National Character Support and the SAS system on UNIX. Jochen Kirsten, SAS Institute GmbH

Transcription

1 National Character Support and the SAS system on UNIX Jochen Kirsten, SAS Institute GmbH Abstract In almost all of the European countries National Character Support is a topic of great interest when it comes to computing. Problems with National Character Support start when text is entered at a keyboard and continue through to data exchange between different applications on different hardware. This paper gives an overview of the most commonly used character sets as well as the differences in character handling between different platforms. It will give examples on how the SAS System can be configured for National Character Support independently and also in combination with other software products. 382

2 National Character Support and the SAS System on UNIX Jochen Kirsten, SAS Institute GmbH What are National Characters? The answer to this question heavily depends on the point of view. Considering character sets like russian or greek one comes to the conclusion that these totally consist of national characters. On the other hand a russian person as well could claim that ego the german alphabet consists of national characters only. We do not want to discuss these extreme cases, but will to restrict ourselves to characteristics of alphabets that have most of their characters in common. To do so we are taking the alphabets of the 'latin-based' languages, thus ignoring character sets like japanese and chinese. We will not look at special signs from technical and scientific or musical character sets either. Character Sets The problems having to do with the representation of are connected with the demand for processing written machines. Thus special machine alphabets have been Here are some of the most commonly known: characters texts with developed. The telegraph alphabet is one of the oldest among them. It is a 5-bit-code from a technical point of view and has been developed for the telegraphical transfer of information. with a width of five bit per character it only consists of 32 different characters. When the first microcomputers came out there was a character set implemented on most of them called ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange). This is a 7-bit-code by definition, thus consisting of 128 different characters. This code has all of the characters needed for representing english texts, uppercase and lowercase, as well as the numbers and punctuation characters. As all of the manufacturers implemented ASCII on their machines it became a real standard in this area. The disadvantage of ASCII became obvious when european users began to use microcomputers: there were no national characters available, such as ego the german ' umlaute' and the ' sharp s'... ' Therefore derivatives of the ASCII were developed, known as 'National Character Replacement ASCII'. with these character sets some of the characters that were considered not very useful, such as curly and square brackets, were substituted with the desired national characters. The disadvantage of this method was that only one of the national character sets was available at the same 383

3 time and that the brackets that were often used with programming could not be used any longer. Other than that texts that have been written with eg. german replacement set could not properly be reproduced on devices that used eg. french replacement set. These problems _and the fact that most computers use bytes as the smallest addressable unit anyway, lead into extending ASCII with the eighth bit. Now it was possible to use 256 different characters. The first 128 of which are reserved for ASCII, the next 128 could now be used for national characters. Unfortunately the sequence of characters in this extension could not be standardized. So diffenent manufacturers and organisations defined their own extension sequence. Here are some of the more common ones: IBM PC-Code Tables (IBM specific) BP-Roman8 (BP specific) DEC multinational (DEC specific) IS08850-Latin-l (ISO definition) On the mainframes there always was one character set as a standard accepted; EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code) uses one byte to represent a character. National character handling in this area is an interesting topic as well. Considering languages such as japanese, chinese, or arabic and the great variety of all their characters it is obvious that not all of them can be represented using only one byte. The demand to assemble all of the characters out of all the alphabets into one single character set lead into thinking about 2-byte-codes. These use two bytes to represent one character. This has not yet become a standard. Transitions The main problem caused by the different character representations shows up when texts that were created using a certain character set, are to be reproduced on a device that uses a different.character set. Then it is possible that texts containing national characters do not come out properly. Either the national characters are deleted entirely or they are substituted by other, in the specific connection senseless, characters. For the ease of discussion we distinguish between two main of transitions: forms o vertical transitions o horizontal transitions 384

