6 /+'(*1'7/)&9*+0*+94/1'/)&.1)+.&*+@* ;&*478.)*0D(E9/ 4*/*&.8 1'/)&.1) 8.> / ')2*& &*478.)9'/ 9+.:+*/)./0 0*+94/ 1'/)&.1)+-.887/0*&)2*+1'@*'-('&*4*/*&.8);@*+'-1'/)&.1) *&391*1'/)&.1)+2*&*-'&*9/)2*-'88'>9/4@.&.4&.@2+>9880*+1&9:*)2* /.)9'/.8 I )9'/+ '- 0*+94/ 1'/)&.1)+ 9/ )2* *)2*&8./0+ *8497( &./1* *&(./;./0 /48./0 >988.8+' 0*+1&9:* >2*)2*& +)./0.&0 1'/09)9'/+.&*D'-)*/E.@@89*0)'0*+94/1'/)&.1)+ /)2**)2*&8./0+4*/*&.8+*&391*1'/)&.1)+.&*1'3*&*0:;)2*+ + D1'((9++9'/ 1'/)&.1)E 7/8*++)2*@.&)9178.& +*&391* 9+ 1'3*&*0 :;.('&*+@*19-91);@*'-1'/)&.1) 11'&09/4)')29+++./0*/*&4&*4(././02.'<7939+DE@@-

22 1'((9) )2*(+*83*+ )'. 189*/) >'&A )2* 09+)&9:7)9'/ '-. >'&A '& )2* '& )29/4+ D&)918*, D*)2*&8./ '0* E +.&*+78) 1'/+)&71)9'/1'/)&.1)+>2912-'17+'/)2*+7@@8;'-.(.)*&9.8>'&A.&*/') 1'3*&*0:;)2*&78*+'/)2* + + 2*+* 1'/)&.1)+ 2.3* :**/ +*@.&.)*8; *+).:89+2*0 9/ &)918*, '/ + 5 D1'/+)&71)9'/1'/)&.1)E ')2*8* /(*/):*)>**/189*/)+./0.&129)*1)+9+1'3*&*0:;) ('&*+@*19-91);@*'-1'/)&.1))2.).@@89*+)')29+ 8*4.8 &*8.)9'/+29@ 8.1A+ + )2* 0*+94/9/4.1)939); 2.+./ 9/)*88*1) &.1)*&9)+**(+)'-9))2*0*+1&9@)9'/'-++ )2'742 '(*)9(*+2'>*3*&)2*.4&**(*/):*)>**/.&129)*1)+./0189*/) * D(./0.)*E 7) )29+ I )9'/ +**(+ /').@@&'@&9.)*.+@*&-'&(9/4.1)+>9)2.8*4.8*--*1)9+/'))2*(.9/*8*(*/) &*I79&*0-'&./+++'&*'3*&9)0'*+/')1'&&*+@'/0 )')2*12.&.1)*&'-)2*1'/)&.1)7.8&*8.)9'/:*)>**/189*/)+./0.&129)*1)+ /)2**)2*&8./0+9)9+3*&;1'(('/)'.@@8;+)./0.&01'/09)9'/+)' 0*+94/ 1'/)&.1)+ / )2*+* +)./0.&0 1'/09)9'/+ +@*19-91 &78*+ 2.3* :**/ *+).:89+2*0 )2.).@@8; )' )2* 8*4.8 &*8.)9'/+29@ :*)>**/.&129)*1)+./0 0*+94/*&+/*H))'8*4.8&78*+ 2*('+)9(@'&)./)+)./0.&01'/09)9'/+)2.).&*.@@89*0.&* )2* +5 AAB.+ ; +6,D )./0.&0'/09)9'/+*4.8*8.)9'/+29@89*/)< &129)*1)9 E)2*.+ < ; +, + C.<;CDEED*478.)9'/+'3*&/9/4)2* *8.)9'/+29@ :*)>**/ 89*/)./0 '/+78).)93* /49/**&9/4 9&( E./05.EE# 9D2**>*478.)9'/+ E /)29++)70;>988-&*I7*/)8;&*-*&)'&78*+-&'()2*+*+)./0.&01'/09)9'/+ 11'&09/4)')29+&)918*1'/+)&71)9'/1'/)&.1)+1'3*&.++94/(*/)+7/0*&>2912)2* :79809/41'/)&.1)'&1'((9)+29(+*8-)')2*189*/)9/'&0*&)'@*&-'&(./0+7@@8;. (.)*&9.8>'&A-'&>2912)2*:79809/41'/)&.1)'&&*1*93*+@.;(*/) &)918*,./0*/*&4&*4(././02.'<7939+DE@@- **-'&9/+)./1*./0*/*&4&*4(././02.'<7939+DE@J2.'< '/9/4./0 <J 2.'<7939+ D:E'/)2* < 2*7)12'3*&/(*/)79809/4+4*/1;D.75 E2.+0*3*8'@*09)+ '>/+)./0.&01'/09)9'/+,)2*'3*&/(*/)79809/44*/19*+*/*&.8'/09)9'/+'/.++94/(*/)+)'&129)*1)+./0039+'&+D,+.75 +,, +9 J 2))@,KK>>>3&'(/8K &9?A+4*:'7>*/09*/+) E 2*+* 1'/09)9'/+ 1'/).9/ +)./0.&0 0*39.)9'/+./0+7@@8*(*/)+)')2*11'&09/4)'&)918*7/0*&'-)2*+* +)./0.&01'/09)9'/+-'&9/+)./1*0.(.4*9+89(9)*0)')2*1'+)+'-.039+* 7)2'&=+)&./+8.)9'/ 2*+*2.3*:**/&*.89+*0'/*<+90*08;:;)2*./0)2*;+ +6 D++'19.)9'/ '- '/+78)9/4 /49/**&+9 E >9)2 1'/+78)9/4

