GE6151 COMPUTER PROGRAMMING REG.2013 NOTES

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1 Q January May January 5 May 5. Adv - 5 th generation (0000) = (?)8 What is Flow chart? What is super computer? computers. What is pseudo code? Flowchart for biggest of number Define algorithm Define pseudo code 3. What are operators in C? What are data types in C? What is a variable? Define keywords. Print from 0 to Program for factorial What is ternary operator? Write any I/O statements 5. What is array? What is D array? Declare float array with Define array 5values 6. Write string handling Write string handling functions What is string array? What is character string functions 7. Define functions Define recursion Define functions Actual and formal parameter? 8. Define pointer call by value/call by reference What is address operator? Define pointer 9. Define pre-processor What is the Purpose of union? What is static storage class? Define structure 0. Difference b/w struct & union What are pre-processor directives? What is #define pre-processor? Define pre-processor a Generation of computers(6) Generation of computers(0) Flowchart for factorial (6) b Organization of computer(6) Organization of computer (8) Flowchart for (8) a Looping in C(6) Prgm - prime or not (8) Prgm - sum of digits of a number(8) b Branching in C(6) Prgm - Roots of quadratic eqn(8) Prgm - Entry/exit checked loop(8) 3a Program to reverse a string(8) Program for fibbonacci(8) Prgm - call by reference(8) Prgm factorial (8) 3b Matrix addition(6) Prgm factorial (8) Prgm pointers (8) a How function is declared? (8) Call by value & reference(8) b Function prototypes(8) Recursion(8) 5a Storage class (8) Structure(8) 5b Student Mark sheet using structure(6) Organization of computer(0) PseudoCode-swap two numbers(6) Number system problem(0) Need of Logical analysis? (6) Explain operators in C (6) Explain looping in C (6) Sort an array of numbers (8) Program using strlen (8) Matrix multiplication (8) Search an element in array(8) Generation of computers(8) Number system problem(8) Organization of computer (8) Flowchart find +/-/0 number(8) Explain operators in C (8) Explain constants in C (8) Explain looping in C (8) Prgm-Roots of quadratic eqn(8) Matrix addition(8) Search an element in array(8) Call by value / reference (6) Sort an array of numbers (8) String handling functions(8) Prgm bubble sort (6) Recursion (8) Pgrm - Factorial (8) Prgm pass by reference(8) Matrix subtraction(6) Prgm find power of a number(8) Prgm-sum of digits of a number(8) Prgm-pointer decrement (8) Explain storage class (6) Explain struct with example(6) Book details using struct(6) Employee details using structure(6) Explain register storage class(6) Explain union(6), pre-processor() Explain storage class (8) Explain union with ex(8) UNIT UNIT UNIT 3 UNIT UNIT 5 What is a variable? What is an array? Define function Define keywords String handling functions Define pointers What are the data types? What is D array? Define recursion Program for factorial What is string array? Call by value / reference Operators in C Ternary operator Break and continue Program odd or even Diff b/w while & do..while Biggest among numbers Print from 0 to Application & system s/w Adv 5 th generation comp Digital computer Super computer Compare RAM and ROM What is algorithm? What is pseudo code? What is flow chart? Number problem Generation of computers Organization of computer Flowcharts Number problem Looping in C Branching in C Arithmetic&relational Logical&assignment Increment/decrement Formatted/unformatted IO Pgrm prime or not Pgrm quadratic eqn Bubble sort Insertion sort Merge sort Linear search Pgrm fibbonacci Pgrm factorial Pgrm matrix add Pgrm matrix sub Pgrm matrix multiply Pgrm-string functions Pgrm entry&exit checked Pgrm sum of digits Function prototypes Recursion (factorial) Call by value&reference Arithmetic op (pointers) Define structure What is pre-processor #define pre-processor What is a macro? Diff b/w struct&union Purpose of struct Purpose of union Types of storage class Static storage class Extern storage class Mark sheet struct Employee struct union Storage classes Pre-processor Underlined questions are the most probable questions expected to come for Dec 05 exam

2 UNIT INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS. What is a computer? The computer is an electronic machine that takes input from the user and processes it to generate the output in the form of useful information.. What is a program? A program is a set of instructions that can be executed one-by-one in the computer. Each program performs certain task that is created by the user. 3. What is Hardware and Software? Hardware of the computer means, all the visible components of a computer that are needed for proper functioning. It is the framework. Software is applied on the hardware of the computer. E.x: CPU, monitor, etc Software of the computer means, the set of programs that can be executed one by one in a computer. It controls all the operations of a computer. Ex: OS, games softwares, etc. What is the difference between application software and system software? System softwares are inbuilt softwares that are required to start the computer. Without system software, a computer cannot work properly. Ex : Windows OS, Linux OS, DOS, etc Application softwares are optional softwares that are needed to perform certain task needed for user. Without application software, a system can work. Ex: Tally, Games softwares, etc 5. What are the advantages and disadvantages of first generation of computers? Advantages: Based on vacuum tube technology During that time, these type of computers were the fastest. Calculations are done in milliseconds. Disadvantages:- Large space is needed. It takes more power Very costly No reliability Programming is difficult 6. What are the advantages and disadvantages of second generation of computers? Advantages: Disadvantages:- Based on transistor technology Very costly Small in size It needed AC Less heat produced Production was difficult Calculations are done in microseconds Better reliability 7. What are the advantages and disadvantages of third generation of computers? Advantages: Disadvantages:- Based on IC (Integrated Chip) technology It needed AC Calculations are done in nano seconds Production was difficult Less power needed Less maintenance cost More reliability 8. What are the advantages and disadvantages of fourth generation of computers? Advantages: Disadvantages:- Based on Processor technology Production was difficult Small in size Portable and very much reliable Less maintenance cost All programming languages are supported 9. What are the advantages and disadvantages of fifth generation of computers? Advantages: Portable User friendly Supports many OS Supports parallel programming High speed calculations Large storage capacity. Disadvantages:- There is no program that makes the computer to operate completely automatic.

