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- Felicity Parker
- 6 years ago
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1 ..,
2 (075.8) : /..,.. ;. : - -, ISBN , - -, -. «,, -,» -, «-» (075.8) ISBN , ,.., 2009., 2009
3 -, -, -, - -., - -,,,, -.,. -,, - -.., « Urals., 80-8,7 Urals,..,,, -,,,. -,,.. 3
4 1., -., - - (, -,,,..), -,, -. -, ,, -, -. ( ) , -, ,. 2.., (-,..).,,., n- -. -, -,,,,,.1. 4
5 - (), -, -, -,. 2, 3 - -, , -, - (, -,,..) ( )., - 2,,,.. - -,.. (-,..), (. 1.1). 3. ( 4 ), ( 2 6 ). ( 2 6 ), (n ), (i ) -,. (, )., (i ), (5 n 16) ( - )., 17, -, - 1, 4. 5
6 ,, (. 1.1)., ,,, 1.1., - (. distillatio ), -. -., -, -. -,.,,, -.,,,. -,,. - : (),. 6
7 ,. - (. 1.2). -,, -, -.,,..,, (. 1.2).,,.. -,,. 1.2 (), o ( ) ,, ,, 350, ( ) ( ) , 400 7
8 (- C 5 C 11 () ). ( 8 14, ), ( 12 18, ), ( 14 20, ) , -, -, -. -, ,., , -., 2, 5, 6,,, , - 8
9 ,.. -., ,,, -. -.,, 9
10 -. -,.. - ( ) - ; -,,. ( - ), - (. 1.3). ( ) 1. () 2,, ( ): 1 (); 2 ; 3 - : ; 10
11 , -,, -, ; -, , -. ( ) (. 1.4). 1, -, 2, 3.. () c -. -.,.. 11
12 : 1, ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 -,, -, ;, (. 1.5, 1.6 7). 12
13 ,, -.,., -.. (),,. -.,,., -,, - :.. - (. 1.2). -.,, -, ( ) ( ) - ( ). - -.,.,, , ,., - 13
14 , ,,,,., ,,,.,.,,,
15 -.,,., , ( ,1 0,3 ). :, - ;, -. -,. -, - 25 %. -, -,,. -, ( ) -. --, -, -,,.,.,
16 - -, -., -,,.,, (96 99 %), - (,,.). - : -. - ( ), -, -. -, : pi Pi xi, (1.1) p i i- ; P i i- - ; x i i : P1. (1.2) P2 - : p, (1.3) P x i i i i i i-. : P 1 1. (1.4) 2 P2 = 1,. -,
17 , (, ),,,., -., 96%- (-) (100%-).,., 95,57 % C 2 H 5 OH (t = 78,5 ) 4,43 % H 2 O (t = 100 ) -, 78,15., 69,2 % HNO 3 (t = 84 ) 30,8 % H 2 O 121,8. -,, -. ( ),., %, ,., -,, -, [2, 5] ( ) (,, ) -. 17
18 -, -, (- ).,. -,. -..,. -.,, (, SO 2 -,,, 4 -, -, -..) (, n-), -. -., n-. 18
19 (. 1.3 [5]). - -, - -,, , o, o ,3. - -,. : «- -» 0 o - (- )., ,., -,, -,,. - : ;, - ;, -. -.,,. - ( ).,,. 19
20 1.5.,,,. -,, -., -. - [2]. 2 : (,, - ); ()... -,. -,. 2,8 7,0, 1,0 3,6, 0,25 2,0. (. ) -, ,. : M 2 n 2 O Al2O 3 xsio 2 yh O, (1.5) - (Na, K, Mg,..), n. : ( = 2), ( = 2,4 2,8) Y ( = 4,8) [2]. 20
21 1.4, 3A 0,3 NaA 4A 0,4 CaA 5A 0,5 CaX 10X 0,8 NaX 13X 0,9,., :,, -,, - [5]., -. -, -,. : -. -.,. -,
22 ,., -, ,. (,, ) -, ,,.,. - -, -., , -,,...,, [2, 8] ,, - 22
23 , -. [13]., -, (- ), -.,,, - ; - [1, 10] , ( - ),, -,. 23
24 2.,.. -,., -,,. 2.1., -, ,, -,.,, -, -, [14]. -, -,,, ; -. -,, «--»., [15], - : ; ;. 24
25 -,. - : ; (,, ); ( ); -. : ; ;. ( -, -, -) , -, -,, - (- ) - (- ). - ( - ), -,, [17], - : :, -,, ;, ; : -, ; - () : - -,,,,, -,,,, - 25
26 - ; () -, -,,, ; -, -, ;, - ; ; (,, ) -.., ,. -. -,, -. ( ) ,,,,,. -,., [5].., -, (-, 10 7 ), ~ (. 2.1 [15]). 26
27 2.1, , , , , ,75 2,5 7, , , ,5 50 2, , , (,, ) (), - * * (n-) n n
28 . 2.1 n- - - *. - (- -,.,, (, (- ) ). - -,,,. * - -., -,,., , ( ) ( - ).,, - s-,, s-, p-..,,, ,, H 2. n 2n+2., -, - -, ( ), C n H 2n2. ;. :, 1,2- H 2 C=C=CH 2. 1,3-1,3- H 2 =CH CH=CH 2. 28
29 ,.,, C n H 2n -, -. CH 2 = CH 2, -. * -,, , -,. 2.2, C 2 H C 4 H C 6 H , 255 C 10 H , 286, 314 C 14 H , 356, , -. * n -. -, 200., [5, 14, 16]. - -, -.,, -, -.,,, 29
30 ( ) -. - ( ) - (. 2.1), - (, - ). - - [15]. - -,, : 1 ; 2 ; Lg.. : (); ;.. (. 2.3, 2.4 [5]). -., n-,,. 30
31 ) ) : ) ; ) ) ) : ) ; ) - (), () , -, -. -,, (,. 2.1). 31
32 ,, , ( ), 1 O H () N H () C H () C C () C=O () C=N () C=C () N H () C H () O H () ( [5, 14, 15]) ,, N, C O -.,.. - (. 2.6, 2.7) , -,,, -. -, -,. 32
33 n : - «- ( )» [2,15], - «() ( - )» [5]. J 100, (2.1) J 0 J, ; J 0. : 33
34 J (2.2) J (KBr) (F 2 ) (. 2.8 [17]). (. 2.9,. 2.4), : 1 ; ,8 4,8 2.4, 3-4,8 Al KBr, 1,3,. 2, ,5 34
35 , (. 2.10), (CaF 2, KBr, LiF) ,1 1 : KBr CaF , 20, 40 : 40 ( KBr CaF 2 ) (-) -.,, -. :,, -, , -,,, - 0, , - -, -,.,. -,, - -,, -,,. 35
36 ., v, hv, h ( - h = 6, ).,, - hm,, -., hm. -, -., -, hm, , -. hv,., -., - ( ),. (,.) -, -, , -,,., - -, - 36
37 . -. -,. - -., - ( =, C,.). -,, -,. [15, 16], :,, ( ) -.,, () , -. - :.., - (- ). -, -.,. -,, :. - : I = ki. 37
38 : I = ki C. k k, -,, C , -., : -,,., -. -,,,., -,.,,. -,,,,, -, (. 2.5 [15]) -. - (-, -, -- ) ( -, -, -, ). () ,. 2 : ;. 38