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24 &)918*' '+D&*/129398'0*E 29+1'/)&.1)1'3*&+(.)*&9.8./0 9/)*88*1)7.8 +*&391*+ 11'&09/4 )' &)918* ' '+ --' -+ '&*/12./0*849./0*+94/1'/)&.1)+.&**I7.88;&*478.)*0 '(*)9(*+ 2'>*3*&&*/120*+94/1'/)&.1)+(.;:*0*+1&9:*0.+. D(./0.)*E 2*(.9/09--*&*/1*:*)>**/)2*./0)2* -+9+)2.))2* -+-9)+(.)*&9.8'&9/)*88*1)7.8+*&391*+./0)2* -9)+8*4.8 )./0.&0 1'/09)9'/+.&* /') )' 0*+94/ 1'/)&.1)+ 9/ &./1* '>*3*&.+ 9/ *8497( )2* &*/12 '&0*& '-.&129)*1) >2912 )2* (7)7.8 &942)+./0 07)9*+ '-.&129)*1)+./0 189*/)+ 2.3* :**/ *+).:89+2*0 / *&(./; 9) 2.+ :**/ 0*:.)*0 -'&. 8'/4 )9(* >2*)2*& )2*,+ D0*+94/ 1'/)&.1)E +2'780 :* D1'/)&.1)'-*(@8';(*/)E'&+ D+*&391*1'/)&.1)E 2*&*-'&*9) 9++'(*)9(*+I7.89-9*0.++>2912(.;:*:*+))&./+8.)*0:;.(9H*0+)./0.&0.4&**(*/) '>.0.;+0*+94/1'/)&.1)+.&*I7.89-9*0.+. NCI J+ J *KL' 9 J+ J/ 9 +/P.&/*)*@7;./0 J 7:;./0 T&9/*)<.&I7*) /' -J ' ' '+./7.&; >6 '& H<@ &)918* ' '+ **-'&+*3*&.8'-)2*+*+712.+/ /9 +(9 + 9 &9' ' //9 +, 2))@,KK>>>.&129)*1)*+'&4K+*.&12Q *.&12.:8**H)R1'/)&.)U);@*J.&/*) *@7;./0 */0&*@@< *9/*>*:*&/'+< L 9*+)&.)*@@<J2'0*K9&)2K7--*&@@- 2* 9 J 1)':*& **.8+' 9*+)&.)* /'+ <J /'+<J'12*&/'+<