3 0. What are the characteristics of a digital computer? They have large memory space They are suitable for business High processing speed Discrete value outputs are got It is versatile in nature.. What are the differences between analog and digital computers? Analog computer Digital computer Less speed High speed Less memory More memory Limited usage Many number of usage Output is in the form of graph Output is in the form of discrete values Less accurate calculation More accurate calculation. What are the advantages and disadvantages of micro and mini computers? Advantages Micro computers Disadvantages Mini computers Small in size Less memory capacity Very cheap in cost, compared to Mini computers Difficult in maintenance Highly reliable Advantages Mini computers Disadvantages Mini computers Small in size, compared to mainframe computers Calculation speed is less than mainframe computers Cheap in cost, compared to mainframe computers Memory capacity is small, compared to mainframe 3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of mainframe and super computers? Advantages mainframe computers Disadvantages mainframe computers Many OS can be installed in mainframe It is very much costly computer It can be used instead of 000s of small servers Its size is very big It can store large amount of data Advantages super computers Disadvantages Super computers Processing speed is : trillions per second Its size is large Many processors can work at the same time It is also very costly It has more main memory. Compare RAM and ROM RAM ROM It is a volatile memory It is a non-volatile memory It is used for both READ and WRITE operations It is used for READ operation only It has small storage capacity It has large storage capacity It is temporary It is permanent Its cost is high It is cost effective Processing speed is high Processing speed is low 5. What is an algorithm? An algorithm is defined as a step by step procedure for solving a problem. It is a set of rules to solve a problem. 6. What are the characteristics of an algorithm? It has a finite number of inputs Every instruction is clear and short It should have a proper ending Each step should be important. Overall output should be got only after the algorithm ends. It should contain the steps one-by-one to solve the problem 7. What is a pseudo code? Pseudo = copy (or) Duplicate, Code = instructions It cannot be compiled or executed It is written in natural language such as English, etc It is used to concentrate on algorithm

4 8. What are the advantages and disadvantages of pseudo code? Advantages Disadvantages It can be easily prepared in Word processor It does not have pictures software Easily modified There is no rules for preparation It is simple because it is written in English It cannot be compiled or executed No confusing symbols are used No rules are followed It is easy to understand the problem 9. What is a flow chart? A flow chart is a diagrammatic representation that illustrates the operations to be performed one-by-one. It contains different symbols. 0. What are the advantages and disadvantages of flow charts? Advantages Disadvantages It is easy to understand It cannot be prepared for difficult programs A problem can be analysed easily with flowchart Alterations and modifications cannot be done easily It gives clear idea of a program It is not typed, so its preparation is little difficult It acts as a guide during the program development It helps to clear the errors in coding It helps in maintenance of code PART B. What are the characteristics of a computer? a. Speed:- Computers are very fast in processing They solve large problems in less time They are faster than humans They do millions of calculations per second b. Accuracy:- They perform calculations accurately; accuracy means, without any error They process large amount of data without error c. Storage:- A computer can store large amount of data in primary memory and secondary memory Storage is calculated in BYTES. BYTE = 8 BITS. BIT = 0 or 8Bits = BYTE, 0 Bytes = KB, 0KB=MB, 0 MB = GB, 0GB = TB d. Versatility:- Computers are versatile; versatile means, perform many works at same time They are used for doing arithmetic and logical operations e. Diligence:- They do not get tired even after performing many calculations They perform all the tasks with same accuracy and speed f. Automation:- The computers perform operations without stopping. They do the process one by one according to the instructions. What are the applications of a computer? It is used to store, display, send and receive information It is used to draw graphs, pictures It is used in medical clinic and labs It is used to control rockets and aeroplanes It is used for banking purpose also It is used in horoscope It is used in Crime investigation It is used to control Robots Education:-

5 It is used in education, online classrooms, online library, etc Marketing:- It is used in preparing advertisements Banking:- It is used in banking to store the account details of customers It is used in ATM, internet banking Video games:- It is used in playing video games, online games, etc Training:- Computers are used to give training to the workers Hospitals:- It is used in hospitals to help the doctors to find the disease and give treatment It stores the record of patients Ex: Scan, blood test, ECG, etc Railways:- It is used in online ticket reservation, see the schedule of trains, etc Science:- It is used in research by scientists It helps in finding earth quake, Tsunami, etc 3. Explain the generation of Digital computers in detail. (or) Explain the Generation of computers in detail. First Generation:- The first generation of computers were used only for certain task. Each computer has a machine language ( 0 s and s) They are difficult to process They are not versatile, they have limited speed. They used VACUUM TUBES and MAGNETIC DRUMS for data storage. It consumed 00kW power, weight of many 000kilos. It performed 5000calculations per second. Ex: EDSAC, UNIVAC, etc Advantages: Based on vacuum tube technology During that time, these type of computers were the fastest. Calculations are done in milliseconds. Disadvantages:- Large space is needed. It takes more power Very costly No reliability Programming is difficult Second generation of computers:- They are used in business, university, government, etc because of its success. They used TRANSISTORS for memory storage They are small and consume less power Thermionic valves are used instead of heated tubes They also contained components such as printers, tape, disk storage, memory, OS, etc Ex: IBM 0, 60, UNIVAC 08 Advantages: Disadvantages:- Based on transistor technology Very costly Small in size It needed AC Less heat produced Production was difficult Calculations are done in microseconds Better reliability Third generation of computers:- Integrated Chip (IC) Technology is used for memory storage Quartz rock is used to remove the heat. IC is a combination of three components on a small disc Semiconductor was also introduced. Because ICs are small in size, the size of the computers became small In this generation of computers, many operating systems can be installed.

