Best Practices Guide for Perimeter Security Applications

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Melvyn Holland
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1 Technical Note Best Practices Guide for Perimeter Security Applications How far can you see with FLIR? This guide explains the fundamental elements of perimeter protection site design with FLIR Security cameras.

2 Where to start The fundamental concept of designing a perimeter protection application involves creating a virtual line that separates external from internal areas. In most cases, an intrusion is considered the moment a target crosses the virtual line by moving from an external to an internal area. In some cases, however, it is also necessary to detect targets that are either encroaching on the virtual line or moving within a predefined internal area. In order to determine design parameters such as camera placement and height, lenses, and distances several calculations are required to ensure that the following terms are met: 1. There must be sufficient coverage across the virtual line to eliminate all dead-zones where a potential target is not fully covered by a surveillance camera s field of view 2. Target size validation must meet the performance criteria required by a given camera s video analytics, from the nearest to the most distant points covered by each of the cameras along the fence line Figure 1 - Ensure proper coverage of detection area Various tradeoffs apply between target size and coverage. Generally, widening the camera s coverage results in smaller targets across the field of view. Therefore, the best way to start is with the application requirements: Does the application require detection or recognition? Must it distinguish between humans and vehicles? What are the key alarm scenarios? Should an alert trigger when a target crosses the virtual line or when it simply approaches it? Do I favor performance over costs? The probability of detection increases when more cameras are used and allow for overlapping coverage. On the other hand, it is possible to use fewer cameras and still guarantee high performance, most of the time

3 Camera placement When determining camera placement, there are several ways to achieve optimal area coverage and fence line protection. Best practices consider the specific perimeter layout, application requirements, and site topology. However, in most cases, optimal performance and efficiency are achieved by placing cameras so that their fields of view runs parallel to the fence line and perpendicular to the movement of potential intruders approaching or crossing the perimeter. Within the camera s field of view, the highest probability of detection and the lowest rate of false alarms are achieved when targets move horizontally from one side of the camera image to the other. The following are considered best practices for camera positioning to ensure full camera coverage across the perimeter. Install the camera at a height of 4 meters (13 ft) or more Direct the camera towards the ground with a tilt angle within a range of degrees (tilt angle is defined as the angle measured between the camera pole and the center of the camera s field of view) Figure 3 INCORRECT CAMERA PLACEMENT Security hole allows intruder to approach without head-to-toe visual needed for proper size classification and detection GOLD CAMERA Shows Head Only BLUE CAMERA Shows Feet Only Figure 4 CORRECT CAMERA PLACEMENT The overlapping coverage does not leave gaps where an intruder can enter without being seen head-to-toe GOLD CAMERA Head-to-toe BLUE CAMERA Head-to-toe For installations with multiple cameras, the fields of view of cameras should overlap in order to remove all dead zones in which a camera cannot see a target head to toe For optimal performance, position cameras so their field of view runs parallel to the fence line and perpendicular to intruder movement, rather than directing them so they will face approaching targets Position the cameras so their field of view sees as little of the skyline as possible. When determining the camera positioning, consider whether you only need to detect the moment of intrusion or when a target simply approaches an area Make sure that cameras are mounted on stable poles with minimal vibrations and maximal resistance to wind.

4 Choosing the right lens The main consideration when choosing a lens is its focal length, which has a significant impact on both the camera s field of view and target size. Greater focal length increases the magnification of objects in the field of view, such that they are represented by a larger number of pixels. In other words, greater focal length means larger targets for video analytics, resulting with greater detection distance. See figure 5. Figure 5 - Narrow lens provides greater distance On the other hand, the correlation of focal length and field of view is exactly the opposite: the smaller the focal length, the wider the field of view. See figure 6. This means that when choosing the proper lens, one needs to consider the trade-off between detection distances and the width of the scene. In most cases, the best practice is to define the minimal requirement for scene width and choose the largest available focal length to meet the width criteria. Figure 6 - Wide lens provides shorter distance / wider scene

Target size and detection range Target size is a term used to calculate the maximal distance a FLIR camera with built-in analytics can detect a target.

Other than the target size, which is the critical factor, detection range criteria also depends on a large number of environmental and system variables, including the background temperature (hot

Both directly influence the scene s contrast level; the visibility of the target; and the ability to understand the nature of the target (moving vehicle vs. crawling human), its speed, and movement.

