MODULE VII. Emerging Technologies

Transcription

1 MODULE VII Emerging Technologies Computer Networks an Internets -- Moule 7 1 Spring, 2014 Copyright All rights reserve.

2 Topics Software Define Networking The Internet Of Things Other trens in networking Computer Networks an Internets -- Moule 7 2 Spring, 2014 Copyright All rights reserve.

3 Software Define Networking (SDN)

4 What Is Software Define Networking? One of the hottest topics in networking Accoring to marketing SDN is A way to eliminate all human error A technology that improves overall routing An approach that eliminates 66% to 80% of operational costs In reality SDN is A technology that gives programmers more control over network equipment An approach with the potential to make some improvements in network configuration an management Computer Networks an Internets -- Moule 7 4 Spring, 2014 Copyright All rights reserve.

5 Motivation For SDN Switch from element management to network management Move from proprietary to open stanars Automate an unify network-wie configuration Change from per-layer to cross-layer control Accommoate virtualization use in ata centers Computer Networks an Internets -- Moule 7 5 Spring, 2014 Copyright All rights reserve.

6 Backgroun An Definitions Terminology aopte from network equipment engineers Data plane Refers to packet processing mechanisms Typical functions inclue packet classification an packet forwaring Operates at wire spee Control plane Refers to management Typical functions inclue interacting with network manager an moifying forwaring tables Operates slowly an only when changes are neee Computer Networks an Internets -- Moule 7 6 Spring, 2014 Copyright All rights reserve.

7 Conceptual Organization Of Network Devices ata plane passes management packets up to control plane control plane (software) control plane loas new configuration into the harware packets arrive ata plane (harware) packets leave Data plane may use ASIC harware for spee Control plane inclues a TCP/IP stack Computer Networks an Internets -- Moule 7 7 Spring, 2014 Copyright All rights reserve.

8 Control Plane Interface Moules CLI WEB SNMP... common interface (internal) packets arrive ata plane (harware) packets leave Managers can choose among comman line interface, web interface, an SNMP Computer Networks an Internets -- Moule 7 8 Spring, 2014 Copyright All rights reserve.

9 The SDN Approach: An External Controller External Controller CLI WEB SNMP sn common interface (internal) PC running Linux packets arrive ata plane (harware) packets leave Computer Networks an Internets -- Moule 7 9 Spring, 2014 Copyright All rights reserve.

10 In Practice Controller 1 Controller 2 Controller 3 Controller 4 Controller 5 controller to element controller to controller Domain 1 Domain 2 Domain 3 Domain 4 Domain 5 Each controller can operate multiple evices Controllers coorinate to provie consistent configuration Computer Networks an Internets -- Moule 7 10 Spring, 2014 Copyright All rights reserve.

11 SDN Communication Two conceptually separate types Controller to network element Controller to controller Protocols use can iffer Computer Networks an Internets -- Moule 7 11 Spring, 2014 Copyright All rights reserve.

12 OpenFlow Specification for controller-to-element communication Devise at Stanfor Now a e facto inustry stanar for SDN Defines Secure communication (over SSL) Message format Items to be manage Completely unlike SNMP Computer Networks an Internets -- Moule 7 12 Spring, 2014 Copyright All rights reserve.

13 OpenFlow Moel Uses flow table abstraction Data plane is assume to have a sequence of flow tables Each flow table specifies how to parse packets an hanle them OpenFlow allows manager to set values in each flow table Important note: flow table moel closely matches classification harware foun in Ethernet switches Computer Networks an Internets -- Moule 7 13 Spring, 2014 Copyright All rights reserve.

14 Classification Alternative to packet emultiplexing Examines heaers from multiple layers at the same time Uses an array of pairs Where (pattern, action) Pattern is a pattern that is matche against packets Action specifies steps to be taken if the match succees Computer Networks an Internets -- Moule 7 14 Spring, 2014 Copyright All rights reserve.

15 Classification Harware classification engine packet to be matche pattern 1 action 1 pattern 2 action 2 pattern 3 action 3.. pattern N (efault that matches any packet) action N Harware checks all patterns in parallel Result is extremely high spee classification Computer Networks an Internets -- Moule 7 15 Spring, 2014 Copyright All rights reserve.

16 TCAM Acronym for Ternary Content Aressable Memory Harware technology use for high-spee classification Pattern is ternary because value for each bit can be 0, 1, or on t care TCAM matches all patterns at once, an performs the action on the first matching table entry Computer Networks an Internets -- Moule 7 16 Spring, 2014 Copyright All rights reserve.