6 Ex: IBM 360 series, ICL 900 series, CDC 700 Advantages: Based on IC (Integrated Chip) technology Calculations are done in nano seconds Less power needed Less maintenance cost More reliability Disadvantages:- It needed AC Production was difficult Fourth generation of computers:- IBM introduced Personal Computers (PC) that can be used in home / office / schools The size of the computer became still smaller Number of personal computers doubled from million in 98 to 5.5million in 98 After 0years, 65millions PC were used. Apple s MacIntosh OS also introduced in 98, that is user friendly design. Ex: Intel 00L, Apple series I and II, IBM Advantages: Disadvantages:- Based on Processor technology Production was difficult Small in size Portable and very much reliable Less maintenance cost All programming languages are supported Fifth generation of computers:- Many advances came in science and technology in this generation Parallel processing is used, it means, many CPU work as one CPU Superconductor technology is used in this generation Information flow is fast because of superconductor Ex: Expert systems help doctors to cure the patient s disease Artificial intelligence is a branch of computer science that makes the computers behave like humans Artificial intelligence is used in: Games, Expert systems, Natural language, Neural networks Advantages: Disadvantages:- Portable There is no program that makes the computer to User friendly operate completely automatic. Supports many OS Supports parallel programming High speed calculations Large storage capacity.. Write the differences between analog and digital computers Analog computers:- Analog computers represent the data as physical quantities It performs operation based on measuring It is designed to process data of varying quantities It solves problems in voltage, current, etc They are useful in simulation and evaluation of dynamic situations It contains operational amplifier Computer s capacity is determined by number of amplifiers They are used in speedometres, watt-hour metres Ex: Electronic weighing scale, patient heart beat, blood pressure Characteristics of analog computers:- Low speed Limited applications Less memory space Not suitable for business Output is not accurate Digital Computers:- They process the information digitally. It stored and processes the data in digital form Data is stored as 0 s and s Output produced by digital computers is in Digital form.

7 Ex: Palmtop, Laptop, Super computer, etc Characteristics of a digital comouter:- Large memory space Suitable for business applications Processor speed is high Versatile in nature 5. Explain about mainframe and super computers Mainframe computers:- It is an ultra-high performance computer, made for high storage. It contains high quality computer processor, processor, hardwares It is used for storing large volumes of data, highly important online transaction, etc It is very powerful and large computer Its operating speed is MIPS Million instructions per second Ex: IBM ES000, VAX8000, CPC6600 Advantages mainframe computers Disadvantages mainframe computers Many OS can be installed in mainframe It is very much costly computer It can be used instead of 000s of small servers Its size is very big It can store large amount of data Super Computers:- They are most powerful computers than mainframe computers The simplified form of mainframe computer is called as super computer It is the top level computer used for high processing capacity It can process Trillions of instructions per second ( 0,00,000 = million, 0,00,00,000=trillion) Applications of super computers:- This computer cannot be used at home It is used in heavy jobs such as Government use, etc They are useful in weather forecasting. Advantages super computers Disadvantages Super computers Processing speed is : trillions per second Its size is large Many processors can work at the same time It is also very costly It has more main memory 6. Explain the basic organization of a computer. The organization of a computer has four major parts:- They are a. Input Unit b. CPU c. Output Unit d. Memory unit Input Unit Memory Unit Output Unit Cache memory Registers ALU CPU Control Unit

8 Basic operations of a computer:- It ACCEPTS the data or instruction through INPUT It STORES the data or information It can PROCESS data as instructed by the user It GIVES results through OUTPUT It CONTROLS all the operations Input Unit:- Input devices get the data from the user and converts to the machine understandable form. Ex: Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Joystick, Lightpen, Card reader, Webcam, Microphone Keyboard:- It is a standard input device attached to all type of computers It contains keys arranged in the form of QWERTY It contains many keys such as TAB, CAPSLOCK, SPACE BAR, ALT, CTRL, ENTER, HOME, END, etc It contains 0 to 0 keys If we press the keys in the keyboard, electrical signals are sent to the computer. Mouse:- It is used with personal computer Old type of mouses have magnetic ball at the back. Nowadays, Infrared mouses are used, that works on infrared light at the back of the mouse We can move cursor to any direction with the help of a mouse It is used for easy and fast operations. Scanner:- Keyboard can give input only the characters Scanners can give a picture as input to the computer Scanner is an optical device that takes a picture and gives as input to the computer Ex: MICR, OMR, OCR MICR Magnetic Ink Character Recognition They are used in bank cheques Magnetic ink is printed on the cheque. If the cheque is passed through magnetic field, the information is read OMR Optical Mark reader They are used in objective type tests Students have to shade the rounds for the correct answer OCR Optical Character Recognition Reads a paper and takes the information from it, gives as input to the computer They are costly than MICR Joystick:- It is an online device We can move the cursor fastly with the help of joystick They are used to play games, etc Light Pen:- It is a light-sensitive device It is used with CRT monitor It is used in CAD Using light, it moves the cursor Photo-sensor is used Card Reader:- It was punched cards to give information to the computer The computer program which is to be fetched, transformed into punched cards by the process known as card punching After punching all cards, they are given to card reader, computer reads one by one Webcam:- It is a video camera that gives image or video to the computer that can be transferred online It is connected to the system with USB cable It us used for video chatting, video conferencing, etc using WWW Microphone:- It is an acoustic-to-electric transducer or sensor that converts sound signals to electric signals They are used in Telephones, hearing aids, recording audio engineering, Radio and TV broadcasting, etc It uses electromagnetic inductance capacitance change to produce electric signal from mechanical vibration