39 . -. -, - ( - ) ,,. -, - -., -. : ; , , -,. -, -.,. -, -,,. -,,
40
41 () () - () ( ).,,. 1, 2, 13, 14 N, 15 N, 19 F, 29 Si, 31 P. - 0, - 1, 0., I = 1 / 2 ( 1 H, 13 C, 15 N, 19 F, 29 Si, 31 P.), 0. 0 : E 2. (2.3) B 0, E h 0, (2.4) h, v 0 1, B 1,. - -.,, -, -.. (. 2.6),.. 41
42 2.6,.. (: ) R CH 3 0,9 R CH 2 R' 1,3 R 3 CH 2,0 R 2 C=CH 2 5,0 C 6 H 5 H 7,3 - - ( ), (..) - (. 2.12)., -, , -. -, -., -. -, (300, 400, 500 )., ,, 42
43 , -., -.., -, -. -, ,,. -, - (. 2.13) , -,.,. -. -,. - 43
44 (. 2.7) - -, C ( 25 C) % ( ) , 13. 1,1 %. 13 -, 13. -, - ( )., 1, n- 3, 4., -,. 13 -,
45 ,.,, (,, NO); (, CH 3 ); ( );.., ( )
46 , -. -, ().,,, -, -. -,,. - (. 2.16), - N x (a---, ) ( ),., -,, -, (. 2.17). 46
47 :,,, - -., - - -,, J = 7/2., 8 ( [18]): N 2nJ 1, N 2 17/2 1, (2.5) J ; n. :,. 47
48 : 1 8 VO 2+ ; VO 2+, 2.2.,. -,,. -, -,., -,.,,,,., -. (,,.),,... -., 48
49 ,.,, (. 2.19). -, ,,,,,. - : ; ; ;. [19],,. -. -, ,. - (,. 2.20), (- ) ( ).,, - : 49
50 , ( ),, ;, - () :, (- ) - ;, ;, - ;, - ; 50
51 , -,....,. :, -.. -, -., -,., - -, -. - () -.. -, -, -,, -. (, - -, -, -), -. -, ( ),.,. ( ) -,.. -,,.., -. -, -., - 51
52 , (),,. -, (, - ).,,. -. -,, -.,. -, -. -,, , ,., - (. 2.22, 2.23, 2.24). -.,. -, -,., ,.. 52
53 : 1 (, - ); 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ;
54 ,
55 . ( ),.. : ( ( ) -, ); (), -, - ; (, -,, - );, - - ; ( )., -. -.,,. -. (),. () ,.., -.,,, -,. (. 2.27) ( ), -. c
56 . -,, -.,, - -,. -,.,, -, - - ()., - - -, : 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 -, ,, -,. - () - -., -. -,. -,,, -,, -., -,. 56
57 - : -,., -.,, -., -. -, -.,, -,,. -, : 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7. ( ) -. -,,,., 57
58 +. -.,, -. -., -, -.. () -. -, , - -. : - ( ) - ( ) Ni -. -, -., -,. -, ,., -. -,,, -. - : -,,, ()
59 - -.,, -..,,. -. -,,, , -. -.,, -., (*), (*) -, (ABY), ,, -,,,.. (). -,. -, - -,,. «-»,. 59
60 () ,, -, (), -,,,,, ,., /,., -. - / , - / (- ). / ,. -. -, -. -,, - 60
61 () ,, -.,. -,,.. -, (- )., - -, -. Ar -, - ( ), -. -, -. (19,6 ) (11,6 ), -, (21 ), -. -,.. -. () 1970-,. -. :,, -,,,,,,.,,, -.. (). -,, -,.. 61
62 ,, -, ,., 5%- -, () : - -, -,,. -, -,., -,. -., (),. [16, 19],,.,, - ( - ) ,,,. -, - 62
63 . - (,, ), -,,., -. -., -,,. - (), 0, , ( ), (- ) , - -,., ( ). () : ( ) , -, -.. () - 63
64 . ( ) - ( ).,,,. (R),. -.,,, -., - ( ).. -,., -., - ( ), ( ), - ( ).., , -, -. - (, N 2, r, 2.). -,,,., : -.,,. 64
65 - -. -,., -, -, - / /.. 0,1 2, ; : - ; - ; (, -, - -, -) ,., (. 2.8), -,,. 65
66 2.8, -, -. : ( ): ABCD e ABCD 2e. (2.6) - : ABCD ABC D ; AB CD ; CD ; D ; (2.7) : ABCD AD BC; AD BC. (2.8), , ( ) -,. -, 1. 1 = 1, (40) = 1, (40) , (. 2.29). 66
67 (. 2.30) ,,. (), ,., -. -, - ( 3).. (- 4),. - 5, 67
68 . - 6, -, ,.,.,, , -. -,. -., :, ( ).. --,, - Thermo Fisher Scientific (. 2.31). 68
69 DFS (), -. : : 0, /. - -,. 69
70 :2000 -,. - -,,. - ().,,, -.,,,. -, ,, «,,, -. - [20].,,., - - ( ), ().,.,,, - 70
71 (,, ) -,., - - ( ),. : : (), (), - (), (), (). -, [26]. -. -,,,. - -, ,,. () - () ()., «.» [21].,,,. 71
72 3.1., - : -,,,, -.,. :, -,,, -., -,,. -, ( ), -., -,,.. - -, [21], :, %;, / 3 ;, %.;, %;, ppm;, %;, / 3 ;, %;, ;, ppm; -,, ppm. [21] -. - : 72
73 , / 3 ;, %;, %;, / 3 ;, ( - ).,, 1 10 :, ppm;, %;, (, - - () );, ppm; -,, ppm;, %.;, %. -. -, [21] , % 1 0,6. 2 0,61 1,80 3 1,81 3,50 4 3, ASTM D
74 -,, - 4 (. 3.1), 5 (. 3.2), 3 (. 3.3) 2 (. 3.4) * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** 830,0, / 3, 20 º 830,1 850,0 850,1 870,0 870,1 895,0 895, / ,7, / 3, 15 º 833,8 853,6 853,7 873,5 873,6 898,4, %.,, 200 º 898, , %.,, 300 º / ( ) , % 6,0 6,0 6, * ; **. : 1. ( ) -, -, ,, 6 %. 74
75 , %, ,5 0,5 1,0 ASTM D , / , ASTM D , %, 0, , (..), 66,7 (500) ASTM D ASTM D , o,. 1 (ppm), ASTM D : ppm = , ppm, - -, ppm, : ,.,, 0,5 %, 100 / 3 (. 3.3, 1). 1. « »: 0,15 % ( 1); 20 o 811,0 / 3, 15 o 814,8 / 3 ( 0); 75
76 0,05 %, 25 / 3, 0,02 %, 58,7, 204 o 1 1 ( 1); 5 1, 8 1 ( 1). 2. « »: 1,15 % ( 2); 20 o 865,0 / 3, 15 o 868,5 / 3, 200 o 23 %., 300 o 45 %., - 4 % ( 2); 0,4 %, - 60 / 3, 0,02 %, - 57,4, 204 o 2 1 ( 1); 5 1, 7 1 ( 1) , 76
