Four sources of packet delay
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- Nickolas Sullivan
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1 Outline q Major Internet components q Network architecture and protocols q Switching strategies q Internet protocol stack, history q to network performance Four sources of packet delay q 1. nodal processing: v check bit errors v determine output link q 2. queueing v time waiting at output link for transmission v depends on congestion level of router A transmission propagation B nodal processing queueing
2 Delay in packet-switched networks 3. Transmission delay: q R=link bit rate (bps) q L=packet length (bits) q time to send bits into link = L/R 4. Propagation delay: q d = length of physical link q s = propagation speed in medium (~2x10 8 m/sec) q propagation delay = d/s A transmission propagation B nodal processing queueing How many bits fit on the link?
3 How do loss and delay occur? packets queue in router buffers q packet arrival rate to link exceeds output link capacity q packets queue, wait for turn packet being transmitted (delay) A B packets queueing (delay) free (available) buffers: arriving packets dropped (loss) if no free buffers Nodal delay d = d + d + d + d nodal proc queue trans prop q d proc = processing delay v typically a few microsecs or less q d queue = queueing delay v depends on congestion q d trans = transmission delay v = L/R, significant for low-speed links q d prop = propagation delay v a few microsecs to hundreds of msecs
4 Queueing delay (revisited) q R=link bandwidth (bps) q L=packet length (bits) q a=average packet arrival rate (over long period of time) Average traffic intensity = La/R q La/R ~ 0: average queueing delay small q La/R -> 1: delays become large q La/R > 1: more work arriving than can be serviced, average delay infinite! q NOTE: this does not mean that La cannot exceed R for limited periods of time Packet switching delay example
5 Packet loss q queue (aka buffer) preceding link in buffer has finite capacity q packet arriving to full queue dropped (aka lost) q lost packet may be retransmitted by previous node, by source end system, or not at all A buffer (waiting area) packet being transmitted B packet arriving to full buffer is lost 1-11 Packet loss q Another source of packet loss is noise on the communication channel q Today in wired networks, noise often is not a significant issue q However, in wireless networks it is a HUGE issue q How many transmissions needed to get a frame across the channel?
6 Example Throughput q throughput: rate (bits/time unit) at which bits transferred between sender/receiver v instantaneous: rate at given point in time v average: rate over longer period of time server server, sends with bits (fluid) file of into F bits pipe to send to client pipe link that capacity can carry fluid R s bits/sec at rate R s bits/sec) pipe link that capacity can carry Rfluid c bits/sec at rate R c bits/sec)
7 Throughput (cont.) q R s < R c What is average end-end throughput? R s bits/sec R c bits/sec q R s > R c What is average end-end throughput? R s bits/sec R c bits/sec bottleneck link link on end-end path that constrains end-end throughput Throughput: Internet scenario q per-connection end-end throughput: min(r c,r s,r/10) q in practice: R c or R s is often bottleneck R s R s R s R R c R c R c 10 connections (fairly) share backbone bottleneck link R bits/sec
8 Summary q We have covered a lot of material in this introductory section v Major Internet components v Network architecture and protocols v Switching strategies v Internet protocol stack, history v to network performance q Now we are equipped to work our way down the Internet protocol stack!
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