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

28 2* -'&)2*-7/1)9'/9/4'-)2*1'(('/(.&A*) 9/9)9.)*0:;)2* +*&391* 1'/)&.1)+ /. +)70; '/ +*&391* 1'/)&.1)+ >.+ )2.) &*+78)*0 9/ )2* '- '/ *&391* '/)&.1)+D 09--*&*/) '- +*&391* 1'/)&.1)+ /* '- )2*+* +*&391* 1'/)&.1)+.&* ' )2* 1'/).9/ '/ +*&391* 1'/)&.1)+ 2* +*&391* ++.90'/*'-)2* 1'/)&.1)+)2.).&*0*.8)>9)29/)2*.&*0*+94/1'/)&.1)+8)2'742 )2* '/0*+94/1'/)&.1)+0'/')1'/).9/./*/)9&*'7)89/*'-.&129)*1) )2.+)':* 1'/+90*&*0)2'742)2.))2*.1)7.81'/)*/)'-)2*07)9*+(.;09--*&9/*.12 (9)+-'& 9/+)./1* )2* 7+* '- +2'780 /') :* '3*&*+)9(.)* )7&* 1'/)&.1) 8.> > * )' ).A* (./; ('&* +'7&1* '- )2* /.)9'/.8 1'/)&.1) 8.> +;+)*(+ 9/)'.11'7/) )2./?7+) >'780/') 0'?7+)91*)') *&+9);'- +'7&1*+ '&*'3*& (9)+.&47*+ )2.) )' 1'3*&.881'/)&.1)+9/.('&*4*/*&.89+*0>.;9&*1)93*+'/)2*')2*&2./0 8*.0 )'. 093*&+* 1'/)&.1) 8.> 29+ >'780 :* /*1*++.&; )'?7+)9-; )2* 1'/+90*&.:8* 09--*&*/1*+ 9/ (*/).89);./0 '7)8''A :*)>**/ )2* /0 1'(('/ 8.> +;+)*(+ '& &/*++ K K K K (9)+J (9)+