17 Example Of IPv4 Classification The challenge A frame arrives What is the minimum number of steps neee to etermine whether the frame carries an IPv4 atagram estine for a web server? The answer Check whether the frame type fiel specifies IPv4 (0x0800) Check whether the IP protocol fiel specifies TCP (6) Check whether the TCP estination port specifies a web server (80) Computer Networks an Internets -- Moule 7 17 Spring, 2014 Copyright All rights reserve.

18 IPv6 Classification Simplest case (only a base heaer) Frame type fiel specifies IPv6 (0x86DD) Next Heaer fiel specifies TCP (6) TCP estination port specifies a web server (80) Aitional patterns neee for extension heaers Example: base heaer plus a route heaer Frame type fiel specifies IPv6 (0x86DD) Next Heaer fiel specifies Route Heaer (43) Next Heaer fiel specifies TCP (6) TCP estination port specifies a web server (80) Computer Networks an Internets -- Moule 7 18 Spring, 2014 Copyright All rights reserve.

19 Example Items In An OpenFlow Pattern Fiel Meaning Layer 2 fiels Ingress Port Switch port over which the packet arrive Metaata 64-bit fiel of metaata use in the pipeline Ether src 48-bit Ethernet source aress Ether st 48-bit Ethernet estination aress Ether Type 16-bit Ethernet type fiel VLAN i 12-bit VLAN tag in the packet VLAN priority 3-bit VLAN priority number ARP opcoe 8-bit ARP opcoe Layer 3 fiels MPLS label 20-bit MPLS label MPLS class 3-bit MPLS traffic class IPv4 src 32-bit IPv4 source aress IPv4 st 32-bit IPv4 estination aress IPv6 src 128-bit IPv6 source aress IPv6 st 128-bit IPv6 estination aress IPv4 Proto 8-bit IPv4 protocol fiel IPv6 Next Heaer 8-bit IPv6 next heaer fiel TOS 8-bit IPv4 or IPv6 Type of Service bits Computer Networks an Internets -- Moule 7 19 Spring, 2014 Copyright All rights reserve.

20 Example Items In An OpenFlow Pattern (continue) Fiel Meaning Layer 4 fiels TCP/UDP/SCTP src TCP/UDP/SCTP st ICMP type ICMP coe 16-bit TCP/UDP/SCTP source port 16-bit TCP/UDP/SCTP estination port 8-bit ICMP type fiel 8-bit ICMP coe fiel Computer Networks an Internets -- Moule 7 20 Spring, 2014 Copyright All rights reserve.

21 Examples Of SDN Functionality En-to-en layer 2 paths Forwaring base on source as well as estination All traffic from a specific MAC aress sent along a specific path Segregation of traffic base on application type Multipath forwaring base on hash of 4-tuple Transport of nonstanar layer 3 protocols Computer Networks an Internets -- Moule 7 21 Spring, 2014 Copyright All rights reserve.

22 Questions?

23 The Internet Of Things

24 Internet Of Things Awkwar term use for embee systems on the Internet Generally not operate by humans Can access one another or clou services Examples Scientific sensor systems Home automation systems Smart gri Retail systems Computer Networks an Internets -- Moule 7 24 Spring, 2014 Copyright All rights reserve.

25 Technology Characteristics Low power Energy harvesting (e.g., oor latch) Multi-year battery life Wireless communication Necessary in many situations Enables mobility Computer Networks an Internets -- Moule 7 25 Spring, 2014 Copyright All rights reserve.

26 Wireless Mesh Network Useful when iniviual noes have very low power (limite range) Allows a set of noes to communicate even if some noes cannot communicate irectly Each noe agrees to forwar packets on behalf of neighbors Computer Networks an Internets -- Moule 7 26 Spring, 2014 Copyright All rights reserve.

27 Example Wireless Mesh Technology ZigBee IP Create by ZigBee Alliance Uses IEEE wireless raios Intene for smart gri ZigBee protocol stack Goal is to run IPv6, TCP, an HTTP Inclues many other protocols Computer Networks an Internets -- Moule 7 27 Spring, 2014 Copyright All rights reserve.

28 Wireless Characteristics Goal is low power, an result is Extremely low ata rate Extremely small MTU Limite istance Property Value Networking paraigm Packet switching Maximum ata rate 250 Kbps Payloa size (MTU) 102 octets Maximum istance 10 meters Computer Networks an Internets -- Moule 7 28 Spring, 2014 Copyright All rights reserve.

29 ZigBee IP Mesh Routing One or more borer routers Connect to global Internet Are more powerful than other noes Set of ZigBee IP routers (ZIP routers) Attach to appliances Form a mesh Forwar traffic to borer router Computer Networks an Internets -- Moule 7 29 Spring, 2014 Copyright All rights reserve.