4 vertical Transitions These are transitions where texts are being different hardware platforms within the same mente As an example we take on a UNIX machine. exchanged software the SAS System on a mainframe computer between environ- and Problems Mainly there is the problem of code transformation. The EBCDIC characters coming from the mainframe have to be transformed into the character set being used on the target machine. E.g. this can be the IS08859-Latin-l character set. If some of the target machine's output devices only have the capability of showing ASCII characters, a transition from 8-bit characters to 7-bit characters has to take place. Solutions When converting SAS data in the mentioned area the procedures CPORT and CIMPORT are being used. These are using tables to do the translation. These tables can be adapted by the users using the TRANSLATE option. Details and syntax can be looked up in the 'SAS procedure guide'. For the transition of data between different platforms SAS Institute provides the procedures UPLOAD and DOWNLOAD. Both take translation tables to do the code transformation as well. With release 6.07, family 1 and 2, the tables can be adapted with patches to the user's needs. Having release 6.09 it will be possible to change the tables using the TRANTAB option. Horizontal Transitions The second form of transition of text takes place on the same hardware platform between different applications. E.g. the SAS System using the IS08850-Latin-l character set and a DBMS product with HP-Roman8 on UNIX. Problems The problems are similar to the ones previously mentioned. The code has to be transformed between the different character sets. Also it could be necessary to transform from ASCII to an 8-bit representation or vice versa. 385

5 Solutions In general there is the possibility to use the Institute-supplied I/O-filters 'sasnlsip' and 'sasnlsop'. These are programs that can be used within UNIX-pipes to transform and filter data streams. Especially this is possible with the FILENAME statement using the PIPE option. Effect and syntax are described in the technical report P-235 'Using International Character Support with the SAS System Release 6.07 on UNIX Operating systems and Derivatives'. Filters should only be used on text files. Using them on binary files could easily destroy the internal structures of the files. Running on x-terminals there is also the possibility to configure the SAS System with the appropriate font resources: and SAS.DMSFont SAS.DMSBoldFont If an IS08859-Latin-l font is not used it is necessary before the SAS System is started to remap the keyboard of the x-terminal accordingly with 'xmodmap'. An example of how to do so will follow later. Terminal Types In gerneral there are two different terminal types on which application software like the SAS system behaves differently. o character oriented terminals o pixel oriented terminals (X-terminals) 386

6 Character oriented Terminals Running on character oriented terminals the SAS System makes use of their characteristics. This means if the terminal supports national. characters then the SAS Software supports them too, provided the SAS System recognizes the terminal properly. Therefore the environment variables TERM TERMINFO TERMINFOADD have to be set up correctly and NLSLANG must have the correct value Ceg 'german') in order for the SAS System to pick up the appropriate national characters out of the 'sasnlsmap' terminal description. This is a data structure S1m1- lar to the terminfo database and is described in the technical report P-235 'Using International Character Support with the SAS System Release 6.07 on UNIX Operating Systems and Derivatives'. As a little hint it should be mentioned that it can be necessary to use the UNIX command stty -istrip to switch off the stripping of the eighth bit with terminal-i/o if a-bit support is wanted. 387

7 Pixel oriented Terminals (X-Terminals) Running - on this type of terminal the SAS system supports the IS08859-Latin-l character set by default. Of course it is possible to load different fonts like the HP Roman8 on HP9000 machines or PC850 on IBM RS/6000 workstations. To get this to work on the one hand it is necessary to specify the appropriate font resource, on the other hand the keyboard has to be remapped using 'xmodmap'. Beginning with release 6.09 it will also be possible to use 'sasnlsmap' for x-terminals. This will be discussed later in this paper. How to specify different font resources is described in the 'SAS Companion for the UNIX Environment and Derivatives'. Keyboard Happing using 'xmodmap' Example 1: The SAS system runs on an IBM RS/6000 X-server using a PC850 font and a german keyboard. It is necessary to remap the keyboard for the 'umlaute' as well as for the 'sharp s'. xmodmap - keycode 49 = Ox84 Ox8e keycode 48 = Ox94 Ox99 keycode 35 = Ox81 Ox9a keycode 20 = Oxe1 Ox3:f When using this X-server it is possible to remap the keyboard for all four keylevels. The character codes can be looked up in a PC850 table. How to get the keycodes is described after the next example. Example 2: The SAS system is running on an HP9000 machine using an HP-Roman8 font. xmodmap - keycode 115 = adiaeresis Adiaresis keycode 116 = odiaeresis Odiaeresis keycode 107 = udiaeresis Udiaeresis keycode 99 = ssharp? Running on X-servers of this type the SAS system only honors the first two keylevels. It will be possible with release 6.09 to access all four levels using 'sasnlsmap' for x-terminals. 388

8 Keycodes There are several-possibilities to get to the keycodes. The elegant of which is to use most xev an X-client, which displays information about all events to the X-server on the terminal. The pressing of a key is an event and results in an appropriate output. Among other information this output contains the keycode of the key pressed. Unfortunately 'xev' is not available on all of the X-servers. In this case users may also use xmodmap -pk which gives a complete list of all keys. This list contains the keycodes of the single keys as well as the set up of the different keylevels. 389