9 CPU:- It is called as brain of the computer It performs taks such as arithmetic and logical operations CPU is divided into three parts: ALU, Control Unit, Registers ALU:- After the system gets input data, it is stored in primary storage. The actual processing of data takes place at Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) It performs addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, logical comparison, etc It also performs AND, OR, NOT, XOR, etc operations Control Unit:- It acts like the supervisor of a computer It controls the overall activities of a computer components It checks all the operations of a computer are going correctly or not It determines how the instructions are executed one by one It controls all the input and output operations of a computer For executing an instruction, it performs the following steps:- o Address of the instruction is placed in address bus o Instruction is read from the memory o Instruction is sent for decoding o Data from that address is read from the memory o These data and address are sent to the memory o Again the next instruction is taken from the memory Registers:- They are high speed memory units for storing temporary data they are small in size it stores data, instruction, address, etc ALU is also a register Types: Accumulator, GPR, SPR( PC, MAR, MBR, IR) Accumulator: to store the operands before execution. It receives the result of ALU operation GPR: General Purpose Registers are used to store data and intermediate results SPR:Special Purpose Registers are used for a certain purpose. PC: Program counter, MAR: Memory Address Bus, MBR: Memory Buffer Register Output Unit:- It is a medium between computer and the human After the CPU finishes operation, the output is displayed in the output unit They take the input from CPU and converts to human readable form Types of output:- Hardcopy, softcopy Hardcopy: The output that can be seen physically using a printer is called as hardcopy Softcopy: The electric version of output that is stored in a computer or a memory card, or a hard disk Ex: Monitor, Printer, Plotter Monitor:- It is the most popular output device It is also called as Visual Display Unit (VDU) It is connected to a computer through a cable called Video cord It can be monochrome or color monitor LCD: Liquid Crystal Display monitors o They are flat type of screen. Liquid crystals are used for display in the screen CRT: Cathode Ray Tube monitors o They are old-fashioned TV set like monitor Printer:- The output of a computer can be printed using Printer, to get the hardcopy Laser printer, Inkjet printer: Impact printers. They give fast printouts with good quality using LASER Dot matrix printer: non-impact printers. Their quality is poor, they are used for billing purpose Plotter:- They are used for printing graphics They are used in CAD/CAM Pen plotters take printout by moving a pen across the surface of a piece of paper

10 Memory Unit:- memory Primary memory Secondary memory Magnetic core memory Semiconductor memory Thin-film memory Serial access memory Semi-random access memory RAM ROM Static RAM Dynamic RAM PROM EPROM EEPROM Primary storage:- It is a part of CPU Its storage capacity is limited It contains magnetic core or semiconductor cells It is used for temporary storage Magnetic core memory: o It contain a small dough-nut shaped objects made of ferromagnetic material o Current is passed through wire in one direction, magnetized in one direction Semiconductor memory: o It contains IC chips on silicon o They are small, high processing speed, low power is used, cheap, easy to assemble ROM: o Major type of memory in a computer is called ROM o Read Only Memory o It can be read, cannot be written o It is used for storing permanent values o ROM does not gets erased, even after the power is switched off o They are non-volatile ( information cannot be erased) o We can store the important data into the ROM o Ex: Hard disk PROM: Programmable Read Only Memory They contain 000 of fuses burnt, applying V to the memory boxes These fuses say 0 or EPROM: Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory They can be deleted This chips have glass panel, UV rays are passed Fuses are rearranged in UV rays (all bits become ) EEPROM:- Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory They can be erased using electric current RAM:- o They are used for storing programs and data that are executed o It is different from ROM o Random Access Memory o It can be read and written o It is volatile

11 GE65 COMPUTER PROGRAMMING REG.03 NOTES o When the power is turned off, its contents are erased o It is also called as RWM (Read Write Memory) o It is faster than ROM o Static RAM (SRAM) and Dynamic RAM (DRAM) are its types o Its cost is high o Its processing speed is also high Cache memory:- o It is a very small memory used to store intermediate results and data o It stores the data that are more frequently called for processing o It is present inside the CPU, near the processor o It is used for the faster execution Secondary Storage:- o The speed of primary memory is fast, but secondary memory is slow o But the memory capacity of primary memory is low. So, secondary memory is used o It contains large memory space o It is also called as additional memory or auxiliary memory o Data is stored in it permanently o Ex: Magnetic tape, Hard disk, Floppy, Optical Disc, USB drives o Magnetic tape:- It is used for large computers like mainframe computers Large volume of data is stored for a long time It is like a old tape-recorder cassette They are cheap They store data permanently Its diameter is.5mm to 5mm, length is 500M to 00M It is compact, low cost, portable, unlimited storage, easy to handle o Hard disk:- Hard disks are disks that store more data and works faster It can store 0GB to TB It consists of platters Two heads are there for read and write It is attached to single arm Information in hard disk is stored in tracks A track location that cuts across all platters is called as a cylinder All platters have same no.of tracks o Floppy Disk They can store.mb of data They are 5.5 to 3.5 inch in diameter They are cheap, portable o Optical Disk:- CD-ROM: Compact Disk They are made of reflective material High power laser beam is passed to store data onto CD Cost is low, storage capacity is 700MB Its size is.5inches in diameter It can only be READ, cant be written Only a single side can be used for storage DVD: Digital Video Disk It is the improved version of CD It can store.7gb of data Both the sides are used for storage They cannot be scratched or damaged like CD USB drives:- They are commonly called as PEN DRIVES They are removable storage They are connected to the USB port of a computer They are fast and portable They store larger data when compared to CD, DVD (GB to 6GB pendrives)

