Fast CCDs for AO Status & Plans

Transcription

1 Fast CCDs for AO Status & Plans Philippe Feautrier Nov 28 Opticon Board Porto - Fast CCDs for AO 1

2 The FP6 status (JRA2 FP6) Nov 28 Opticon Board Porto - Fast CCDs for AO 2

3 The Work Packages European Community Opticon board WP1 JRA-2 Coordinator P. Feautrier WP2 Detector procurement WP4 Cryogenics/camera head Industrial partner Detector subcontract WP3 Detector Controller WP5 Detector testing Nov 28 Opticon Board Porto - Fast CCDs for AO 3

4 The CCD22 Design Store slanted to allow room for multiple outputs. Metal Buttressed 2Φ 1 Mhz Clocks for fast image to store transfer rates. 8 L3Vision Gain Registers/Outputs. Each 15Mpix./s. OP 4 OP 3 OP 2 Gain Registers Gain Registers Store Area Image Area 24x12 24 µm Image Area 24x12 24 µm Store Area Gain Registers Gain Registers OP 8 OP 7 OP 6 OP 1 OP 5 Split frame transfer 8-output 8 back-illuminated e2v-l3vision CCD Nov 28 Opticon Board Porto - Fast CCDs for AO 4

5 The OCam Test Camera OCam,, the Test Camera of the CCD22, is the product of the WP3 (controller) + WP4 (camera head): OCam: Opticon Camera Nov 28 Opticon Board Porto - Fast CCDs for AO 5

6 The OCam story OCam will be duplicated for a lot of European places: On loan to e2v for detector testing OCam will be delivered to IAC (normal JRA2 plan), but also duplicated for ESO for their CCD22 testing facility. But also implemented on the GTC High probability of OCam license transfer to Andor Technology Belfast (UK) for commercial applications (Astronomy, WFS, medical imaging ): our mission is not to infinitely duplicate cameras. Negotiations pending Nov 28 Opticon Board Porto - Fast CCDs for AO 6

7 OCam on the GTC OCam will also be used, with the CCD22 on the GTC (Gran Telescopio Canarias), a 1.4 m segmented telescope in La Palma under contruction. Contract currently under negociation OCam + CCD22 will be used as WFS camera for the GTC AO system Schedule: signature of contract: end of 28, delivery ~ one year later Nov 28 Opticon Board Porto - Fast CCDs for AO 7

8 From design to reality Nov 28 Opticon Board Porto - Fast CCDs for AO 8

9 The CCD 22 package Nov 28 Opticon Board Porto - Fast CCDs for AO 9

10 The OCam controller digital digital mixed Closest as Possible to CCD IF BOARD Digital Board (FPGA) clocks gen uc Board Biases Board AFEs drivers analog supply Nov 28 Opticon Board Porto - Fast CCDs for AO 1

11 The OCam camera head and controller Nov 28 Opticon Board Porto - Fast CCDs for AO 11

12 Front/Back side illuminated Front side illuminated Back side illuminated Nov 28 Opticon Board Porto - Fast CCDs for AO 12

13 The first OCam image with the CCD22 at 13 fps -45 C Multiplication gain = 1 Same image with a commercial Canon camera at 1/1 sec Nov 28 Opticon Board Porto - Fast CCDs for AO 13

14 OCam in e2v s s clean room (May 28) Nov 28 Opticon Board Porto - Fast CCDs for AO 14

15 OCam in e2v s s clean room on the optical test bench Nov 28 Opticon Board Porto - Fast CCDs for AO 15

16 Some preliminary results (1) Channel 2 Mean value (adu) = RMS Noise (adu) = Mean image horizontal cut RMS image horizontal cut 15 1 Pixel value (adu) Pixels of row 64 Pixel value (adu) Pixels of row Nov 28 Opticon Board Porto - Fast CCDs for AO 16

17 Some preliminary results (2) Photon transfer curve output output 2 output 2 linear fit Variance (adu) Mean - Bias (adu) Nov 28 Opticon Board Porto - Fast CCDs for AO 17

18 Some preliminary results (3) Output System gain (e/adu) RMS noise (e) Some very encouraging results TBC: System gain : ~ e/adu (designed for 25 e/adu) RMS noise with M=1: ~ 1-2 e (1 e expected) Equivalent noise with M=1 :.2 e Goal ~ achieved Nov 28 Opticon Board Porto - Fast CCDs for AO 18