9 sasnlsmap for x-terminals Due to the fact that some terminal emulators under X, especially aixterm on IBM's AIX and hpterm on Hewlett Packard's HP9000 machines, handle national character representation internally by mapping them to vendor specific character sets and SAS sessions don't handle the character codes emitted from X server, it leads to data incompatibility using SAS and a vendor specific terminal emulator. Using SAS sessions as an application under X Windows including the character mapping concept we can solve this problem. National language support under X windows is implemented in the SAS system in the same manner as NLS for ASCII terminals. During NLS processing under X windows only one-to-one translations for input and output maps are available. N-to-one or oneto-n translations will be ignored. Mapping Concept User-written text file{s) describing the I/O-translation are compiled using the standalone tool cmc into a small, fast, compressed database which is loaded during the SAS session startup. Code statement A new statement has been added to the syntax of text files for creating map databases. It specifies the meaning of the symbols for the internal representation. This statement, if sent, must be the first statement in a source file. used used pre- These are the codes available: iso8859 roman 8 pc850 If this statement is not specified codename defaults to iso8859. For more information on used symbols see the appendices. Keysym statement Keysyms are a concept especially developed for X. In the international character translation concept used by the SAS System keysyms are used to identify keys by their keysym definition. In order to translate input sequences like <compose key>ae to the <adiaeresis> or <lowercase a umlaut> character, the compose key will be recognized by its keysym. Keysyms are used according to the X motif keysym definition. When SAS is used as an X application, keysym definitions in character maps are in effect. The keysym statement has to be used before any map is defined. The symbolname of the keysym may be used instead of the numeric 390

10 value. This statement helps to make modifications in keysyms simplier. An arbitrary entry could look like this: code keysym iso8859 mute_grave = OxlOOOOOa9; compose = Oxff20; Agrave = <mute grave> "A" AE = <compose> "Ae" : OxcO; : Oxc6; 391

11 X Resources and Environment Variables When a SAS session is started the SAS System will attempt to find the appropriate translation table for the current terminal configuration. Three variables provide the information needed by the SAS System to find the table. In correspondence with the X environment, X resources, specified either through the command line "-xrm" option or in the $HOME/.Xdefaults or /usr/lib/xll/app-defaults/sas file, are queried by the SAS system to retrieve the necessary information to load the mapping tables and set appropriate mapping. There are three X resources for specifying the map, the language and the terminfo addendum directory, where the appropriate map can be found. SAS.NlsDir: <path> NlsOir specifies the directory in which sas searches for the mapping tables. If it isn't given the environment variable "TERMINFOAOO" is used. The default for this directory is /usr/lib/sas/terminfo. SAS.NlsMap: <nls map descriptor> NlsMap specifies the NLS map table to be used in X NLS. If it is neither specified through the command line, in.xdefaults nor in /usr/lib/xll/app-defaults/sas file, then no translation will be performed. Note that here no UNIX environment variables are checked. If NlsMap is set to NOMAP, any translation will be supressed. SAS.NlsLang: <language> NlsLang specifies the subset of the map table specified in NlsMap. It is the name of the character set to which the current terminal is configured. In case NlsLang isn't give as an X resource the environment variable "NLSLANG" 1.S checked. If this is also not specified, then the language subset defaults to "extended". The mapping mechanism is only activated if the SAS system found a valid translation map specified by these resources. 392

12 Graphics In this area there are structures available that support national characters, these were introduced in 6.03: o devmaps o keymaps Behind these hides a SAS-specific table of different national characters. Input at the keyboard is being translated with the help of 'keymaps' into this code table. Output to special devices is translated using 'devmaps' into the hardware-specific character set of the device. Details about these structures and how to use them are described in 'Technical Report P-170'. 393

13 Appendix A The :tso 8859 Latin 1 Character set Symbol hex dec oct space Ox exclam Ox quotedbl Ox numbersign Ox dollar Ox percent Ox ampersand Ox quoteright Ox parenleft Ox parenright Ox asterisk Ox2a plus Ox2b comma Ox2c minus ox2d period Ox2e slash Ox2f Ox Ox Ox Ox Ox Ox Ox Ox ox Ox colon Ox3a semicolon Ox3b less ox3c equal Ox3d greater Ox3e question ox3f at Ox A Ox B Ox C Ox D Ox E ox F Ox G Ox

