Why are commas important?
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1 Using Commas Why are commas important? Items in a series Independent clauses Introductory elements Interrupters Conventional uses of commas Review A Review B
2 Why are commas important? Commas can help make the meaning of sentences clearer. In general, commas help separate or set apart elements in a sentence. Too many commas can clutter the sentence and may confuse readers. Problem: Unnecessary commas My friend, Jessica, said she would feed my cat, and my dog while I m away, but now, she tells me, she will be too busy.
3 Why are commas important? Missing commas may also confuse readers. Problem: Missing commas The friends I have invited are Ruth Ann Jerry Lee Derrick Martha and Julie. Without commas, it is unclear how many friends are invited. Is this Ruth or Ruth Ann? Is this Jerry or Jerry Lee?
4 Why are commas important? Commas make the meaning of this sentence clear by separating the names in the list. The friends I have invited are Ruth Ann, Jerry Lee, Derrick, Martha, and Julie.,,,, Ruth Ann Jerry Lee Derrick Martha Julie [End of Section]
5 Items in a series Use commas to separate items in a series. Words in a series All my cousins, aunts, and uncles came to our family reunion. Phrases in a series The children played in the yard, at the playground, and by the pond.
6 Items in a series Use commas to separate items in a series. Clauses in a series Those who had flown to the reunion, who had driven many miles, or who had even taken time off from their jobs were glad that they had made the effort to be there.
7 Items in a series If all items in a series are joined by and, or, or nor, do not use commas to separate them. I need tacks and nails and a hammer. Sam or Carlos or Yolanda will be able to baby-sit tomorrow. She never whines nor lies nor picks on her brother.
8 Items in a series Use commas to separate items in a series. Short independent clauses The engine roared, the wheels spun, and a cloud of dust swirled behind the sports car. Two or more adjectives preceding a noun Are you going to that hot, crowded, noisy mall?
9 Items in a series To find out if a comma goes between adjectives, insert and between them. If and fits sensibly, use a comma. Another trick is to reverse the order of the adjectives. If they make sense in reverse, you need a comma. We had smooth, and creamy creamy broccoli soup. broccoli soup. We had creamy, smooth broccoli soup.
10 Items in a series Identify each series in the following sentences, and add commas where necessary. 1. With a quick powerful leap, the stunt person bounded over the burning balcony. 2. One summer when we were little, I had mumps you had measles and he had chickenpox. 3. I took a flashlight a sleeping bag extra tennis shoes and a parka on our camping trip.
11 Items in a series Identify each series in the following sentences, and add commas where necessary. 1. With a quick, powerful leap, the stunt person bounded over the burning balcony.
12 Items in a series Identify each series in the following sentences, and add commas where necessary. 2. One summer when we were little, I had mumps you had measles and he had chickenpox.,,
13 Items in a series Identify each series in the following sentences, and add commas where necessary. 3. I took a flashlight, a sleeping bag, extra tennis shoes, and a parka on our camping trip.
14 On Your Own Items in a series Add commas where needed in the following sentences. 1. The loud annoying alarm woke us just before dawn. 2. Robert Browning says that youth is good that middle age is better and that old age is best. 3. Dr. Charles Drew worked as a surgeon developed new ways of storing blood and was the first director of the Red Cross blood bank program. [End of Section]
15 Items in a series Answers Add commas where needed in the following sentences. 1. The loud annoying alarm woke us just before dawn., 2. Robert Browning says that youth is good that middle age is better and that old age is best.,, 3. Dr. Charles Drew worked as a surgeon developed new ways of storing blood and was the, first director of the Red Cross blood, bank program.
16 Independent clauses Use a comma before and, but, for, nor, or, so, or yet when it joins independent clauses. Hector pressed the button, and the engine started. She would never argue, nor would she complain to anyone. Are you going to the football game, or do you have other plans for Saturday?
17 Independent clauses An independent clause expresses a complete thought and can stand by itself as a sentence. An independent clause has a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought. subject Hector verb pressed the button. subject verb The engine started.