77 [24] - (. 3.5,. 3.3) (750..) 100 (750..) 100 (750..) 1756, -, -, -, /, (,, ) ( - ) (. 3.5). 77
78 «-»,. -, - -,
79 , ( ), - (- ) - (. 3.2, 3.4, 3.5, 3.9, 3.11, 3.12) : 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; : 1 ; 2 ; 3 79
80 - - (), : 250 ; ; - - () ; 250., - -, , - 1:3: , 3.7, : 1 ; 2 ; 3, 8 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 9 ; 10 80
81 : 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; : 1 ; 2 ; 3, 8 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 9 81
82 - (. 3.9), ,. (, ) -,. -,. - -, -,., -,. 82
83 -.,, (. 3.8). (. 3.10),. ) ) : ) ; ) -, : 100 ; ;
84 : d 1 ; d 2 0,4 ; d 3 0,8. d 1 :d 2 :d 3 6:10:13. : ; 0,66., -, 25, , - (, )., :,,,, -.,. : -,,.. -, -, -, ,
85 ,. - -, ,, : 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13, -.,., 85
86 6 4. 3, 5.,, 7.,. 3.11, , -, « » , 8, , , ,, [24] :,,,. - ( 1 99) ( ), «-» -.. ( ). -,. - 86
87 , 1, , , 6,3,, 0,01, , 1-1, -, (. 3.12, 3.13) / /., -,. 87
88
89 - ( - ). -., : (); (); (); ; () (. 3.14). : [23]
90 : 1 ; 2 ; 3 - ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 90
91 , 3.16, :,,,,, -. : ( ) ± 0,36 / 3 ; ( - ) ± 0,1 % ; ( - ) ± 1,0 % (, ); - ± 0,2 ; ±0,6 %; 2517,, - (- ); 2517; ( ), ( ); (); ; ; ( ). ( -, ). : - ;. 91
92 3.3.1.,, ± 0,3 / ± 0,5 / ± (0,05 0,06)%
93 . 3.7, % (0 0,6)% ± 0,02% (0 100) / 3 ±10 / 3 (0 500) / 3 ±25 / 3 (0 2000) / 3 ±100 / ,, -, , - 2,5% 1 ±0,2 0 1 ±0,6 % , -, (). 93
94 ( ) -. -,, -,,. -, -, - (), -,, -. (,,, ) : 1 ; 2 ; 3 (); 4 ; 5 ; 6 1, - () «Solartron»
95 ( ) - K, (3.1) 2 0 K1T K2T, / 3 ; = l/f, ; f, ; 0, 1 2, -., 20, 1 K t 20 K t 20, (3.2) t 3 4 3, 4, ; t. tp t 1 K5P K6P, (3.3) 5, 6, ;,. 95
96 , (),., -., (),., -. 23,6, -., -, (), «Solartron»,, , / , / 3 0,15,, 150, / 3 / 0,005,
97 , / 3., - (. 3.20, 3.21, 3.22)
98 : 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 -, ( ), (. 3.22). - 98
99 , 2, ,,,, (. 3.20). -, - (. 3.21).,, -,, -., «Solartron», V., -,. -,. 3.23, ,.. -, -.,. 99
100 (Solartron)
101 r2 gr 2 1 2, (3.4) 2 2,4r ; r 1 r 2, ; V. (. 3.25)., -,,,, ,, -,. - 5 /, 20 /.,. -. -, - ( ). -, d/d ,9 %. -,. V 101
102 (- ). -. () 102
103 . : 15 % 3W 1, (3.5) 1 1 W 15 % 2 3W 0,92 W , (3.6) 1 1 W 1 W 1 ; W,. -. -,. () ()., (). -,, - (). (, ),.. ( 50 ) - ( ). -. :, -, -, ;,,, , -,, ( ) ,65., -, ±0,01.,. ±0,4 / 3 ±0,
104 : ( +0,01) - ; ;. - -,,, - ( -2 -, Philips petrolium.). -. -, -. -, -. -,. -. -, %,. 60 % - -. (). -1, ,,
105 3.10-1,, % 03,0 - ±0,06,, % 10 (+20 ) ±0,02,, % ±0,02,, % - ±0,02 1 %,, % ,02,, % 220-0,03,, %,, 40, 6, (. 3.26) -,
106 ,, «Nvalko», «Agar». «Agar» %.,,, , - ( ),, - (-, 1 ) ,, -.,, , -,,,.. 2 %, 2 %. -. -, - (,,..). -, 106
107 ., -100,., (. 3.27,. 3.11) - -, -. -, -,,. -,
108 ( ) -., , % 0,1 10, , , : 0,1 1 % 1 2 % 2 10 % ± 0,05 % ±0,10 % ±0,25 % -, ±0,2, 6,0, º , º , ,, 14,.,,..,
109 , - (. 3.28)., -,,, , , ,,, ,05 5 % -, 0,05 %. -,
110 , - (-1-700), - 0,025 (25 ). () (. 3.30),,, , -, -,. - -,. 110
111 ( ±30 %), % 0,05, (/ 2 ) 6,3 (63), (º) ( 5 60),, ,, * 10, , % (50±2), 220 (), :, 6,0,, 0,02, 1,0 L,, 0,3, 1,0 () 2, :
112 ,, - - (. 3.13) «-» / 3 806,0 825,0 850,0 20 4,7 2,31 () % 20 4,4 (.) % 1 (.) % 0,35 0,37 (.) % 2 5 8,9 / 200 FMC Energy Systems, ,,, -. -., (, ), -. (, ): SS-310 (, ); SS-320 (, ). 112
113 FMC Energy Systems
114 (. 3.32) -,,. -,, -, DT (. 3.33),, , - -, - 114
115 «Solartron». -.,,
116 ( ). -. ( 3 3 /), -. ( 1 3 /),,. -, -310 (. 3.34, 3.35),. - ( ). :,, ; 0 % 4 % (. 3.34).,
117 ,,. - -., NEC 117
118 ,, -., - -.,.,, - -.,, -. NEC (. 3.36).,,., -,.,.,, -. -,,. NEC. :, - ;. - ; NC-310, 320 -, V = 5, ,, ; SOV-310, 320, - ; - -. VT (. 3.37), - 118
119 ,. - : (); (/ 3 ); (º) VT. -,,. - : ; - ; -,. -. Panametrics XMT-868,, (. 3.38). -, ,. 119
120 Panametrics XMT (. 3.39) , 120
121 , -, FP
122 FP-310 (. 3.40), ,3 3 / 138,.,. -,, - 00:00 12:00 12:00 00:00 ( ) (- )., -, : (, - ); 1 ;, -,, 1 10 ; ( ). 122
123 -, -, , , ,.. 123
124 3.14, , 3 / 2 «SUPERVISOR» 2 3 / 2 º - «SUPERVISOR» «SUPERVISOR» «SUPERVISOR» 2 2, 0,1 2 º «SUPERVISOR»