5 Target size and detection range Target size is a term used to calculate the maximal distance a FLIR camera with built-in analytics can detect a target. This distance is also referred as detection range. Target size is determined by the number of pixels representing the target within the camera image, and is also known as Pixels On Target (POT). Other than the target size, which is the critical factor, detection range criteria also depends on a large number of environmental and system variables, including the background temperature (hot desert versus cold snow) and atmospheric conditions (clear skies versus fog). Both directly influence the scene s contrast level; the visibility of the target; and the ability to understand the nature of the target (moving vehicle vs. crawling human), its speed, and movement. For this reason, determining detection ranges should be treated as a statistical evaluation that takes these additional factors into account. As a best practice, the following formula is provided to calculate the detection range under optimal conditions where implicating factors do not negatively impact the performance of the built-in video analytics detection range. In other words, detection under optimal conditions reflects the maximal achievable distance in practical scenarios. In addition to detection, the formula can be used to calculate classification ranges under optimal conditions. The difference between detection and classification is that while detection results with alarms that are triggered by either human or vehicle targets, classification allows one to distinguish between the two, and configure the system such that it will generate an alarm for specific types of targets, while ignoring others. Pixels On Target FLIR offers an online, easy-to-use product planning tool called Raven that is a convenient way to calculate the target size / POT for any given FLIR thermal camera model at any given distance. Determine the detection or classification range based on the maximal distance where the detection or classification criteria are met. Target size (meter) Required Pixels on Target for Detection (Optimal conditions) Required Pixels on Target for Classification (Optimal conditions) Human (0.5 x 1.8) 3 x x 13.5 Vehicle (5.0 x 1.5) 23 x x 8.5 Using current satellite imagery, the Raven Site Planning Tool allows users to simulate the placement of FLIR cameras in highly accurate, coordinate-controlled locations.

6 The following table can be used as a quick reference for FC-Series ID camera line detection and classification distances. Classification Range 4.3 1,800 ft / 550 m 2,400ft / 730 m 5.4 1,440 ft / 440 m 1,940 ft / 590 m ft / 300 m 1,310 ft / 400 m QVGA 320x ft / 190 m 460 ft / 140 m 430 ft / 130 m 330 ft / 100 m 810 ft / 250 m 600 ft / 185 m ft / 90 m 230 ft /70 m ft / 70 m 160 ft / 50 m ft / 45 m 115 ft / 35m 8.2 1,800 ft / 550 m 2,400 ft / 730 m 10 1,440 ft/ 440 m 1,940 ft / 590 m VGA 640x ft / 190 m 460 ft / 130 m 430 ft / 130 m 330 ft/ 100 m 980 ft / 300 m 820 ft / 250 m 600 ft / 185 m 1,310 ft / 400 m ft / 85 m 215 ft / 65 m ft / 65 m 165 ft / 50 m ft 76 m 500 ft 152 m 750 ft 229 m 1000 ft 305 m 1250 ft 381 m 1500 ft 457 m 1750 ft 533 m 2000 ft 609 m 2250 ft 686 m 2500 ft 762 m Vehicle Person

7 Detection Range 4.3 2,330 ft / 710 m 3,120 ft / 950 m 5.4 1,870 ft / 570 m 2,500 ft / 760 m 9.2 1,280 ft / 390 m 1,710 ft / 520 m QVGA 320x ft / 170 m 430 ft / 130 m 1035 ft / 315 m 770 ft / 235 m 790 ft / 240 m 590 ft / 180 m ft / 120 m 300 ft / 90 m ft / 90 m 230 ft / 70 m ft / 60 m 150 ft / 45 m 8.2 2,330 ft / 710 m 3,120 ft / 950 m 10 1,870 ft / 570 m 2,500 ft / 760 m VGA 640x ft / 180 m 430 ft / 130 m 1035 ft / 315 m 770 ft / 235 m 790 ft / 240 m 770 ft / 235 m 1,280 ft / 390 m 1,710 ft / 520 m 380 ft / 115 m ft / 85 m 295 ft / 90 m ft / 65 m ft 500 ft 750 ft 1000 ft 1250 ft 1500 ft 1750 ft 2000 ft 2250 ft 2500 ft 2750 ft 3000 ft 76 m 152 m 229 m 305 m 381 m 457 m 533 m 609 m 686 m 762 m 838 m 914 m 3250 ft 990 m Vehicle Person