14 The ISO 8859 Latin 1 Character Set (continued) symbol hex dec oct H Ox I Ox J Ox4a K i 0", Ox4b I L Ox4c i M Ox4d i1 l' N Ox4e Ox4f P Ox Q Ox S :\ T ox f, U Ox \; V Ox E W Ox " h j. R ox52 Ox X Ox Y Ox Z Ox5a bracketleft Ox5b backs lash ox5c bracketright Ox5d asciicircum Ox5e underscore Ox5f ; ' quote left Ox a ox b Ox c Ox d Ox e Ox f Ox g Ox h Ox i Ox j Ox6a k Ox6b Ox6c m Ox6d n Ox6e Ox6f

15 The ISO 8859 Latin 1 Character Set (continued) symbol hex dec oct p Ox q Ox r Ox s Ox t Ox u Ox v Ox w Ox x Ox Y Ox z Ox7a braceleft Ox7b bar Ox7c braceright Ox7d asciitilde Ox7e nobreakspace OxaO exclamdown Oxa cent Oxa sterling Oxa currency Oxa yen Oxa brokenbar Oxa section Oxa diaeresis Oxa copyright Oxa }" ) ordfeminine Oxaa : ( guillemotleft Oxab ji ; notsign Oxac hyphen Oxad registered Oxae macron Oxaf r' : r : 1- degree OxbO plusminus Oxb twosuperior Oxb threesuperior Oxb acute Oxb mu Oxb paragraph Oxb periodcentered Oxb " 396

16 The ISO 8859 Latin 1 Character Set (continued) symbol hex dec oct cedilla oxb onesuperior Oxb ordmaseuline Oxba guillemotright Oxbb onequarter Oxbe onehalf Oxbd threequarters Oxbe questiondown Oxbf Agrave OxeO Aaeute Oxe Aeireumflex Oxe Atilde Oxe Adiaeresis Oxe Aring Oxe AE Oxe Ceedilla Oxe Egrave Oxe Eaeute Oxe Eeireumflex Oxea Ediaeresis Oxeb Igrave Oxee Iaeute Oxed Ieireumflex Oxee Idiaeresis Oxef Eth OxdO Ntilde Oxd Ograve Oxd Oaeute Oxd oeireumflex Oxd otilde Oxd Odiaeresis Oxd multiply Oxd l Ooblique Oxd Ugrave Oxd Uaeute Oxda Ueireumflex Oxdb Udiaeresis Oxde Yaeute Oxdd Thorn Oxde ssharp Oxdf

17 The ISO 8859 Latin 1 Character Set (continued) Symbol hex dec oct agrave OxeO aacute Oxe acircumflex Oxe atilde Oxe adiaeresis Oxe aring Oxe ae Oxe ccedilla Oxe egrave Oxe eacute Oxe ecircumflex Oxea ediaeresis Oxeb igrave Oxec iacute Oxed icircumflex Oxee idiaeresis Oxef t, i.! i eth OxfO ntilde Oxf ograve Oxf oacute Oxf ocircumflex Oxf otilde Oxf odiaeresis Oxf division Oxf oslash Oxf ugrave Oxf uacute Ox fa ucircumflex Oxfb udiaeresis Oxfc yacute Oxfd thorn Oxfe ydiaeresis Oxff , 398

18 1 " i j Appendix B The Roman 8 Character set symbol hex dec oct space Ox exclamation point Ox quotation mark Ox number s i'gn Ox dollar-sign Ox percent_sign ox ampersand Ox apostrophe ox [? opening parenthesis Ox ,- closing-parenthesis Ox : asterisk Ox2a plus Ox2b comma ox2c minus ox2d tt.,. period Ox2e : slant Ox2f zero Ox one Ox two Ox three ox four Ox five ox six Ox seven Ox eight Ox nine ox colon Ox3a semicolon Ox3b less than sign Ox3c equal_sign ox3d greater than sign Ox3e question_mark ox3f commercial at Ox uppercase_a Ox uppercase_b Ox uppercase_c Ox uppercase_d Ox uppercase_e Ox uppercase_f Ox uppercase_g Ox