125 % -1 «SUPERVISOR» FQIT 110,120,130,140 «SUPERVISOR» -1 «SUPERVISOR» 2 2 % - 2 «SUPERVISOR» / 3 2 «SUPERVISOR» «SUPERVISOR» «SOLARTRON»
126 º «SUPERVISOR» º «SUPERVISOR «SUPERVISOR «SUPERVISOR - % «SUPERVISOR»
127 3.4. -, -, - -. «-», -, -. - : - ( ); / , - ( ) -. -,,.., -., - -,. -, , -, - ( L),, L - ( ).,
128 -. (), - -,,,,,., -, -,,, -. -, -,, (:,,,..), -. -,, (- ).,, -. - () -,. -.,,. : 1.,, -, - CO ,
129 ( ), ( ),, ,,.,, 51858, () / , - / «( ) -» , -, : -, ;,, - ; (, -, ), -,, ;,, -,, - ;,, - ; 129
130 - - ;, ; ;.,, -, :, ; ; - ;,, ; - (, -,, - ). - () / : ( ); ,.. : 130
131 ; - ; ( - ),,.,, -,,. -, , - () , -. -, - () ( - ) -.. : -, - ;, ; ( ),, -, - ;,, -, - ;, ; 131
132 ; ; ;, - ; - ();,, -., , : ; - ;,, ;, - ( -,,, ) :., - ( )
133 . -.. ( - ). ( ) ( - ). ( ) [35] 2 :, ;,.,, -,,.,, -,, -.,,,., - -., -, , (ASTM D). 133
134 , (12 ) 1 (12 ) (12 ) - 1 (12 ) (12 ) , - 10 : ( - ), [27] [28] ASTM D
135 ( ) -. -,,. -, -,,, ,, , -,. -, (. 3.41) S 135
136 : ; ; ;,,,. :, - ;, - ; - ;, ; ; ; ; - ; ; S S () ppm 0,002 % : 0,1 %; 0,1 % 5 % < 0,5 % (1 )
137 S 3.17, :, 32, V P = 0,75 ( 56 ) , 8 220, ~ 50, , : S; (D) ; D , ASTM D ; (,, ), D - S ( - ). - Lab X 3500 Oxford (. 3.42). - : ASTM D 4294, IP 336, IP 352, ISO 87540, , Lab X : - 5 ppm 5 % ( ), - ASTM D 4294, IP 336, IP 352, ISO 87540, , ; - 137
138 ASTM (500 ppm ),. () - 0,01 5 %. -. ( /) - IP 352. P, S, Ca, Zn. V, Ni (. 3.42,. 3.43) Lab X
139 3.5.2., -,,,., -., -,. 2 - : ( ); ( ) [36]. - - ASTM D (2000) «. -» (,,, º)., : 500, (. 3.44); -10 (. 3.45);, -10 (. 3.46). ) ) : ) ; ) 139
140 : 1 ; 2 -;
141 , -, - (. 3.47) , ( ) , , : ;.. -., -, H +, OH, Br 2 I 2., ASTM D 4377, - 0,05 2,00 %. : -,.., ASTM D 4928, 0,02 5,00 % :, -, -,.., - [35].,, DL-38 ( Mettler Toledo, ). 141
142 , - -, ( 5 ), -. DL-38 (),, (),. - (%, /, / ) -, -,, GRS , -, (. 3.49,. 3.18) DL GRS
143 , ppm % ( ). DL GRS / - 2 /, 1 / 0, , ppm, %, , - -, - (). -,. -40, «-», (. 3.50). -40, «-»,., º «. -» -, 2.5 (),, %. : 143
144 - ; ( - ); : - -, , -,., -, - -, - -, [35]. 144
145 3.5.3., -,. -, -,,, [29], , 500 3, - (- )., RZR, - ( ), (. 3.51). - (. 3.52, 3.53)., - (,,,,,,,,..) - ( -, ).. 5 (. 2) ASTM D «.»..., -. -,. - Petrotest SL-2100 (. 3.54),
146 RZR
147 Petrotest SL ,., -,., [30]., - (. 3.55), (. 3.56) - (. 3.57). () - m1 m2 X 100, m 3 147
148 m 1 -, ; m 2 -, ; m 3, ,,, Vacuubrand GmbH, , XFR-125E0, Shinko, 148
149 3.5.5.,, -., ,., - ( [31], ASTM D ) ( [32], ASTM D ) : 180 ; , (. 3.58). - 4 :
150 ) ) : ) 180 ; ) : ; ; : ;,. 1 0 º º. 20, -, 37,8 ± 0,1 º -, ,. [31]
151 - Herzog 9063 (. 3.60),., , -. ( ) - 37,8 º ( 400, 100 ), -,,,. -, ,., - ASTM D ,,., -, Herzog-9063 () 151
152 , -. -,,. -,, - 30 %.. 90-, -. - ASTM D [33] «.» - ASTM D 6377 «; VPCRx ( - )» [32]. -, º. : 1) - ; 2) -,, - 1:4; 3) - ; 4) -.. ASTM D 6377,, -. -,,,,.,
153 . -, , - VPCRx, 0 ( ), 0 (ASTM D ), ASTM D 4377 ( , ). - MiniVAP VPS (VPSH) Grabner Instruments. Eralytics GmBH () - Eravap (. 3.61),, MiniVAP, : Eravap -, Eravap 153
154 ERAVAP: : (). : 0,1. : : 0.1. /: 4/1 0.02/1 () : 1 (10 ).. ( ). (): : , -,, -,.. () -,. -, -, -.,., - : - ;.,
155 , -, -, «-» , -, - - ASTM D 4929., - -, ( ) 10 m, 204., [34], - (-, 204 ) ASTM D 4929 (, -, ).. [34], ( ), ( 1 / ) : ,
156 ,, -. (- ), - ( (. 3.62)) , 794 Basic Titrino,,,, -. -, -, ,. ( ). -,,, - 80 % 20 % (, ). 156
157 800 o. -,,..,,, -. : Cl Ag AgCl. : Ag 0 Ag e.,. - Multi EA-3100, - Analytik Jena, (. 3.63)., -,. ( ) Multi EA
158 Multi-3100 : :, -.. -, ( ), - /.. MultiWin - -,, -,., MultiWin, - (,,, ).. : ; ; (70 ) Multi EA-3100, ( ), / (ppm) ( ), 5 10, 100,, MultiWin : /, // 220/50/2000,, , 44, 99,7 %, 99.9 % :. 5,
159 -, -, ,.. -, -. *, «-GF2E» (. 3.64), - ( 2420/ ). - () 0,005 %., - 0,5 % ( 0,12 %) GF2E, - - -,
160 . - -, ( ). -,. -. *. -,, -,,, ,. (, ),., -, [37] 20 o, [38] -, API 15 o : (. 3.65,. 3.20); (. 3.66,. 3.21). : (. 3.67, ); (. 3.67, ). 160
161 (/ 3 (/ 3 ) () ) , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
162 (/ 3 ) (/ 3 ), C, C () , , , , , , , [37] -, -, o,. -,. ) ) : ) ; ) U-o ( ) 162