12 Part A (mark questions). What are the advantages and disadvantages of C language? Advantages:- Suitable for creating application software and system software Easy, simple and fast. It can be used for general purpose Powerful language Flexible and portable Disadvantages:- It is a weakly typed language It needs extra memory space It is not object oriented language. What are the characteristics of C language? It has many in-built functions Pointers can be used It is a structured language Small and easy to understand Efficient programming language It can be used in many types of computers 3. Give the structure of a C program Documentation section Preprocessor section Definition section Global declaration section Main function() Declaration part; Executable statements; User defined function() Executable statements;. What are the steps to execute a C program? Create a C program Compile the program (Alt+F9) Link that program to library Execute the program(ctrl+f9) 5. What is a token? What are the types of Tokens? The smallest individual unit of a program is called as Token Identifiers, keywords, constants, strings, operators 6. Mention some keywords in C language If, else, while, do, for, continue, break, include, main, int, float, char, void 7. What is a constant? A constant is a fixed value that cannot be changed in the C program execution. UNIT C Programming Basics 8. What is a variable? A variable is an identifier for memory location Data can be stored in it and taken when needed. 9. What is user-defined datatype? What are its types? User can define a new kind of datatype to declare variables. It is called as user-defined datatype Types: Typedef, Enumerated 0. What is the difference between local variable and global variable? LOCAL VARIABLE GLOBAL VARIABLE Defined at starting of a Declared before the main block function It can be used only within It can be used anywhere in that block ex:- int a=0; printf( %d,i); o/p:- 0 the program ex:- int i=0; printf( %d,i); o/p:- 0. What ate the data types available in C? In-built data type (int, char, float, ) User defined data type( typedef, enum,struct) Derived data type (array, pointer, function) No data type (void). What are the basic (or) fundamental datatypes? Int to store numbers without decimal point Float to store numbers with decimal point Char to store a single character Double To store a big decimal point number 3. Write any 6 escape sequences in C. \n move to next line \t move one space horizontally \v- move in space vertically \f move to next page \r move to starting of that line \b backspace. What is an operator? What are its types? An operator is a symbol that tells computer to perform certain task. Types:- Arithmetic operators (+, -, *, /, % ) Relational operators ( <, >, <=, >=, ==,!= ) Logical operator ( &&,,!) Assignment operator ( +=, -=, *=, /=, %=, = ) Increment/decrement operator (i++, ++i, i--, --i) Conditional operator (? : ) Bitwise operator ( &,, ^, <<, >>, ~) Special operator ( sizeof() )

13 5. Write differences between operator and operands. OPERAND OPERATOR It contains Data values It is a symbol for operation Operation is performed on Operation is performed by operands operators Ex:- Ex:- C = a + b; C = a + b; Here, a, b, c = operands Here, +, = are operators 6. What are formatted and unformatted I/O functions? Formatted I/O functions They follow certain format % symbol is used in input and output statements Ex:- Input scanf( %d,&n); Output printf( %d, n); Unformatted I/O functions They do not have any format % symbol is not used. Ex:- Input getc(), gets(), getch(), getchar() Output putc(), puts(), putch(), putchar() 7. What are the types of control structures in C? If statement If else statement If..else ladder Switch statement Goto statement 8. What is the difference between break and continue statement? BREAK To stop the current iteration and get out of that block Break; keyword is used It is used in switch case, for, while, do Statements after the BREAK statement will not be executed CONTINUE To stop the current iteration and continue for next iteration Continue; keyword used It is used in for, while Statements after CONTINUE statement will not be executed in current iteration 9. What is the difference between while and dowhile? WHILE Entry check loop Condition is checked at entry point Loop will not run if condition is false Ex:- While (condition) Body of the loop DO..WHILE Exit check loop Condition is checked at exit point Loop will run ONE TIME if the condition is false Ex:- Do Body of the loop while ( condition); 0. What is a ternary operator? It is also called as conditional operator It is also called as question-colon operator It checks the condition. If condition is true, first part will be executed If condition is false, second part is executed Ex:- C = (a < b)? a : b If (a < b) is true, then c = a if (a > b) is false, then c = b. Write a program to check a number is odd/even int n; printf( enter a number ); scanf( %d,&n); if ( n % = = 0 ) printf( it is even number ); else printf( it is odd number );. Write a program using sizeof() operator printf( %d, sizeof(int)); printf( %d, sizeof(char)); printf( %d, sizeof(float)); printf( %d, sizeof(double)); 3. Write a program to find biggest among two number. Write a Program to print the numbers from 0 to using for loop int i; 6 for(i=0; i>0; i--) 5 printf( %d,i); 3 Enter a number 3 It is odd number 8 A is big int a=0, b=0; if(a>b) printf( a is big ); else printf( b is big );