19 'l'he Roman 8 Character set (continued) Symbol hex dec oct uppercase_h Ox uppercase_i Ox uppercase_j Ox4a uppercase_k Ox4b uppercase_l Ox4c uppercase_m Ox4d uppercase_n Ox4e uppercase_o Ox4f uppercase_p Ox uppercase_q Ox uppercase_r Ox uppercase S Ox uppercase T Ox uppercase_u Ox uppercase_v Ox uppercase_w Ox uppercase_x Ox uppercase_y Ox uppercase Z Ox5a opening_square_bracket Ox5b reverse slant Ox5c closing=square_bracket Ox5d caret Ox5e underscore Ox5f opening_single_quote Ox lowercase a Ox lowercase-b Ox lowercase-c Ox lowercase-d Ox lowercase-e Ox lowercase-f Ox lowercase=g Ox lowercase h Ox lowercase-i Ox lowercase j Ox6a lowercase k Ox6b lowercase-l Ox6c lowercase-m Ox6d lowercase-n Ox6e lowercase-o Ox6f

20 The RomanS Character set (continued) Symbol hex dec oct lowercase p Ox lowercase=q Ox lowercase r Ox lowercase-s Ox lowercase-t Ox lowercase-u Ox lowercase-v Ox lowercase-w Ox lowercase x Ox lowercase=y Ox lowercase z Ox7a opening brace Ox7b vertical line Ox7c closing_brace Ox7d tilde Ox7e uppercase A grave accent Oxa uppercase-a-circumflex Oxa uppercase-e-grave accent Oxa uppercase-e-circumflex Oxa uppercase-e-umlaut Oxa uppercase-r-circumflex Oxa uppercase=r=umlaut Oxa acute accent Oxa grave accent Oxa circumflex accent Oxaa umlaut accent Oxab tilde accent Oxac uppercase U grave accent Oxad uppercase-u-circumflex Oxae italian_lira_symbol Oxaf over line OxbO degree Oxb uppercase_c_cedilla Oxb lowercase c cedilla Oxb uppercase-n-tilde Oxb lowercase-n-tilde Oxb

21 The Roman 8 Character set (continued) Symbol hex dec oct inverse exclamation mark Oxb inverse=question_mark Oxb general currency symbol Oxba british-pound sign oxbb japanese yen symbol Oxbc section_sign- Oxbd dutch_guilder_symbol Oxbe us_cent_symbol Oxbf lowercase a circumflex oxco lowercase-e-circumflex Oxc lowercase-o-circumflex Oxc lowercase-u-circumflex Oxc lowercase-a-acute accent Oxc lowercase-e-acute-accent Oxc lowercase-o-acute-accent Oxc lowercase-u-acute-accent Oxc lowercase_a_grave_accent Oxc lowercase_e_grave_accent Oxc lowercase_o_grave_accent Oxca lowercase_u_grave_accent Oxcb lowercase a umlaut Oxcc lowercase-e-umlaut Oxcd lowercase-o-umlaut Oxce lowercase-u-umlaut Oxcf uppercase A degree OxdO lowercase-i-circumflex Oxd uppercase-a-crossbar Oxd uppercase=ae_ligature Oxd lowercase a degree Oxd lowercase-i-acute accent Oxd lowercase-o-crossbar oxd lowercase=ae_ligature Oxd uppercase A umlaut Oxd lowercase=i=grave_accent Oxd uppercase_o_umlaut Oxda uppercase U umlaut Oxdb uppercase-e-acute accent Oxdc lowercase-i-umlaut Oxdd sharp_s Oxde uppercase_o_circumflex Oxdf

22 The Roman 8 Character set (continued) Symbol hex dec oct uppercase A acute accent OxeO uppercaseatilde- Oxe lowercase-a-tilde Oxe uppercase_d=with_stroke Oxe lowercase d with stroke Oxe uppercase=i=acute_accent Oxe uppercase_i_grave_accent Oxe uppercase_o_acute_accent Oxe uppercase 0 grave accent Oxe uppercase-o-tilde- Oxe lowercase-o-tilde Oxea uppercase-s-with caron Oxeb lowercase-s-with-caron Oxec uppercase u-acute_accent Oxed uppercase_y_umlaut Oxee lowercase_y_umlaut Oxef uppercase_thorn OxfO lowercase thorn Oxf long_dash- Oxf one fourth Oxf one half Oxf feminine ordinal indicator Oxf masculine ordinal indicator Ox fa opening_guillemets Oxfb solid Oxfc closing guillemets Oxfd plus_minus_sign Oxfe