163 -,. - ( ), -. : ( ), -, (. 3.68, )., (. 3.68, ). : ( 10 5 / 3 ); - (0, );, - ;. ( 51069), ( ) API,, -,. API. ( ) 15 o (60 o F). API - ( ) 60 o F, 141,5 API 131, F [38] ASTM D 1298 «-, API», -. : -, -, -. - (). 163
164 o, - ( ) API - 60 o F , -, [39] - :,.. 1) -,. 2) -, - [35], ( 30 ) - ( ). ( ), - (). -,., (. 3.68).,. -.,.. 3,
165 (, , 350 )., - (. 3.69),, - (. 3.70), , , 2 2,5 3 ( - ). 300, - 100, 120, 150, , [39].., - () (. 3.70)
166 : ; ; ; ; ; , 120, 150, , - [39]. - -2,,. (. 3.71). -, : ; ; [39], - - ( ) (. 3.72), 166
167 , -, Herzog MP-628 ( ) -. (. 3.73) Windows-, 4,., - ( 15) Herzog MP , - -, -. -,.. -. Windows, - 167
168 ,. 4-, ( ) ,., -., -, [40] : -, (. 3.74) 50 55, (. 3.75). -, (. 3.76).. 5 (. 2). : ( )
169 : 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; , -,,, , , [41]
170 , - (. 3.77), - (. 3.78) - () , -, -, -, -2000,,. - (. 3.79) ,,
171 , / 0,1 / ,5 22 0,36 0, / / / * ** , 6-, 10- ; ; RS-232C ( ) *. 5,. 4. **. -,,
172 -.,,., :, ; ( - ); -. - «-». -,., -.,,,, ( 1 C 4 ), - -. : ; ;, ; - ; [43] ,, , ,,,. 172
173 (), - (. 1). - ( , ASTM D 445, ISO 3104) (. 3.80). -, , -,,, -, -., - -. AKV-202 Tonako, (. 3.82). AKV
174 ISO 3104, IP 71 ASTM D445. -,, -, -.,, -.,., -. -,., AKV , 3.24, ,, ,. 174
175 , / 3 (20 C) 812,7 812,8 812,7 813,0 814,4 823,0, / 3 (15 C) 816,5 816,6 816,5 816,8 818,2 826,8, / 3 () 808,0 808,4 809,3 810,6 813,2 821,6, % 0,37 0,36 0,37 0,36 0,36 0,39, C 27,0 26,5 25,3 23,8 22,1 22,5, C () 27,1 26,4 25,2 23,8 22,4 22,6, () 0,79 0,79 0,82 0,66 0,56 0,75, () 0,83 0,83 0,84 0,70 0,60 0,77, % 200 C 40,45 39,39 40,19 39,87 39,86 36, C 64,49 63,12 64,03 62,97 63,27 59,81, % 2,77 2,76 2,70 3,16 3,35 3,05, % 0,03 0,03 0,04 0,03 0,03 0,04, % 0,0011 0,0017 0,0023 0,0022 0,0028 0,0023, % (/ 3 ) 0,0009 (7) 0,0009 (7) 0,0011 (9) 0,0006 (5) 0,0007 (5) 0,0013 (11),.. 390,6 382,9 380,7 379,7 341,1 334,8, 52,065 51,027 50,748 50,620 45,470 44,620.., ppm 1,074 1,712 1,138 1,000 1,211 1,260, ppm 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 -,, ppm 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,
176 , / 3 (20 C) 843,3 843,6 841,8 839,6 836,8 838,2, / 3 (15 C) 847,0 847,2 845,4 843,3 840,5 841,8, / 3 () 840,9 841,2 838,5 836,0 832,4 834,1, % 0,61 0,62 0,58 0,54 0,50 0,53, C 26,1 26,1 27,4 27,9 28,3 28,5, C () 27,0 27,0 28,2 28,5 29,0 29,4, () 3,07 3,14 3,29 3,25 2,49 3,19, () 3,15 3,23 3,37 3,33 2,55 3,25, % 200 C 29,51 30,18 30,83 31,67 32,26 31, C 47,47 48,23 49,00 48,72 49,39 49,75, % 2,40 3,55 2,38 2,83 2,37 2,19, % 0,06 0,07 0,15 0,12 0,09 0,11, % 0,0053 0,0077 0,0081 0,0066 0,0075 0,0065, % (/ 3 ) 0,0020 (16) 0,0014 (12) 0,0044 (37) 0,0038 (31) 0,0029 (24) 0,0030 (25),.. 418,8 401,7 413,2 390,6 391,1 371,0, 55,819 53,554 55,078 52,060 52,131 49,451.., ppm 1,200 1,594 1,865 2,050 1,217 1,184, ppm 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 -,, ppm 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,
177 , / 3 (20 C) 799,7 799,1 792,3 793,7 793,2 793,2, / 3 (15 C) 803,4 802,9 796,2 797,6 797,1 796,9, / 3 () 796,9 796,0 789,7 791,9 791,9 793,0, % 0,32 0,31 0,30 0,30 0,31 0,31, C 26,0 25,9 25,7 24,8 23,8 22,6, C () 20,9 20,0 20,1 17,9 20,0, C () 26,2 26,4 25,7 24,9 24,1 22,8, () 2,45 2,47 2,60 2,69 2,38 2,70, % 200 C 46,84 46,23 49,01 48,72 48,77 49, C 68,94 67,17 68,63 68,65 68,54 69,47, % 1,52 1,62 1,78 1,62 1,76 2,03, % 0,04 0,04 0,03 0,03 0,03 0,03, % 0,0029 0,0041 0,0040 0,0035 0,0035 0,0020, % (/ 3 ) 0,0015 (12) 0,0012 (10) 0,0018 (14) 0,0010 (8) 0,0010 (8) 0,0011 (9),.. 440,7 432,5 469,0 470,1 471,7 478,3, 58,745 57,657 62,519 62,664 62,882 63,762.., ppm 1,368 1,603 1,553 1,300 1,569 1,261, ppm 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 -,, ppm 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,
178 , 178
179 4., -,, -.,., -, -. - ( 4.1, 4.2)
180 - : 5 000, ; 18 8,. 5 % , - :. - : ; ; - ; ;. 180
181 () - (), (,..) -., -,, ( ) -. - (. 4.3)
182 ,, - -, - - -, ,,,, -., -, :,, (,,,, ); -,, - ; ( - ) - ( -,..) ,
183 / , (, ) [50] (. 4.2)., (,.. 4.2)., -. (. 4.2).,. 183
184 / , / 3 (/ 3 ), 20 ; 101,325, (), / 3 (/ 3 ), %,, / 3,, / 3,, %, 1 3,, 1 %,, 31,8 (7600) 41,2 54,5 ( ) ±5 0, , , , : 1) ; 2) - ; 3) - ; 4) ; 5). -, -. -.,. 184