14 PART B ( 8 and 6 mark questions). Explain the structure of a C program Documentation section Preprocessor section Definition section Global declaration section Main function() Declaration part; Executable statements; User defined function() Executable statements; Documentation section:- We can add any comments, description It will not be executed Ex:- /* program to add two numbers*/ Preprocessor section:- Pre-processor statements are used To link the program to library Ex:- Definition section:- We can define all constants here. These values will not be changed in the program Ex:- #define a 0 Global declaration section:- We can declare global variables that can be used anywhere in the program It is outside of all the other functions Ex:- Int a=0; Void main().... Main function() It is must for all the programs A program cannot run without main() Main keyword is used Program starts to run from main() only Declaration part:- We can declare values to the variables Ex: a=0; Executable section:- Execute the statements in this section C=a+b; printf( %d, c); User defined function:- User can write the functions if needed.. Explain different types of data types in C. In-built data type (int, char, float, ) User defined data type( typedef, enum, struct) Derived data type (array, pointer, function) No data type (void) In-built data type:- They are the created already within C compiler If we want, we can use them directly Keyword int, float, char, double is used. Int integer ( to store numbers) Float to store decimal point number Char character ( to store a single character) Double to store a big decimal point number User-defined data type:- User is going to create a new data type Cannot be used directly like in-built data types Typedef to redefine the name of data type Typedef int a; Enum enumerated data type Enum days= sun, = mon, 3= tue, = wed, 5= thu, 6= fri, 7= sat Struct structure to hold different members struct mech int roll; char name[0]; float marks; Derived data type:- These are the data types that are derived from the already existing data type. Ex:- Arrays, pointer, functions Int Array[0]; to store 0 integers one-by-one Pointer int * a; to store address of other variable Functions() to do a part of work No data type:- Void Void is a data type that is not actually a data type It does not contain any values It is also called as empty data type 3. Explain arithmetic and relational operators in C. Arithmetic operators:- Operators that do arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division are called as arithmetic operators Operator Name Operation * Asterisk Multiplication / Slash Division + Plus Addition - Minus subtraction % Percentage modulus

15 Program for arithmetic operator:- int a,b; printf( enter values for a and b ); scanf( %d%d,&a,&b); printf( answer is ); printf( %d, a+b); printf( %d, a-b); printf( %d, a*b); printf( %d, a/b); printf( %d, a%b); Relational operators:- Operator Name Return value < Less than or 0 > Greater than or 0 <= Less than or equal to or 0 >= Greater than or equal to or 0 == Equality or 0!= Not equal to or 0 These operators are binary operators because they want two operands to operate. They return if TRUE, 0 if FALSE Program for relational operator:- int a,b; printf( enter values for a and b ); scanf( %d%d,&a,&b); printf( answer is ); printf( %d, a<b); printf( %d, a>b); printf( %d, a<=b); printf( %d, a>=b); printf( %d, a==b); printf( %d, a!=b); o/p:- Enter values for a and b Answer is o/p:- Enter values for a and b Answer is Explain logical and assignment operator in C Logical operator:- It is used to do logical operations such as logical AND, OR and NOT It is also binary operators because it takes two operands. It returns if TRUE, 0 if FALSE Operator Name Return value && Logical AND or 0 Logical OR or 0! Logical NOT or 0 Program for logical operator:- int a,b; o/p:- Enter values for a,b,c 6 Answer is 3 printf( enter values for a, b and c ); scanf( %d%d%d,&a,&b,&c); printf( answer is ); printf( %d,( a < b ) && ( a < c ) ); printf( %d,( a < b ) ( a < c ) ); printf( %d,(!a)); Assignment operators:- They are used to assign values to the variables Values can be assigned after the expression Shorthand assignment operators is also there. Operator Name Meaning assign value += Short-hand add a+=b a = a + b Add a + b and store in a -= Short-hand sub a - =b a = a b sub a - b and store in a *= Short-hand multiply a * = b a = a * b multiply a * b and store in a /= Short-hand divide a / = b a = a / b divide a / b and store in a == Equality or 0!= Not equal to or 0

16 5. Explain the increment and decrement operators and conditional operators in C. Increment operator:- Pre-increment operator (+ + i ) Post-increment operator ( i + +) Decrement operator:- Pre-decrement operator (- - i ) Post-decrement operator ( i - -) Pre-increment operator: increment first, and assign value Post-increment operator: assign value first and then increment Pre-decrement operator: decrement first, then assign value Post-decrement operator: assign value first, then decrement. Example:- int a=0; printf( %d,a++); printf( %d,++a); printf( %d,a - -); printf( %d,- - a); In the above example, value of a = 0 printf( %d,a++); in this line, the value of a is printed first, and then it is incremented. (a = 0 + = ) printf( %d,++a); in this line, the value of a is incremented first, and then it is printed. (a = + = ) printf( %d,a - -); in this line, the value of a is printed first, and then it is decremented. (a = - = ) printf( %d,- - a ); in this line, the value of a is decremented first, and then it is printed. (a = - = 0) Conditional operator:- It is also called as question-colon operator It is also called as ternary operator It contains question mark and colon. It contains condition and two executable statements If condition is TRUE, statement will be executed If condition is FALSE, statement will be executed Syntax:- Condition? statement : statement ; Program:- int a=0,b=0; a>b? printf( a is bigger ) : printf( b is bigger ); o/p:- b is bigger Explain the formatted and unformatted I/O statements I/O Functions Formatted statements INPUT OUTPUT scanf() printf() Unformatted statements Formatted statements:- They can read all types of values But the format should be specified Printf() to print any value to the o/p Scanf() to get any value from the i/p Format specifiers for printf() and scanf():- printf() scanf() %c print a character %c Read a character %d print a decimal integer %d Read a decimal integer %e print floating point exponent %e Read floating point exponent %f print a floating point %f Read a floating point %h print a short int %h Read a short int %I print a decimal/hexadecimal/octal %I Read a decimal/hexadecimal/octal %o print an octal integer %o Read an octal integer %s print a string %s Read a string %u print an unsigned decimal integer Example Program:- int a,b,x,y; %u Read an unsigned decimal integer a=printf("enter value for x and y \n"); b=scanf("%d%d",&x,&y); printf("printf = %d",a); printf("scanf = %d",b); Unformatted statement:- No format is followed here Any kind of data will be processed here getch() To get one character or number or anything getchar() To get one variable gets() To get a string getc() To get one character putch() putchar() puts() putc() INPUT getch() getchar() gets() Enter value for x and y 0 0 Printf = 5 Scanf = OUTPUT putch() putchar() puts() To print one character or number or anything To print one variable To print a string To print one character