30 Choosing A Path ZIP router must choose a path to a borer router Cannot simply choose noe with the strongest transmission signal Internet B 1 B 2 N Aitional protocol use to fin which noe receives strongest signal (MLE) Computer Networks an Internets -- Moule 7 30 Spring, 2014 Copyright All rights reserve.

31 Running IPv6 Over A ZigBee Network IPv6 can only run over networks that offer an MTU of 1280 or higher, but has an MTU of 102 Solution Aitional protocol name 6LoWPAN Shim layer between IP an evice river Computer Networks an Internets -- Moule 7 31 Spring, 2014 Copyright All rights reserve.

32 6LoWPAN Operation Sening sie Divies atagram into series of blocks Transmits each block in a packet Receiving sie Joins blocks into a atagram Delivers entire atagram to IPv6 Notes Division into block oes not use IP fragmentation Unlike fragmentation, ivision an regrouping is performe at each hop Computer Networks an Internets -- Moule 7 32 Spring, 2014 Copyright All rights reserve.

33 ZigBee IP Mesh Routing ZIP noes forwar packets towar the borer router Borer router Can sen outgoing packets to the Internet Forwars other packets across the mesh If two ZIP noes communicate Packet goes to borer router first Borer router forwars to estination Computer Networks an Internets -- Moule 7 33 Spring, 2014 Copyright All rights reserve.

34 Borer Router Operation To forwar across the mesh the borer router Learns the topology of the mesh Computes a path through the mesh to each ZIP noe Uses IPv6 source routing IPv6 source routing Requires IP-in-IP tunneling (heaer moification prohibite) Places an extension heaer on outer atagram with series of hops Each ZIP noe only nees to know its neighbors Computer Networks an Internets -- Moule 7 34 Spring, 2014 Copyright All rights reserve.

35 Computing Source Routes All noes run Routing Protocol for lossy an Low power networks (RPL) Each noe reports its parent to the borer router RPL coe on borer router creates a Destination Oriente Directe Acyclic Graph (DODAG) DODAG is use to compute source routes Computer Networks an Internets -- Moule 7 35 Spring, 2014 Copyright All rights reserve.

36 Example DODAG Borer router Arcs in DODAG point to parent (path towar borer router) Source route to noe X is reverse of the path from X to borer router Computer Networks an Internets -- Moule 7 36 Spring, 2014 Copyright All rights reserve.

37 Does ZigBee IP Make Sense? Choosing IPv6 instea of IPv4 means Much larger atagram heaers The use of 6LoWPAN to ivie a atagram into MTUsize pieces Sening more ata over a slow network The nee for RPL routing protocols Larger memories (an lower battery life) Using TCP an HTTP over IPv6 means Using DNS to resolve names Unnecessary overhea Unnecessary memory footprint Computer Networks an Internets -- Moule 7 37 Spring, 2014 Copyright All rights reserve.

38 But Wait, There s More! Smart gri applications must be secure, so ZigBee IP inclues security protocols, incluing TLS IPv6 Neighbor Discovery oesn t work in a mesh network, so ZigBee IP inclues a moification known as 6LoWPAN- ND IEEE allows short (16-bit) MAC aresses, so ZigBee IP inclues a mechanism that allows a borer router to prevent aress collisions Computer Networks an Internets -- Moule 7 38 Spring, 2014 Copyright All rights reserve.

39 Major Items In The ZigBee Protocol Stack Application Protocols TLS PANA mdns an DNS-SD MLE TCP an UDP IPv6, ICMPv6, an 6LoWPAN-ND RPL 6LoWPAN aaptation IEEE Resulting stack is large Design is more general-purpose than necessary Technology may be a triumph of politics an economics Computer Networks an Internets -- Moule 7 39 Spring, 2014 Copyright All rights reserve.

40 Questions?

41 Other Trens In Networking

42 A Few Key Technologies Content Caching Peer-To-Peer Communication Universal Representation (XML) Wireless networks that support mobility Higher-spee access technologies (1 Gbps) Clou computing an clou ata centers Computer Networks an Internets -- Moule 7 42 Spring, 2014 Copyright All rights reserve.

43 Web Loa Balancers physical severs site running a web server share atabase Internet connection.. loa balancer Loa balancer istributes HTTP requests across servers Path from servers back to client may be higher spee Computer Networks an Internets -- Moule 7 43 Spring, 2014 Copyright All rights reserve.

44 Overlay Networking C C B D B D A Internet E A E I F I F H G H G (a) (b) (a) Physical connection of computers to the Internet (b) Logical network impose by overlay routing Computer Networks an Internets -- Moule 7 44 Spring, 2014 Copyright All rights reserve.

45 Other Trens Switch to igital telephony an igital vieo Increase use of social networking an social meia Distribute ata centers an migration Computer Networks an Internets -- Moule 7 45 Spring, 2014 Copyright All rights reserve.