19 Noise analysis from bias images (images in the dark at 136 fps) Channel 2 1 Mean value (adu) = 45.57RMS Noise (adu) = RMS 2.3Noise (adu) = RMS image horizontal cut 2.5 Mean image horizontal cut RMS image horizontal cut Pixel value (adu) 6 Pixel value (adu) Pixel value (adu) Pixels of row Pixels of row 64 Pixels of row Nov 28 Opticon Board Porto - Fast CCDs for AO 19

20 RMS noise results comparison From bias RMS noise (in adu), and system gain (in e/adu): compute RMS noise in e + compare with photon transfer curve method: Output Bias 1 RMS (adu) System gain (e/adu) RMS noise from bias (e) RMS noise from photon transfer curve (e) Noise results are very similar with both methods Nov 28 Opticon Board Porto - Fast CCDs for AO 2

21 Status of deliverables and milestones (Month:: 43) WP M/ D Description Status (Original)/Updated schedule 2 M1 Science group discussions about the detector specification. Achieved (6) / 6 2 M2 Concept design review to agree the specification. Achieved (6) / 6 2 M3 Detailed design review of the detector. Achieved (12) / 18 2 M4 Delivery of demonstration device detector. Achieved (18) / 32 2 M5 Frontside device test. Achieved (24) / 32 2 M6 Backside device test. Delayed (24) / 48 2 D1 Detector specifications to the manufacturer Achieved (6) / 6 2 D2 Final detector acceptance report. Delayed (24) / 5 3 M1 Complete controller conceptual design Achieved (6) / 6 3 M2 Controller design review. Achieved (6) / 12 3 M3 Delivery of detector controller. Achieved (18) / 43 3 M4 Complete controller test. Achieved (18) / 44 3 D1 Controller acceptance report. Achieved (18) / 44 4 M1 Complete cryogenic system design Achieved (6) / 24 4 M2 Cryogenic system acceptance. Achieved (18) / 37 5 M1 Complete detector tests in laboratory. Achieved (36) / 56 5 M2 AO wavefront sensor manufactured Canceled (36) / 58 5 M3 Complete detector performances evaluation in an AO system. Canceled (42) / 6 5 M4 Acceptance of the AO wavefront sensor for AO tests Canceled (42) / 62 5 D1 Test report for the results on the AO test bench and/of on sky. Canceled (6) / Nov 28 Opticon Board Porto - Fast CCDs for AO 21

22 Schedule: milestones and deliverables WP1 Management WP2 Detector M1 D1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 D2 Achieved: Delayed: Canceled: WP3 Controller M1 M2 M3 M4 D1 WP4 M1 M2 Cryogenics WP5 Tests Elapsed 26time (months) M1 M2 M3 M4 D Nov 28 Opticon Board Porto - Fast CCDs for AO 22

23 Conclusion on JRA2 FP6 activity Major goals of JRA2 achieved New EMCCD CCD22 fabricated by e2v technologies under Opticon/ESO contract 24 x 24 pixels, standard silicon 8 EM amplified outputs up to 15 Mpix/sec 14 frames/sec with good images quality demonstrated preliminary measurements promising: Noise~1 1-2e at 136 fps with M=1. Equivalent noise with 1 multiplication gain:.2 e-e Dedicated Test Camera called OCam part of Opticon JRA2 FP6 technology transfer expected soon duplications for ESO and Grantecan (WFS) CCD22 Detector characterization started. But the last WPs can not be performed (planning and schedule) Nov 28 Opticon Board Porto - Fast CCDs for AO 23

24 The FP7 plans for fast AO detectors Nov 28 Opticon Board Porto - Fast CCDs for AO 24

25 Adaptive Optics with Laser Guide Star (LGS) Astronomical object ( ) Too faint for guiding the AO LGS Sodium layer (~ 9 km) A limited portion of the sky (~ 1%) is close to a bright enough guide star LGS obtained by excitation of the atoms in the mesospheric sodium layer Several LGSs allow a correction in a larger Field of View LGSs foreseen to be used with the future European Extremely Large Telescope (E ELT) Telescope Turbulence (< 1km) Laser Launch Telescope (behind secondary) WFS Instrument Nov 28 Opticon Board Porto - Fast CCDs for AO 25