17 Program:- char a[0]; puts( Enter a character ); gets(a); puts( Answer= ); puts(a); Program:- char a; printf( Enter a character ); a = getchar(); printf( Answer= ); putchar(c); GE65 COMPUTER PROGRAMMING REG.03 NOTES Enter a string MECH Answer = MECH Enter a character B Answer = B 7. Write a C program to check a number is Armstrong or not. int n,r,arm,sum; printf( enter the number ); scanf( %d,&n); arm=n; sum=0; Enter the number while(n>0) 53 r=n%0; Armstrong number sum=sum+r*r*r; n=n/0; If(arm==sum) printf( Armstrong number ); Else printf( Not an Armstrong number ); B 8. Explain switch-case statement and perform arithmetic operations using it. It is used to take decision from a number of choices One switch statement should be there, many cases can be there Inside every case, break statement should be there All cases should be unique (not same) Syntax:- o Switch ( variable) Case : statement ; break; Case : statement ; break; Case n: statement n; break; Example program:- int a, b, choice; a=0, b=0; printf( enter for addition ); printf( enter for subtraction ); printf( enter 3 for multiplication ); printf( enter for division ); printf( enter your choice ); scanf( %d,&choice); switch(choice) case : printf( %d,a + b); break; case : printf( %d,a - b); break; case 3: printf( %d,a * b); break; case : printf( %d,a / b); break; default: printf( invalid choice ); enter for addition enter for subtraction enter 3 for multiplication enter for division Enter your choice 30 Enter your choice -0 Enter your choice 3 00 Enter your choice 0

18 9. Write a C program to find the sum of the series N int n,i,sum; printf( enter the number ); scanf( %d,&n); for(i=0; i<=n; i++) sum = sum + i; printf( answer=%d,sum); 0. Write a C program to print the reverse of a number int n,r,rev; printf( enter the number ); scanf( %d,&n); rev=0; while(n>0) r=n%0; rev=rev*0+r; n=n/0; printf( reverse=%d,rev);. Write a c program to check whether a number is palindrome or not int n,r,rev,pal; printf( enter the number ); scanf( %d,&n); rev=0; while(n>0) r=n%0; rev=rev*0+r; n=n/0; Enter the number 3 Reverse = 3 Enter the number palindrome If(pal==rev) printf( palindrome ); Else printf( Not a palindrome ); Enter the number 0 Answer = 55

19 Part A (mark questions). What is an array? (or) Define array. An array is a collection of same data type elements All elements are stored in continuous locations Array index always start from 0 It is represented using [ ] square brackets. Write a program to find sum of array elements. int i, n,sum, a[0]; printf( enter how many numbers ); scanf( %d,&n); printf( enter numbers one by one: ); for(i=0; i<n; i++) scanf( %d,&a[i]); for( i=0; i<n; i++) sum = sum + a[i]; printf( answer = %d, sum); Enter how many numbers 5 Enter numbers one by one Answer = What is a two-dimensional array? It is an array in which rows and columns are the two dimensions Two square brackets are used for rows and columns More number of elements can be stored Ex:- Int a[][] = 0,30, 0,50 ;- Rows / A[0] A[] Columns A[0] A[0][0] = 0 A[0][] = 30 A[] A[][0] = 0 A[][] = 50. What is a string? A string is a one dimensional array to store characters It is represented inside double quotes It is also called as sequence of characters Array is used to store the string. Ex:- char a[0] = Mechanical ; M e c h a n i c a l A[0] A[] A[] A[3] A[] A[5] A[6] A[7] A[8] A[9] UNIT 3 Arrays and Strings 5. List out any six string handling functions. Strcat() to concatenate a string (join) Strupr() to change to Upper case (Capital letters) Strlwr() to change to Lower case ( Small letters) Strlen() to find length of string Strrev() to reverse a string Strcmp() to compare two strings Strcpy() to copy one string to another string

20 Part B ( 8 and 6 mark questions). Write a C program to arrange numbers in ascending order and descending order. Ascending order:- int i, j, temp; int a[0] = 7,, 9, 5, 3,, 8,, 6, 0 ; for( i=0; i<0; i++) for(j=i+; j<0; j++) if ( a[i] > a[j] ) temp = a[i]; a[i] = a[j]; a[j] = temp; printf( answer= ); for( i=0; i<0; i++) printf( %d, a[i]); Descending order:- int i, j, temp; int a[0] = 7,, 9, 5, 3,, 8,, 6, 0 ; for( i=0; i<0; i++) for(j=i+; j<0; j++) if ( a[i] < a[j] ) temp = a[i]; a[i] = a[j]; a[j] = temp; printf( answer= ); for( i=0; i<0; i++) printf( %d, a[i]); Answer = Answer = Write a C program for addition of two matrices int i, j; int a[3][3], b[3][3], c[3][3]; printf( enter matrix a in 3 x 3 ); for( i=0; i<3; i++) for(j=0; j<3; j++) scanf( %d,&a[i][j]); printf( enter matrix b in 3 x 3 ); for( i=0; i<3; i++) for(j=0; j<3; j++) scanf( %d,&b[i][j]); for( i=0; i<3; i++) for(j=0; j<3; j++) c[i][j] = a[i][j] + b[i][j]; printf( answer = ); for( i=0; i<3; i++) for(j=0; j<3; j++) printf( %d,c[i][j]); Enter matrix A in 3 X Enter matrix B in 3 X Answer =