18 Independent clauses Do not be fooled by compound verbs, which can make a sentence look like a compound sentence. You do not need to use a comma between the parts of a compound verb. Mara cleared the table and did the dishes. One subject with two verbs is a compound verb.
19 Independent clauses Identify whether the following items are missing commas (M) or are correct as is (C). For items missing commas, add the comma where needed. 1. She liked the story but she did not like the ending. 2. High school graduates may go on to college or may begin working immediately. 3. A few rowdy spectators tried to grab the star so the bodyguards formed a ring around him.
20 Independent clauses Identify whether the following items are missing commas (M) or are correct as is (C). For items missing commas, add the comma where needed., M 1. She liked the story but she did not like the ending.
21 Independent clauses Identify whether the following items are missing commas (M) or are correct as is (C). For items missing commas, add the comma where needed. 2. High school graduates may go on to college or may begin working immediately. C
22 Independent clauses Identify whether the following items are missing commas (M) or are correct as is (C). For items missing commas, add the comma where needed. 3. A few rowdy spectators tried to grab the star so the bodyguards formed a ring around him., M
23 Answers Independent clauses Add commas where needed in the following sentences. 1. It is important to know first aid for an accident can happen at almost any time. 2. More than eighty thousand people in the United States die in accidents each year and many millions are injured. 3. Emergency exits were clearly marked so people were able to evacuate quickly when the alarm sounded. [End of Section]
24 On Your Own Independent clauses Add commas where needed in the following sentences. 1. It is important to know first aid, for an accident can happen at almost any time. 2. More than eighty thousand people in the United States die in accidents each year, and many millions are injured. 3. Emergency exits were clearly marked, so people were able to evacuate quickly when the alarm sounded.
25 Introductory elements Use a comma to set off certain introductory elements. Mild exclamations such as well, oh, or hey Hey, that s an unusual pet you re walking. Introductory words such as yes and no Yes, it s my pet iguana.
26 Introductory elements Use a comma to set off certain introductory elements. Introductory participial phrases Switching on the flashlight, the ranger led the way to the caves. Two or more introductory prepositional phrases or one long one. By At home the time and I at get school, home I from enjoy school, reading I am ready different for books. a snack.
27 Introductory elements A participial phrase is used as an adjective and consists of a participle and any complements or modifiers the participle has. participle participial phrase Switching Disappointed on on the by by the the flashlight, high the prices, the the we we ranger we led made led led the up the up a the up a way new a new to gift gift the list. list. caves. The participial phrase Disappointed Switching on by the the flashlight high prices modifies modifies the word the ranger. word we.
28 Introductory elements A prepositional phrase includes a preposition, the object of the preposition, and any modifiers of that object. prep. object of the prep. At the Natural Science Museum prep. object of the prep. prepositional phrase. Near the door to the garage
29 Introductory elements Use a comma to set off certain introductory elements. Introductory adverb clauses After he sang, the audience applauded.
30 Introductory elements An adverb clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. Adverb clauses generally answer the questions how, when, where, why, how, how much, to what extent, or under what circumstances the action of the verb takes place. After he sang, the audience applauded. After he sang tells when the audience applauded.
31 Introductory elements A subordinate clause (or dependent clause) does not express a complete thought and cannot stand by itself as a sentence. when you arrive at the airport in Dallas What happens when you arrive? which grow only locally What grows?
32 Introductory elements Identify whether the following items are missing commas (M) or are correct as is (C). For items missing commas, add the comma where needed. 1. In Mexico a favorite dish is a corn tortilla with beans. 2. If you d like more variety in your diet you could add more whole grains to your meals. 3. Because the soybean is high in protein it has been a principal crop in Asian countries for more than five thousand years.