185 ,, ,, [51] / 1,, ,,, -, / 3, -, / 3,. -, %,, / 3, , 325, ,007 0,007 0,007 0,007 * 0,016 0,016 0,016 0,016 * ,5 0,5 1,0 1, ,5 32,5 32,5 32, , : 1) 16350; 2) -, 1983., -, - ; 3), C 5+ 1,0 / 3,. *
186 -,,., -, -, ,. [50] ,. 5.3, - - -, , (), , -,, [52]. -, - :, -,. -, -, -,. 186
187 ,, - 15, 60. -, / 1, / 3, 2 3 ( ), ,55 0, * 4, / 3, 0, , / 3, 6 1 3,, 7, %, 0, , , , %, 1, , /, 9, , 2 : 293 (20 ) 0,1013. * [52] n i n i i C C i i, (4.1) i i- ; i i-, %; n,. 187
188 , / , , ,, -,., ,,, -,., 2015.,,, -,,,, - 188
189 . -., 60 %.,, % [53].. 2,, ; ( / /) 12 %, ( ) %,. -, , ,., [44] [55]. 4.6, ( ), -., [54], 2 (. 4.6). 189
190 -,,, / 1 2, %:, 85±10 50±10,, , [34] 3, -,, 45, 20, 0,07 1,6 0, [34] 4 35,, %,, 0,003 0,003 0,01 0, : 0,001 % , - -., [55], 3 (. 4.8). 190
191 4.8, (. 4.9) : - ; - : : 1), : 1 1 ; 1 1 ; 2) : 1 1 ; 1 1 ; 3) : 1 1 ; ,
192 / , %:,, 75., , %, 0,7 1,6 1,8,,, : 45, 1,6 1,6 1,6 20, 0,16, %, 0,013 0,013 0,013,,, 0,003 0,003 0, [55]. 3.3 [55] [55] [55] : 1) 60 %; 2) 0,002 % ,002 % 3 -,. 192
193 . -, , ,, -,,., 2003, [56]., -., , , ( ) ( ), (. 4.11)
194 :,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, - -,
195 , %, 75., ±10 50± , o, % 0,7 0,7 1,6 1,6 1, [56] - (),, : +45 o, 1,6 20 o, 0,16 0,07 30 o, 0,07, %, 0,013 0,01 0,01 0,013 0,013.., 0,003,, [56] : 1.,, 0,002 %, 0,001 % o 30 o %, 0,07 20 o 30 o. 195
196 , ( ) (. 4.4) - (. 4.5,. 4.6) , 196
197 . 4.5., 197
198 . 4.6., 198
199 . 4.7., 199
200 , , / 3 (/ 3 ),, / 3, ; ;, (/ 3 ), o (.),, % 36,97 (8823) 36, ,23 ( ) 35, ,41 ( ) 34, ,05 ( ) 49,29 49, ,64 47, ,84 46, ,06, / 3 ( ) 8 o 15 o ; 10 o 19,5 o ( = 3,92 ), - ( 5 ), 8 0 0,008 % ( ) 0,558 0, ,569 0, ,685 0, , (sampling point),. 200
201 (spot sample), -. (low-pressure natural gas) -, 0 0,2. (high-pressure natural gas), 0,2. (purging time), -. (representative probe),,, -. (residence time),. (sample container) -,. (sample line),., -. (sample probe), -,. ( , ) [47]., - - ( 10715:1997) «.» [59], , - - :, - ;, ; ; 201
202 () ;, ;, [58, 59] :. (direct sampling), -. (indirect sampling) -, -. : -, -,. : - (. 4.8) (- 202
203 , ), -. (- ) , :, -, - (. 4.9) , (. 4.10)
204 -, - (,..) - (,, ) [57]. [57],, (),,, (. 4.11)
205 , (. 4.10). -, -. - : ), [57]: , ; - ; (, ) - ( ); ) : , - ; ,,, - ; ),, -, : ; , ,,,, [58] 3 ( - ). 205
206 ., -,. 10.,., -,. -,., ,1 0,5 º ( -),,, - (. 4.13). 206
207 ,,.. -. (. 4.14), -. -,, : 1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) ; 5) ; 6) ; 7) ; 8) 207
208 ( ),, -,. -, ,,. - (. 4.15) ( 0,2 ) (. 4.16). 208
209 ,,, ( - ) ,,,.., -. -., -,., -, ,, 209
210 .,,,, -. -, , -. -, - (. 4.17) :,. - -,.,, -,. - 29,4 (300 / 2 )., -, - (. 4.18), -,. 9,8, ( -16, -1-16) 300 (-)
211 - :, , , 1,9 4,1 10,3, ,8 30 1,5,. (. 4.19)., 211
212 . -, : 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 - ( 80 %) , 100 (. 4.20). -, (-, ) - (. 4.21) ( ) 212
213 : «. -,»; «.»; «.»; «-.»; «.»; «.»; «.»; * «-. -». -,,,,. 213
214 4.3.1., :...,. - (. 4.22) ,. - [48] [61]
215 [62] :2000 «. -» 6976:1995 «.,,» o 101,325 / 3 / 3 / 3 / ( 4 ) 39, , ,5548 ( 2 6 ) 70, , ,048 ( 3 8 ) 101, , ,554 - ( ) 133, , ,090 - ( ) 132, , ,081 ( 5 12 ) 169, , ,671 ( 6 14 ) 187, , ,976 ( 7 16 ) 216, , ,460 ( 8 18 ) 246, , ,945 ( ) 276, , ,41 ( 6 6 ) 162, , ,967 ( 7 8 ) 176, , ,18 12, , , , , , , , ,188 1,529 0,967 1,105 0,
216 - ( ) (. 4.16, 4.17) o 101,325 / 3 / 3 / 3 / 3 ( 4 ) 37, , ,5546 ( 2 6 ) 65, , ,046 ( 3 8 ) 93, , ,549 - ( ) 123, , ,071 - ( ) 123, , ,068 ( 5 12 ) 155, , ,637 ( 6 14 ) 174, , ,976 ( 7 16 ) 202, , ,460 ( 8 18 ) 229, , ,945 ( ) 257, , ,41 ( 6 6 ) 151, , ,967 ( 7 8 ) 164, , ,18 11, , , , , , , , , , , , ,138, 0,005 %,, 100 %,. (Q),, / (/) - 216
217 n Q Q, I 1 i Ci Q i ( ) i- - ( ,. 4.14); i i-., -,. -, -., 6+ 0,1% [63]. - (. 4.23). - 0,004 / 3.,
218 ,, , [61] , (4.13, 4.14). d n d d C, (4.3) i 1 d i i- ( ,. 4.14); i i , -, -. [61] W / 3 / 3 - : Q W. (4.4) , /. (. 4.24, 4.25, 4.26) :,,,, % 20 % ( ); 4 ( 8 ) - 0,001 0,5 % ( ). i 218
219 «-2000» PGC, :2000 (. 1 6) 219