21 3. Write a C program for subtraction of two matrices int i, j; int a[3][3], b[3][3], c[3][3]; printf( enter matrix a in 3 x 3 ); for( i=0; i<3; i++) for(j=0; j<3; j++) scanf( %d,&a[i][j]); printf( enter matrix b in 3 x 3 ); for( i=0; i<3; i++) for(j=0; j<3; j++) scanf( %d,&b[i][j]); for( i=0; i<3; i++) for(j=0; j<3; j++) c[i][j] = a[i][j] - b[i][j]; printf( answer = ); for( i=0; i<3; i++) for(j=0; j<3; j++) printf( %d,c[i][j]); Enter matrix A in 3 X Enter matrix B in 3 X Answer = Write a program for multiplication of two matrices int i, j, k; int a[3][3], b[3][3], c[3][3]; printf( enter matrix a in 3 x 3 ); for( i=0; i<3; i++) for(j=0; j<3; j++) scanf( %d,&a[i][j]); printf( enter matrix b in 3 x 3 ); for( i=0; i<3; i++) for(j=0; j<3; j++) for(k=0; k<=3; k++) c[i][j] = c[i][j] + a[i][j] * b[i][j]; for( i=0; i<3; i++) for(j=0; j<3; j++) c[i][j] = a[i][j] - b[i][j]; printf( answer = ); for( i=0; i<3; i++) for(j=0; j<3; j++) printf( %d,c[i][j]); Enter matrix A in 3 X Enter matrix B in 3 X Answer =

22 5. Write a C program for transpose of a matrix int i, j; int a[3][3]; printf( enter matrix A in 3 x 3 ); for( i=0; i<3; i++) for(j=0; j<3; j++) scanf( %d,&a[i][j]); printf( answer = ); for( j=0; j<3; i++) for(i=0; i<3; j++) printf( %d,a[i][j]); Enter matrix in 3 X Answer = Write a program to find sum of diagonal elements of a matrix int i, j, sum; int a[3][3]; printf( enter matrix in 3 x 3 ); for( i=0; i<3; i++) for(j=0; j<3; j++) scanf( %d,&a[i][j]); for( i=0; i<3; i++) for(j=0; j<3; j++) if(i==j) sum = sum + a[i][j]; printf( answer = %d, sum); Enter matrix in 3 X Answer = 5 6. Write a C program to find determinant of a matrix int i, j, det; int a[][]; printf( enter matrix in x ); for( i=0; i<; i++) for(j=0; j<; j++) scanf( %d,&a[i][j]); det = a[0][0] * a[][] - a[][0] * a[0][]; printf( answer = %d, det); Enter x matrix Answer =

23 8.Explain some string handling functions with example C programs. Strcat() to concatenate two strings (join) mechengg char s[0] = mech ; char s[0] = engg ; strcat(s,s); printf( %s,s); Strlen() to find length of a string 0 int a; char s[0]= mechanical ; a=strlen(a); printf( %d,a); Strcpy() to copy one string to another string mechanical char s[0]= mechanical ; char s[0]= ; strcpy(s,s); printf( %s,s); strrev() to reverse a string lacinahcem char s[0]= mechanical ; printf( %s,strrev(s) ); strupr() to change letters to upper case (Captials) MECHANICAL char s[0]= mechanical ; printf( %s,strupr(s) ); strlwr() to change letters to lower case (small letter) mechanical char s[0]= MECHANICAL ; printf( %s,strlwr(s) ); strset() to change letters to some other letters zzzzzzzzzz char s[0]= mechanical ; strset(s,z); printf( %s,s ); 9. Explain binary search with an example. It follows divide and conquer technique. Key means, search element. Key is compared with middle element. If key > middle, ignore first half of elements If key < middle, ignore second half of elements This process is repeated recursively. Until the element is found. Input: sorted array of elements Output: element found (or) not found. Sorted array Key Steps:- Find middle element of array Compare it with key Binary search Element Found Element not found If middle < key, repeat steps and for st half of array If middle > key, repeat steps and for nd half of array if middle == key, element is found.

24 Example:- Sorted array: 0, 0, 30, 0, 50, 60 Key : 50 Here, left = 0, right = 60, mid = (0 + 60) / = 35 Therefore, mid = 30 or 0. We take mid = = 50? (false). 30 < 50? (true) So, take second half of elements: 0, 50, 60 Sorted array: 0, 50, 60 Key : 50 Here, left = 0, right = 60, mid = (0 + 60) / = = 50? (true) Therefore, element found at 5 th position. Program:- int a[0], i, n, key, c, left, right, mid; printf( enter number of elements ); scanf( %d,&n); printf( enter the sorted array elements ); for(i=0; i<n; i++) scanf( %d,&a[i]); printf( enter the key ); scanf( %d,&key); right = n-; while(left<=right) mid = (left+right)/; if(key==a[mid] c=; else if(key < a[mid]) right = mid -; else left = mid +; if ( c ==0 ) printf( element not found ); else printf( element found ); Enter number of elements 6 Enter sorted array Enter key 50 Element found Advantages Efficient and faster Uses divide and conquer Suitable for large elements Disadvantages Not suitable for unsorted array Not suitable for dynamically changing data 0. Explain linear search with an example. The process of finding the key from the collection. Compare all the elements one by one. No technique is used Input: unsorted array of elements Output: element found (or) not found unsorted array key linear search element found element not found Steps:- Read the first element Compare with key If true, element is found. If not true, compare next element. Continue step, 3, and till the last element. Example:- Unsorted array: 9, 7, 3, 6, 8,, 0 Key : ? (false). Go to next ? (false). Go to next ? (false). Go to next ? (false). Go to next ? (true) element found Program:- int a[0], key, c, i; printf( enter number of elements ); scanf( %d,&n); printf( enter the sorted array elements ); for(i=0; i<n; i++) scanf( %d,&a[i]); printf( enter the key ); scanf( %d,&key);