33 Introductory elements Identify whether the following items are missing commas (M) or are correct as is (C). For items missing commas, add the comma where needed. 1. In Mexico a favorite dish is a corn tortilla with beans. C
34 Introductory elements Identify whether the following items are missing commas (M) or are correct as is (C). For items missing commas, add the comma where needed. 2. If you d like more variety in your diet you could add more whole grains to your meals., M
35 Introductory elements Identify whether the following items are missing commas (M) or are correct as is (C). For items missing commas, add the comma where needed. 3. Because the soybean is high in protein it has been a principal crop in Asian countries for more than five thousand years., M
36 On Your Own Introductory elements Add commas where needed in the following sentences. 1. Built ten years ago the bridge needs some repairs. 2. Why that yellow paint is really bright, isn t it? 3. After one day at summer camp the boys knew that they would have a good time. [End of Section]
37 Introductory elements Answers Add commas where needed in the following sentences. 1. Built ten years ago the bridge needs some repairs., 2. Why that yellow paint is really bright, isn t it?, 3. After one day at summer camp the boys knew that they would have a good time.,
38 Interrupters Use commas to set off elements that interrupt the sentence. Nonessential clauses or phrases Eileen Murray, who is at the top of her class, wants to go to medical school. Tim Ricardo, hoping to make the swim team, practiced every day. Nonessential clause Nonessential phrase
39 Interrupters A nonessential (or nonrestrictive) clause or phrase adds information that is not necessary to the main idea in the sentence. Eileen Murray, wants who is to at go the to medical top of her school. class, wants to go to medical school. Removing the nonessential clause does not change the main idea of the sentence.
40 Interrupters Use commas to set off elements that interrupt the sentence. Nonessential appositives and appositive phrases Their parrot, Mina, is very gentle. Nonessential appositive Elizabeth Peña, my favorite actress, stars in the movie I rented. Nonessential appositive phrase
41 Interrupters A nonessential (or nonrestrictive) appositive or appositive phrase provides information that is unnecessary to the basic meaning of the sentence. Their parrot, is Mina, very gentle. is very gentle. Removing the nonessential appositive does not change the meaning of the sentence.
42 Interrupters Use commas to set off elements that interrupt the sentence. Direct address Linda, please read the poem aloud. I like the image of the birds in flight, Mr. Ryan. Your comment, Bernie, is interesting.
43 Interrupters Use commas to set off elements that interrupt the sentence. Parenthetical expressions Of course, I am glad that he called me about the extra movie tickets. She is, in fact, a dentist. You should try out for quarterback, in my opinion.
44 Interrupters Parenthetical expressions are side remarks that add information or relate ideas. Commonly Used Parenthetical Expressions after all generally speaking nevertheless at any rate however of course consequently I believe on the contrary for example in the first place on the other hand for instance moreover therefore
45 Interrupters Identify whether the following items are missing commas (M) or are correct as is (C). For items missing commas, add the comma where needed. 1. My favorite painting Mona Lisa is displayed at the Louvre in Paris. 2. Did you know Amy that one of Faith Ringgold s story quilts sold for $40,000? 3. You are, I hope, planning to go to the museum with me.
46 Interrupters Identify whether the following items are missing commas (M) or are correct as is (C). For items missing commas, add the comma where needed. 1. My favorite painting Mona Lisa is displayed at the Louvre in Paris.,, M
47 Interrupters Identify whether the following items are missing commas (M) or are correct as is (C). For items missing commas, add the comma where needed.,, 2. Did you know Amy that one of Faith Ringgold s story quilts sold for $40,000? M
48 Interrupters Identify whether the following items are missing commas (M) or are correct as is (C). For items missing commas, add the comma where needed. 3. You are, I hope, planning to go to the museum with me. C
49 On Your Own Interrupters Add commas where needed in the following sentences. 1. My dad s classic car a 1955 Mustang won first place in the car show. 2. That sculpture in my opinion is the most beautiful one in the exhibit. 3. Are you competing in the track meet Joyce? [End of Section]
50 Interrupters Answers Add commas where needed in the following sentences. 1. My dad s classic car a 1955 Mustang won first place in the car show.,, 2. That sculpture in my opinion is the most beautiful one in the exhibit.,, 3. Are you competing in the track meet Joyce?,
51 Conventional uses of commas Use commas in certain conventional situations, such as dates, addresses, salutations and closings in letters, and certain titles and names. Separate items in dates and addresses After Friday, November 23, 2012, address all orders to Emeryville, CA
52 Conventional uses of commas Use commas in certain conventional situations. After the salutation of a personal letter Dear Mr. Arpajian, My dear Anna, After the closing of any letter Sincerely, Yours very truly,
53 Conventional uses of commas Use commas in certain conventional situations. Abbreviations, such as Jr., Sr., or M.D. when they follow persons names. Please welcome Allen Davis, Sr. Carol Ferrara, M.D., is our family doctor.