220 «.» (ISO 6974:2000 «Natural gas. Determination of composition with defined uncertainty by gas chromatography») Daniel-7500, «.», 6 :,,,, ( 1);, ( 2);, ( 3); 220
221 ,,,, ( 4);,,,, 1 9 ( 5);,, ( 6).. 5, [47, 49], 2, -,, ,. -, m. 2. 0,02 / 3, -,,, *.,, -,
222 , -, , () - - (). -,, 0,5 %, 2. -,,., - [62],. 222
223
224 ,,, 1 6 ( ) (,, ) -. ( - ). -,.,,,, -, (-,, ).,,,,, - (,,,.). -., -, ,, -. (. 4.29). S : S h a b, (4.5) h, ; a, ; b. X i - : E i S i X i, (4.6) S E E i i-, %; S i i-, 2 ; S E i-,
225 , : 1 + ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 -; 6 -; 7 -; 8 -; ,3 ; 10 3 ; : - ; 99 %;,, -.,,,.,, -. -,..., ( ). 225
226 X i 100 X H X 2S / CO 2 X i, (4.7) 100 X / i i- - H 2 S 2, %; X i i-, H 2 S 2, %; X 2S X CO2 H 2 S 2, %. 100 %. -. (X) - ( ) S i X i K E C, (4.8) S C K (- ); - 1[52]; 2 [52]; S i, ; S (), 2 ; (), % , C 5, 6 C 7 C 8 - ( - ) -.,,,, C 1 C 6.,, (SE-30).. 226
227 : -,.,, -. C 8 (. 4.30) , , - 50 % -. (X i, %) - 4Si X X, (4.9) i C4 n SC 4 C 4, %; S i i-, 2 ; SC 4, 2 ; n i-. 227
228 ., -,.,,,, 1 6, Si X X i C5, (4.10) n SC5 C 4, %; S i i-, 2 ; SC 4, 2. -,
229 ( ) [64] / ,. -., -,, - :, -., /., , :., / ,, , 0,0002. () (m m ) X, (4.11) V m 1 c,, ; m 2 c,, ; V, , [65],
230 -., ( [47, 49]), - ( )., : 1 ; 2, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 14, 18, 21 ; 3, 17, 13 ; 4, 7 ; 6, 9 ; 11 ; 12 ; 15 ; 16, (, - )., -,, -,, - 10, - ( 30 )., -,,
231 , - 1, 0, , ( - ).,., : - ; ;. -.,,,. -, - (. 4.33) ppm ( º 231
232 40, ),., -.,, -., - (, ) , -,, -. -., -., 1 2 ppm ( 80 C - )., (- ) 40., ASTM 1492., 40 º, -. - ( ). - :,, -. -, , CO 2 H 2 S
233 ., ,, -.,, ,. :,, - ;, - ;, [56]., -. [56],., - - :. : ; ;. 233
234 , -, [55]. -,., :, ( , , -, ; ; ± 0,5 ); 10-0,6; ,5 ; ; , - ( - ); ( ); () 4 ; - (); 234
235 (.4.34);.. 0,, ,,, , -., -., 2. 0,5., -,
236 .... 3,.. t1 t2 td, (4.12) 2 t d, o ; t 1, o ; t 2, o ,325 A 101,325 W B, (4.13) P W, / 3 ; - ; P, ;. [66]. - (0,7 / 3 ) (. 4.18). 4.18, o 40 0,1451 0, ,3910 0, ,9600 0, ,188 0, ,670 0, ,390 0, ,870 0, ,300 0, ,25 0,
237 ,., 0,2 % - 10 %. : -, : - - ; ; ;, -, /, ; ; ; , ; (. 4.32); ; 4 Å;, ( ), - ; 3,0 0, ; ,,, , (, , 237
238 - 30 ) /., 50 3 /. -.., /..,.. -,. -,, -, 0,2,.. W -.,,, -. - [56]. - 0,05 / 3 10 %, - 0,05 / 3 5 %. () / / 3. : 238
239 , 10 (- ); - 10, ; 10 ; 2, 6, 10, 15-0,6; -400; / 6 3 /; ; ; U- ; ;, - - ± 2 o ; ; 0,15 %; - 99,9 % :, ;,,.; ; 4 Å, 5 Å. : 0,25 % ,.,,, , 0, ,. - (. 4.35). [56]. 239
240 , [56] W,, T V W, (4.14) 10m T, o ; V, o ; m, o : 1 -; 2 ; 3 ; 4, 5, 6, 7 ; 8 240
241 W,, S W1 W, (4.15) S1 S, -,, 2 ; W 1, %; S 1, -, -, 2. W 2,, W 2 W W 0, (4.16) W, %; W 0, %. W 3 : W2 W W 3 0. (4.17) ,, % / 3, o ,5 0,20 0,29 0,39 0,51 0,72 1,0 0,42 0,52 0,82 1,06 1,47 1,5 0,63 0,85 1,21 1,58 2,20 2,0 0,80 1,07 1,57 2,04 2,90 2,5 0,95 1,28 1,93 2,48 3,54 241
242 , W 4 -, W 3 [66] W 4 -. W ,325 V1 P W 4 W 2 m 1 10 W 5, (4.18) V 2 W 4,, / 3 ; V 1,, 3 ;, ; W 2,, %; m 1,, ; V 2 3, ,325 - : 293 P P PW V20 V1, (4.19) 273 t 101,325 V W 0 V P P P, (4.20) 273 t 101,325 V 1,, 3 ;, ;, ; W t, ( W = 0); t, o., , -,,,., -
243 ,. :,, ; 5+ -, -, - ; CO 2 H 2 S,, ;, ;..,,.., ( ).,., - ( 2 5 )., ASTM., Al 2 O 3 SiO 2.,,., - Al 2 O 3 /SiO 2. -., -., 243
244 ,,,., - ASTM.,., ,. -,, (AMETEK Process Instruments), -, - (. 4.36, 4.37, 4.38) , 244
245 , , (, ).. 40 º,.. 245
246 , -, ( 20 ppm), -.,,,, 2,. -.,,,. - -, º,, - ( 15 º). -. -,, -, - -., º 50 º.,.,,, -., -,, DuPont Instruments ( AMETEK Process Instruments).,.,
247 Ametek-303B,., -.,., ppm 2000 ppm -. -, 2000 ppm -, -,. -. -,,. - (). -,...,,. -,. - -,.. 247
248 , -, Al 2 O 3 SiO 2 -, Panametrics (. 4.40). ) ) ) Panametrics: ) ; ) ; ). -, -.,.,., ppm 30 -, ppm.,,
249 -,. - -,. -., -,.,..,,. 40 º, ASTM,., - 40 º. -.,, - Al 2 O 3, -. -,, ±1 ±2 º - 40 º (!).. - ( 70 º) / 3-30 % ( - 50 %).. -,, Al 2 O , -., - -, -..,,,. 249
250 , -, AMETEK Process Instruments (. 4.41)., (. «-» [66]) Ametek-3050, ppm ppm,. (30, ),. -. -,. - - (60 ). -. (), -,.,. - (- 250
251 ). -,., -, -,, - -. (ppm / 3 ), - ASTM. ± 1.,,, Ametek -. - (, H 2 S ) -, [57] , -.,, [68] 3 : ; ; (. 4.20,. 4.42). 251