26 Spot elongation Thickness of the sodium layer (~ 1km) Elongation of the Shack Hartmann WFS spots Sodium layer In the furthest sub apertures the spot is >.6 x 5 arc seconds, i.e. 2 x 15 /pixel need 2 x 2 pixels per subaperture LLT Pupil plane Detector plane Limited laser light (3W ~ 2 e 7 Hz) spread over many pixels need low RON and high QE Nov 28 Opticon Board Porto - Fast CCDs for AO 26

27 Detector requirements Current baseline design for the AO systems: 84 x 84 sub apertures 2 x 2 pixels per subaperture 1.6 K x 1.6 K pixels 7oo Hz Noise: 2 3 e EMCCD, CMOS, CMOS/APD? Image seen by a detector at the focal plane of the WFS Nov 28 Opticon Board Porto - Fast CCDs for AO 27

28 Lots of options studied but discarded! Discarded: HyViSi 3-D D integrated FPA (MIT/LL) CCD/CMOS with charge detection in CMOS CCD/CMOS with charge detection in CCD CMOS Mosaic CCD Mosaic CMOS/CMOS hybrid pnccds Mosaic Reasons: Not able to reach read noise and/or require cooling to low 7K temperatures Serious trades between parameters; noise, power dissipation, latency and read out speed Too complex and/or manufacturability issues Technology immature Nov 28 Opticon Board Porto - Fast CCDs for AO 28

29 The Survivors Monolithic CMOS Front-Side Illuminated (FSI) Back-side Illuminated (BSI) Orthogonal Transfer CCD APD/CMOS Hybrid Note that ESO has signed NDA agreements and is limited to amount of detail that can be shown Nov 28 Opticon Board Porto - Fast CCDs for AO 29

30 Monolithic CMOS Use novel pixel designs that: Pin the photodiode to reduce dark current to make just below zero operation possible Build a CCD into the pixel to Noiselessly sample multiple laser pulses, enables true Double Correlated Sampling Build from large transistors to reduce occurrence of RTS noise Do on-chip digitization for simple digital interface PDD 5T Pixel Example only Nov 28 Opticon Board Porto - Fast CCDs for AO 3

31 FSI Monolithic CMOS Use advanced techniques to improve QE: Gapless micro lenses (1% pixel fill) to overcome problem of structures inside the pixel Optical light pipes through interlayer dielectrics Low risk first step with current technology Drawbacks are behavior of the microlens array, but their quality is improving fast and QE of ~ 8% estimated. Gapless microlenses Nov 28 Opticon Board Porto - Fast CCDs for AO 31

32 BSI Monolithic CMOS Although technology is very new specifications can almost already be met today QE> 8% from nm Dark current - 14pA/cm2 BSI CMOS will become the technology for Mobile Phone Cameras. At pixel size of <1.2um backside illumination will be cheaper Compared to light piping or buried u-u lens Many CMOS fabs are working on backside illumination We could benefit from this technology development Nov 28 Opticon Board Porto - Fast CCDs for AO 32

33 Orthogonal Transfer CCD 2 columns Output FET 2 rows Horizontal serial register Output FET Vertical serial register Idea Simon Tulloch Read out X/Y profile rather than the whole image. After each half integration time transfer and bin charge in X or Y. Data compression of ~ 1 (2pixels/2 samples of X and Y). Add electronic shutter Use electron multiplication for output; < 1e RON Nov 28 Opticon Board Porto - Fast CCDs for AO 33

34 Orthogonal Transfer CCD Simulations 15-2e Early simulation results: At expected LGS signal ~ 15-2e per subaperture,,.1e RON orthogonal CCD performs as good as a 3e RON conventional detector. Additional work: Optimize the centroid computation. Simulate full system rather than consider only the sub-aperture. Could be a good backup plan Nov 28 Opticon Board Porto - Fast CCDs for AO 34

35 APD/CMOS Hybrid APD Array Operates in linear region Low voltage < 6V Backthinned Avalanche Photo Diode Array hybridized to a CMOS (.18um) detection/thresholder thresholder/counter read out. Modest APD gain of ~ 1-2, low voltage < 6V Photon counter within the pixel by thresholding single events and incrementing a counter. Simple shuttering by resetting and enabling the counter. Simple digital output interface Low number of pins Nov 28 Opticon Board Porto - Fast CCDs for AO 35