23 404

24 ! 1 } ;, f t, 1 r The PC 850 Character set (continued) Symbol' hex dec oct H Ox , I OX J Ox4a ;- K Ox4b ;.r;, L Ox4c M Ox4d i l N Ox4e r, 0 Ox4f ;- r,i' p Ox , Q Ox ' fi R Ox S Ox e T ' U Ox V Ox W Ox i i :, t: j2" X Ox y Ox "- Z Ox5a bracket left Ox5b I t backs lash Ox5c ' \ bracketright Ox5d asciicircum Ox5e underscore Ox5f quoteleft Ox a Ox b Ox c Ox d Ox e Ox f Ox }\ 9 Ox h Ox i Ox j Ox6a k Ox6b ,. 1 Ox6c m Ox6d n Ox6e Ox6f

25 The PC 850 Character set (continued) Symbol hex dec oct p Ox q Ox r Ox s Ox t Ox u Ox v Ox w Ox x Ox Y Ox z Ox7a brace left Ox7b bar Ox7c braceright Ox7d asciitilde Ox7e delta Ox7f Ccedilla Ox udiaeresis Ox eacute Ox acircumflex Ox adiaeresis Ox agrave Ox aring Ox ccedilla Ox ecircumflex Ox ediaeresis Ox egrave Ox8a idiaeresis Ox8b icircumflex Ox8c , it: igrave Ox8d Adiaeresis Ox8e ; " Aring Ox8f ]: Eacute Ox '[.1! ae Ox !' AE Ox ocircumflex Ox " j; odiaeresis Ox ograve Ox ucircumflex Ox ugrave Ox }.' 1. -n. 406 '" fi ;-

26 "i' ;!} The PC 850 Character set (continued) T '.. " Symbol hex dec oct ": " ydiaeresis Ox Odiaeresis Ox Udiaeresis Ox9a os lash Ox9b f; sterling Ox9c l Ooblique Ox9d :; :t, multiply Oxge ""' florin Ox9f " aacute OxaO f 1 iacute Oxa !, oacute Oxa J uacute Oxa K ntilde Oxa ' Ntilde Oxa , ordfeminine Oxa 'I ordmasculine Oxa , {: e,. questiondown Oxa : registered Oxa ;i' notsign Oxaa t onehalf Oxab ,: onequarter Oxac } exclamdown Oxad guillemotleft Oxae gui1 1 emotright Oxaf quarter_hashed OxbO half hashed Oxb full-hashed Oxb vertical bar Oxb vertical -bar w left arm Oxb Aacute Oxb Acircumflex Oxb j Agrave Oxb > copyright Oxb Oxb Oxba Oxbb Oxbc cent Oxbd yen Oxbe upper_right_corner Oxbf lower left corner oxco inverted tee Oxc upright_tee Oxc vertical _bar_w_right_arm Oxc

27 The PC 850 Character set (continued) symbol horizontal bar crossed barsatilde Atilde hex Oxc4 oxc5 Oxc6 Oxc7 dec oct international_currency Oxc8 Oxc9 Oxca Oxcb Oxcc Oxcd Oxce Oxcf eth Eth Ecircumflex Ediaeresis Egrave idotless Iacute Icircumflex OxdO Oxd1 Oxd2 Oxd3 Oxd4 Oxd5 Oxd6 Oxd Idiaeresis lower right corner upper-left corner bright character cell bottom-bright character cell vertical line-broken - Igrave top_br ight_character_ce I I Oxd8 Oxd9 Oxda Oxdb Oxdc Oxdd Oxde Oxdf oacute ssharp Ocircumflex Ograve otilde otilde mu thorn OxeO Oxe1 Oxe2 Oxe3 Oxe4 Oxe5 Oxe6 Oxe

28 f. i } 1 c The PC 850 Character set (continued), symbol hex dec oct h r Thorn Oxe Uacute Oxe Ucircumflex Oxea ;' " Ugrave Oxeb yacute Oxec i Yacute Oxed macron Oxee ! acute Oxef }:,i}? hyphen OxfO ; i plusminus Oxf !: ; double underscore Oxf \: threequarters Oxf : paragraph Oxf t: section oxf " division Oxf cedilla Oxf t I: degree Oxf diaeresis Oxf periodcentered Oxfa onesuperior Oxfb threesuperior Oxfc twosuperior Oxfd filled vertical _rectangle Oxfe fox_space Oxff