252 , / 3-0,0001 0,05 0,001 0,5 - ( ) -, - N, N--n- - ( - ) ( ) - 0,0002 0,25 - -, - N, N-n- 0,001 0, ,01 1,0-252
253 : 1, 2, 3, 4 ; 5 ; 6 (D 15); 7, () -, 19739:2004 «.», 6326:1999 «. -. 4» ASTM D «- -». 1 4, (. 4.21) ( ) ( 2 S) ( 3 SH) ( 2 5 S) ( 3 7 S) ( 3 7 S) - ( 4 9 SH) - ( 4 9 SH) ( 4 9 SH) - ( 4 9 SH) (COS), / 3 0,10 50,0 0,10 50, , - -,
254 [69]. -, / , 4, (V ), - 1 %, : V 0,01 V, (4.21) V -, , - ( 0 2 % ) -,. : -,,
255 , () 2 ( ) % ( ) , - ( ), - ( ). - - ( 10 ) ()., -,, -,. - 2-,,
256 (10:00 ) 1- (10:00 ). - 2-,. -,,,., - -,
257 ,, [25]. 5.1, 5.2 -, , 2002,, 8 10 / 3, 0,8 % , : 1 ; 2 ; 3 257
258 . 5.2., : 1 ; 2 ; 3, -., : -. -,,.,, -, -,,. 258
259 , 0,1 0,2 % ( C 1,5 2,0, 20 C, ; ). 2. ( ). 3., 100 3,. - 20±3 C. 4. -,, /50. -, ,. 6., 25, 100 3, ºC , , -,. 10., , , 2 2,5 3 1 (1 1 ). 259
260 11. -, - ( t. ) (): t = t + t ;, [100, , ] [ ] , , ºC , 120, 150, ºC 300 ºC. 300 ºC, ; 50; 90; %, -. 0,5 3 1 ºC , , 75,. 2. 2, - (, ) ± 0,1º C : (t = t +, = t t): (t ); (t): t Kht 1 t 2, (5.1) K, 0,00016; 260
261 h, - ; t 1, C; t 2 -, C ( ). 4...,,,.,, , (30 ). 7.,, 0, , -. 8., , ( 2 /) Ct, (5.2), 2 / 2, t,
262 / :, 20 ± 5 ;, 101,3 ± 4;, % ,, ,, - c,. 5.,,. 6., , -, -,, -. 7., ,, -, , ,1 / 3, 0,7 / 3, - 0,1 o ,. (, ). 262
263 12., 20 o, 15 o,, , ,03 10 % , ± (),. 4.., ,, , -. 7., ,3 3,
264 10., -, : V0 100 %, (5.3) m V 0 -, 3 ;,. 12.,. 0,01 %. - 0, , / , d = , , 10., 5 7 2% d =
265 , ,. 12 -,, ,, ,. -., / (,, ). 5% : , 2 3 0,2 / 3, 10 0,005 / 3 -, ,2 / 3 - ph ,005 / 3 -, ( 1, / 3 ) : (V1 V2 ) T 1000 A X, (5.4) V3 V 1 0,005 / 3 -, -, 3 ; V 2 0,005 / 3 -, -, 3 ; 265
266 V 3,, 3 ; 0,005 / 3 -, 1 3 -; ;, = , -. 0,1 / ( ). (200 ) o :1 -. 6, o ,01 ( - 10 % - 3 ) n- (200 ). n- 16. n n n- (, ) n-. 266
267 , o (, -!). - (, ) -. n- 1. n-, - n ( - ). -, -..,,, n , ( ) ( ) /120 (-).., - 100, (- ). - ( ),. - - ( ), , , ( 6:1), , - ( - 1 ). 267
268 , , o , ( ) (, ). - 0, ±1 -, ,, - ( ). (36 : 65 ), ( 1 2, 0,0002 ) - (35 : 65 ) , 20±1,,, - (30 3 )., 20±1, 1., - - (. 1 3,,, - ).. 268
269 , -, , 20± , , -. ( ) , (!). -. -, ( ) ,.., -, ,., -., -,. -, - 0,2. 269
270 50 o () : m m2 X 100, (5.5) m 1 m3 m,, ; m 1,, ; m 2 ; m 3,, , (ASTM D 4929) - ( 204 ) (. 5.3). -, - (). [26] -. - ( «-»,. ). : , -, - 270
271 , -. -., 5 3., ,.,., , (. 5.4) DIGITRAT,,, -., -,
272 15 3. () ( ) 4 ( ). 6., -, -. DIGITRAT 10.., -. 1,5 3 ( ).,. - () - () (. 5.5) (-,. ) ECS-3000 ECS
273 : ( - ) (30 40 ). 0,5 /. ( ), ( 800 ),. -, ( - )., ( 70%- ). Ag ,, - () ( )., - -,.,. 5.1 ( ) -, ( ASTM 0,5 3 ); 300 ; ; - (4 3 ), - ; -, ( 10..) ECS-3000,, -, ( ) 273
274 (,, ) * ( - ); 2,2,4 ** (); ***; 2- **** ( - ); - ; 4 ( ); ; - (2- - ), , 1-4 1,5 3 ( ) = 57, (70 %); - (-, ); - ( - ); - ; 2,2,4-2 (- ); ( - ) (, ) 1.. *,.. **.. *** -.. **** , -. (, ,.. 72 )., [26],,., -, - ECS-3000 (- Thermo Euroglas B.V., ). 274
275 ,. -,, (, %): 0,01 0,5; 0,01 0,5; 0,1 0,5; 0,1 40; 0,1 30; ; 0,1 15; 0, ,., -. - (), - (),., , (),,,, Porapak R, - - (), -, 1 8.,. 2.,. -, ()
276 , -.,, %: 0,001 15,0; 0,001 10; ; 0,001 10,0; 0,001 3,0; (2-) 0,001 1,0; - 0,001 1,0; (2,2-) 0,001 0,5; (2-) 0,001 0,5; - 0,001 0,5; + 6 0,001 0,2.,,,,, ( ) DC-200 Chromosorb PAW -. -, 6+. -,,. -.,,. 3. -,. -, , /.,, %: 0,001 15,0; 276
277 0,001 8,5; ; 0,001 10,0; 0,001 3,0; (2-) 0,001 1,0; - 0,001 1,0; (2,2-) 0,001 0,5; (2-) 0,001 0,5; - 0,001 0,5; + 6 0,001 1,0., ( 10- ), - (),., - : 6 1; (,, - ) -, ,, - 6+ ( «-», ) , - -,..,,, , 3 5. : 1 6+,
278 2,, -,, - - (, 6+ 1). 3,, -,, ,., -. -,,,,. -. -,, -,, 1 8., %: 0,002 0,5; 0,001 0,5; 0,007 5; 0,007 40; ; 0,001 1; 0,001 10; 0,001 0,5; 0,001 0,5; 0,002 15; 0,001 0,5; 0,001 5; 0,0001 1; - 0,0001 1; 2,2- () 0,0001 0,5; 2- () 0,0001 0,5; - 0,0001 0,5; 0,0001 0,5; 278
279 2,2-0,0001 0,5; 2,3-0,0001 0,5; 2-0,0001 0,5; 3-0,0001 0,5; - 0,0001 0,5; 0,0001 0,5; 0,0001 0,5; 0,0001 0,5; 0,0001 0,5; 0,0001 0,5; 0,0001 0,5; 0,0001 0, (), - -, ( %) - : ,97; 0, ; 0, ,0; - 0, ,0; - 0, ,0; - 0, ,0; - 0, ,0; 0,0005 0,05; 0, ,0; 0, ,25; 0, ,05; 0, ,05; 0, ,05; 0, ,00; 0, ,5; 0, ,5; 0, ,0; 0, , 279
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