PTZ autonomous tracking PTZ tracking applications enable a motorized Pan-Tilt-Zoom camera to autonomously track targets and continuously capture video while the target remains within the coverage

8 PTZ autonomous tracking PTZ tracking applications enable a motorized Pan-Tilt-Zoom camera to autonomously track targets and continuously capture video while the target remains within the coverage range of the PTZ camera. FLIR s PTZ tracking can be configured to work in one of the following modes: Detection on Preset mode: Enables creation of a PTZ preset playlist, which allows the PTZ camera to detect targets on presets within the preconfigured playlist and to auto-track targets once they are detected. Hand-off mode: Associates fixed cameras with a PTZ camera so that the fixed camera notifies the PTZ camera whenever it detects a target. The PTZ camera then moves to the target location and starts to auto-track the specific target that violated the rule on the fixed camera. Hand-offs can be defined for up to 30 presets, for any combination of fixed cameras and presets per fixed camera. This mode is also known as PTZ hand-off mode. Camera mounting recommendations To obtain reliable PTZ tracking, it is imperative to mount the camera at a height that ensures accurate target detection from the distances outlined below. Generally, the higher you mount the camera, the more 3D depth information is achieved for longer ranges. If the target is not within the detection range, it will not initiate reliable PTZ tracking. Thermal PTZ cameras should be mounted at a height greater than 4 meters (13 feet) and ideally more than 8 meters (26 feet) above the ground. The FLIR Quasar CP PTZ camera should be mounted at a minimum 6 meters (19.5 feet) above the ground. The FLIR Quasar CP I IR PTZ camera can be mounted at least 4 meters (13 feet) above the ground. The following table is a quick reference for determining the minimal and maximal detection distances for FLIR PT and PTZ cameras. These distances also determine the range for initiating PTZ target tracking*. FLIR Model Min (m / ft) Max (m / ft) PT-6XX HD (visible) 10 / / 1082 PT-608 HD (thermal) 48 / / 820 PT-612 HD (thermal) 45 / / 541 PT-617 HD (thermal) 30 / / 377 PT-625 HD (thermal) 20 / / 262 PT-644 HD (thermal) 10 / / 147 PT-606Z HD (thermal) 20 / / 1082 PT-602CZ HD (thermal) 20 / / 2100 PT DLTV (visible) 10 / / 1082 PT-606 (thermal) 50 / / 1082 PT-610 (thermal) 50 / / 984 PT-612 (thermal) 45 / / 656 PT-618 (thermal) 30 / / 443 PT-625 (thermal) 20 / / 328 PT-645 (thermal) 10 / / 164 A310pt (visible) 10 / / 1082 A310pt-15 (thermal) 35 / / 460 A310pt-25 (thermal) 20 / / 262 Quasar CP / / 820 Quasar CP-6302 (PTZ) 10 / / 820 *Based on calculated distances and field testing. Distances may vary depending on environmental conditions. Refer to official product specifications for project design.

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9 PORTLAND Corporate Headquarters FLIR Systems, Inc SW Parkway Ave. Wilsonville, OR USA PH: Santa Barbara FLIR Systems, Inc Hollister Ave, Goleta, CA NEW JERSEY FLIR Systems, Inc. 65 Challenger Rd Ridgefield Pk., NJ PH: EUROPE FLIR Systems Luxemburgstraat Meer Belgium PH: +32 (0) CANADA FLIR Systems, Ltd. 920 Sheldon Court Burlington, ON L7L 5L6 Canada PH: CHINA FLIR Systems Co., Ltd Rm , Tower II Grand Central Plaza 138 Shatin Rural Committee Road Shatin New Territories Hong Kong PH: LATIN AMERICA FLIR Systems Brasil Av. Antonio Bardella, 320 Sorocaba, SP Brasil PH: NASDAQ: FLIR Equipment described herein may require US Government authorization for export purposes. Diversion contrary to US law is prohibited. Imagery for illustration purposes only. Specifications are subject to change without notice FLIR Systems, Inc. All rights reserved

IOI SD. Release Notes. Firmware Version

IOI SD. Release Notes. Firmware Version IOI SD Release Notes Firmware Version 2.2.0.16 Ver. 12 August 16, 2017 2017 FLIR Systems, Inc. All rights reserved worldwide. Names and marks appearing on the products herein are either registered trademarks