36 The Work Packages (internal( internal) Nov 28 Opticon Board Porto - Fast CCDs for AO 36

37 WP2.1: Management of the JRA, led by Philippe Feautrier (CNRS/LAOG, F) CNRS/LAOG will coordinate the WP2 activity, prepare the key specifications for the other WPs,, monitor the WPs,, organize study and design reviews, prepare the regular reports and detailed work plans for the OPTICON management Nov 28 Opticon Board Porto - Fast CCDs for AO 37

38 WP2.2: Laser Guide Star detector development, led by Johann Kolb & Mark Downing (ESO) The aim of WP 2.2 is to develop a Scaled-Down Demonstrator (SDD) for LGS wavefront sensing. Technical specifications and Statement of work will be prepared based on the Adaptive Optics requirements of future instruments. These requirements will be defined using existing simulations tools and will take into account technology maturity level. After a Called for tender and short design phase, the Scaled-Down Demonstrator detector will be developed. This activity will be subcontracted (in Europe or in US).. This procurement will follow ESO procurement rules. Preliminary requirements for the SDD LGS detector are: About 3 x 3 pixels, scalable to final format needed for LGS AO wavefront sensing. High frame rate: 7 Hz High peak quantum efficiency of > 9% Low read out noise of < 5e-/pixel (goal <1 e-/pixel) e RMS Nov 28 Opticon Board Porto - Fast CCDs for AO 38

39 WP2.3: Test Controller design for LGS detectors, led by Jean-Luc Gach (CNRS/LAM, F) The aim of WP 2.3 is to design the camera readout system required to perform detailed performance test of the SDD laser guide star detector. The detector controller design will take into account the specific constrains of the LGS detector: high frame rates, CMOS or CCD technology, low readout noise. Hybrid controller might be considered for this design: ASICs might be used to control for example, multiplex a multiple outputs detector whereas a classical controller will be used to drive the clocks, bias and A/D converters Nov 28 Opticon Board Porto - Fast CCDs for AO 39

40 WP2.4: Test setup design for LGS detector, led by Eric Stadler (CNRS/LAOG, F) The aim of WP 2.4 is to design the camera test setup required to perform detailed performance tests of the SDD laser guide star detector with the controller designed in the WP2.3. This test setup will include a camera head embedding the proximity electronics, the detector package and the detector cooling system. The detector cooling will depend on the technology that will be used, Peltier coolers fully integrated inside a closed package could be a appropriate solution Nov 28 Opticon Board Porto - Fast CCDs for AO 4

41 WP2.5: LGS detector characterisation, led by Mark Downing (ESO, G) The aim of WP2.5 will be to test the performance of the detector. The testing of the detector will be performed by the selected supplier under ESO supervision. A test report will be provided including read noise versus frame frequency, cosmetic tests, crosstalk between channels, smearing effect measurement, transfer efficiency Nov 28 Opticon Board Porto - Fast CCDs for AO 41

42 Del no Deliverables list Deliverable name Annual report 1 Annual report 2 Annual report 3 Annual report 4 LGS Detector SDD specifications & statement of work LGS detector SDD design LGS detector SDD delivery LGS Readout system preliminary design LGS Readout system final design LGS test setup conceptual design LGS test setup detailed design LGS Detector test plan LGS detector test report at Optical wavelengths WP no Delivery date Nov 28 Opticon Board Porto - Fast CCDs for AO 42

43 The Milestones (internal) Milestone number Milestone name Workpacka ges Expected date Means of verification 1 First year review OPTICON executive 2 Second year review OPTICON executive 3 Third year review OPTICON executive 4 Fourth year review OPTICON executive Nov 28 Opticon Board Porto - Fast CCDs for AO 43

44 Budget and staff effort Nov 28 Opticon Board Porto - Fast CCDs for AO 44

45 Staff effort (in person.month) Participant no. / short name WP2.1 WP2.2 WP2.3 WP2.4 WP2.5 WP2.6.1 WP Total person months ESO CNRS/LAOG CNRS/LAM CNRS/OHP 2 2 TOTAL Nov 28 Opticon Board Porto - Fast CCDs for AO 45

46 WP2 FP7 finances (in k ) k 2% of (direct costs subcontract) 75% of eligible costs Partner Human Hardware Direct Subcontract Indirect Total elligible Max EC Effective EC effort costs costs costs contribution contribution ESO CNRS LAOG CNRS LAM/UP 28 CNRS OHP Total 15 6% of direct costs Nov 28 Opticon Board Porto - Fast CCDs for AO 46