54 Conventional uses of commas Identify whether the following items are missing commas (M) or are correct as is (C). For items missing commas, add the comma where needed. 1. Marcia traveled to Tyler Texas last month. 2. My brother received a letter that began, Dear John, There s something I need to tell you. 3. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was born on January
55 Conventional uses of commas Identify whether the following items are missing commas (M) or are correct as is (C). For items missing commas, add the comma where needed. 1. Marcia traveled to Tyler Texas last month.,, M
56 Conventional uses of commas Identify whether the following items are missing commas (M) or are correct as is (C). For items missing commas, add the comma where needed. 2. My brother received a letter that began, Dear John, There s something I need to tell you. C
57 Conventional uses of commas Identify whether the following items are missing commas (M) or are correct as is (C). For items missing commas, add the comma where needed. 3. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was born on January ,,, M
58 On Your Own Conventional uses of commas Add commas where needed in the following sentences. 1. Please address the envelope to Ms. Marybeth Correio 1255 S.E. 56th Street Bellevue WA I glanced quickly at the end of the letter, which read, Very sincerely yours Alice Ems Ph.D. 3. On April the company will celebrate its twentieth anniversary. [End of Section]
59 Conventional uses of commas Answers Add commas where needed in the following sentences. 1. Please address the envelope to Ms. Marybeth Correio 1255 S.E. 56th Street Bellevue WA I glanced,,, quickly at the end of the letter, which read, Very sincerely yours Alice Ems Ph.D.,, 3. On April the company will celebrate its twentieth, anniversary.,
60 Review A Identify whether the following items are missing commas (M) or are correct as is (C). For items missing commas, add the comma where needed. 1. During the festival, businesses on Main Street will be open late. 2. Brittany Adam Christine and Leo are just four of the graduates who decorated their caps. 3. Joseph who works as a lifeguard in the summer has already taken the first-aid class. [End of Section]
61 Review A Identify whether the following items are missing commas (M) or are correct as is (C). For items missing commas, add the comma where needed. C 1. During the festival, businesses on Main Street will be open late.,,, M 2. Brittany Adam Christine and Leo are just four of the graduates who decorated their caps.,, M 3. Joseph who works as a lifeguard in the summer has already taken the first-aid class.
62 Review B Add commas where necessary in the following sentences. 1. My twin sister can run faster jump higher and do more push-ups than I can. 2. Lance Martin was born June in Austin Texas. 3. When Professor Marcus went to China last year he visited many historic landmarks. 4. She and many of her friends attended Earth Day a festival devoted to ecology. 5. Biking accidents are common wherever cars and bicycles use the same road so many communities have provided bicycle lanes. [End of Section]
63 Review B Add commas where necessary in the following sentences. 1. My twin sister can run faster jump higher and do more push-ups than I can. 2. Lance Martin was born June in Austin Texas. 3. When Professor Marcus went to China last year he visited many historic landmarks. 4. She and many of her friends attended Earth Day a festival devoted to ecology. 5. Biking accidents are common wherever cars and bicycles use the same road, so many communities have provided bicycle lanes.,,,,,,,
64 The End
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