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

30 7&)2*&('&*)2*/)*&/.)9'/.8*0*&.)9'/'-'/+78)9/4/49/**&+ DE '/09)9'/+ '- '/)&.1) )' 0*+94/ 1'/)&.1)+ 2*+*.&* 9/)*&/.)9'/.8 +*)+ '- +)./0.&0 1'/09)9'/+ *+).:89+2*0 :; +*3*&.8 9/)*&*+) 2*+*+)./0.&0 1'/09)9'/+ (.; :; &*4.&08*++ '- >2912 8*4.8 +;+)*( /)*&/.)9'/.8 1'/)&.1)+ )2* '/09)9'/+ '- '/)&.1) )2* '/09)9'/+ '- '/)&.1) -'& 1'/+)&71)9'/)2*'/09)9'/+'-1'/)&.1)-'&@8./)./00*+94/<:7980./0)2* '/09)9'/+'-1'/)&.1)-'&*/49/**&9/4@&'17&*(*/)./01'/+)&71)9'/.&* 9(@'&)./) +6*8 8 : @)*& */1'(@.++*+./ 9/)&'071)9'/ )' 7&'@*./.&129)*1) 8.> / *1)9'/*H@8.9/*0+*3*&.8-&*I7*/)8;7+*01'/1*@)+&*4.&09/4/.)9'/.8.&129)*1)8.>./0)2*/.)9'/.8I )9'/+'-0*+94/1'/)&.1)+/ *1)9'/ *H@8.9/*0>2;2.3*12'+*/)'*H.(9/*.&129)*1)8.>.11'&09/4)'+*3*/ 07)9*+'-.&129)*1)+ 7/0*&)2* 0*+94/ 1'/)&.1) 9/+)*.0'-.11'&09/4)')2* -7/1)9'/+'&@2.+*+'-.&129)*1) 8.> 29+.@@&' / A**@9/4 >9)2)2*.@@&'.12)2.)2.+:**/.@@89*09/)2* >2912>*&*9/)&'071*09/ *1)9'/.+ >*88 9/.88; 9/ *1)9'/ )2* '8A*+)*9/ 9&*1)93* )2* &'-*++9'/ )9'/+ 9&*1)93*./0 )2* &*478.)9'/+ >*&* 9/)&'071*0 :*1.7+* )2*+* (.;.8+'.@@8; )' )2* 1'/)&.1)7.8 &*8.)9'/+29@ :*)>**/.&129)*1)+./0189*/)+-+'>988+@* ;&*-*&)')2*(9/)29+ +)70; 84 / /C C/6' 7&+)./0.(+*;/'<./0*/*&4@@- **-'&*H.(@8*7//9./02.'<7939+D:E'/)2*

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

32 +*&391*.). (.&A*) '& 4'3*&/(*/)+ 1./ 0*)*&(9/* )2.) '/8; 4'3*&/(*/).8 '&4./9+.)9'/+ (.; *8*1)&919); & 8.&4* 9/3*+)(*/)+ 712 */)&; :.&&9*&+ -&*I7*/)8; '117& 9/ )*8*1'((7/91.)9'/ (.&A*)+ )9+.&47*0)2.) )2*+* */)&; :.&&9*&+ )&; )' 89(9) )2*.11*++ '- )'. )2*+* (.&A*)+./0 )2* 8*3*8 '- 9/ 0*1&*.+*+ */*&.88;.&129)*1)+ 2.3* )' >9)2 *071.)9'/.8./0 )&.9/9/4 )2.) '&4./9+.)9'/+ '-.&129)*1)+ +*&391*+1.&&9*0'7):;.&129)*1)+ '-.&129)*1)+ >9)2 )2*+* &*I79&*(*/)+ /8;.&129)*1)+ >2' 0*+94/.1)939)9*+ 7/0*&)2.))9)8* 2* +.(* '117&+>9)28.>;*&+./0/').&9*+.+>*88 *+90*+)29+ 9/ +'(* 1'7/)&9*+.&129)*1)+ 2.3* '-.&129)*1)++.&*+78) 189*/)+.&*':894*0)' 29&*./.&129)*1) >2*/*3*&)2*;9/9)9.)*:79809/4.1)939)9*+)(.;:*.&47*0)2.))29+8*.0+)' '&)*8*1'((7/91.)9'/./0*8*1)&919);(.&A*)++**-'&9/+)./1* **.8+'&9*0(././07B/*)+./0 9/4*/*&.8 / 89)*&.)7&* )>' 2.3* :**/ (*/)9'/*0 )' )29+ A9/0 '- 4''0A/'>8*04*'-)2*I7.89);'-)2*+*&391*+)2*;@&'390*./01./)2*&*-'&*:*+) 1'/)&'8+*&391*I7.89); 9)+*8-'>*3*&)2*&*.&* /).4*+.+>*88'&9/+)./1*@&'-*++9'/.8:'09*+(.; '&4./9+.)9'/+1'7809/1&*.+*)2*189*/)=+1'+)+'--9/09/4./.&129)*1)/2.@)*& >988 4'9/)')2*+* 1'+)+'- +*8-<&*478.)9'/ 9/('&* 0*).98 D

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