Network core and metrics
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1 Network core and metrics latency propaga-on transmit queue Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach 6 th edition Jim Kurose, Keith Ross Addison-Wesley Some materials copyright J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved
2 Overview Chapter 1: Introduc9on Quick overview of field Learn some terminology Network core Mesh of routers and links connec9ng end systems Metrics Measuring performance of the work 2
3 The work core Mesh of interconnected routers Packet- switching Break applica9on- layer messages into packets Forward packets from one router to the next, across links on path from source to des9na9on Packets transmiied at full link capacity 3
4 Packet- switching: store- and- forward L bits per packet source R bps R bps des9na9on L/R seconds to transmit (push out) L- bit packet into link at R bps Store and forward: En9re packet must arrive at router before it can be transmiied on next link v end-end delay = 2L/R (assuming zero propagation delay) one-hop numerical example: L = 7.5 Mbits R = 1.5 Mbps one-hop transmission delay = 5 sec more on delay shortly 4
5 Packet- switching: queuing delay, loss A R = 100 Mb/s C B queue of packets waiting for output link R = 1.5 Mb/s D E Queuing and loss: v If arrival rate (in bits) exceeds transmission rate of link: packets will queue, wait to be transmiied packets can be dropped (lost) if memory (buffer) fills up 5
6 Two key work- core func9ons Rou7ng: Determines route from source to des9na9on taken by packets rou7ng algorithms Forwarding: Move packets from router's input to appropriate router output routing algorithm local forwarding table header value output link dest address in arriving packet s header 6
7 Alterna9ve core: circuit switching Circuit switching Resources reserved for "call" between source & dest Dedicated resources: no sharing, idle if not in use Circuit- like (guaranteed) performance Commonly used in tradi9onal telephone works 7
8 Circuit switching: FDM vs. TDM Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) Example: 4 users frequency time Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) frequency time 8
9 Packet switching vs. circuit switching Packet switching allows more users to use work! Example: 1 Mb/s link Each user: 100 Kb/s when "ac9ve" Ac9ve 10% of 9me.. N users 1 Mbps link Circuit- switching: 10 users Packet switching: 35 users, probability > 10 ac9ve at same 9me is less than.0004 Q: How did we get value ? Q: What happens if > 35 users? 9
10 Packet switching vs. circuit switching Is packet switching a "slam dunk" winner? Great for bursty data Resource sharing Simpler, no call setup Excessive conges9on possible: Packet delay and loss Protocols needed for reliable transfer, conges9on control Q: How to provide circuit- like behavior? Bandwidth guarantees needed for audio/video apps S9ll an unsolved problem (chapter 7) 10
11 Inter structure: work of works End systems connect via ISPs Residen9al, company and university ISPs Access ISPs must be interconnected So any two hosts can send packets to each other Resul9ng work of works is very complex Evolu9on driven by economics and na9onal policies 11
12 Inter structure: work of works Ques7on: Given millions of ISPs, how to connect them? 12
13 Inter structure: work of works Op7on: Connect each ISP to every other ISP Connect each ISP to each other directly Problem: doesn t scale, O(N 2 ) connections 13
14 Inter structure: work of works Op7on: Connect each ISP to a global transit ISP Customer and provider ISPs have economic agreement global ISP 14
15 Inter structure: work of works But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be compe9tors. ISP A ISP B ISP C 15
16 Inter structure: work of works But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be compe9tors. which must be interconnected Inter exchange point ISP A IXP IXP ISP B ISP C peering link 16
17 Inter exchange point Inter exchange point Many works come together in one loca9on Exchange traffic reduce cost improve performance improve reliability e.g. DE- CIX One of the world's largest peering points 465+ ISPs 7 Tbps of capacity 100% up9me since
18 DE- CIX 2- day graph 18
19 DE- CIX 5- year graph 19
20 Inter structure: work of works and regional works may arise to connect s to ISPS ISP A IXP IXP ISP B ISP C regional 20
21 Inter structure: work of works and content provider works (e.g. Google, Microson, Akamai) may run their own work, to bring services, content close to end users ISP A ISP B ISP B IXP Content provider work IXP regional 21
22 Inter structure: work of works Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Google IXP IXP IXP Regional ISP Regional ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP At center: small # of well- connected large works Tier- 1 commercial ISPs (e.g., Level 3, Sprint, AT&T, NTT), na9onal & interna9onal coverage Content provider work (e.g, Google): private work that connects it data centers to Inter, onen bypassing 9er- 1, regional ISPs 22
23 Tier- 1 ISP: e.g. Sprint POP: point-of-presence to/from backbone peering to/from customers 23
24 How do loss and delay occur? Packets queue in router buffers Packet arrival rate (temporarily) exceeds output capacity Packets queue, wait their turn in router's buffer packet being transmitted (delay) A B packets queueing (delay) free (available) buffers: arriving packets dropped (loss) if no free buffers 24
25 Four sources of packet delay A transmission propagation B nodal processing queueing d nodal = d proc + d queue + d trans + d prop d proc : nodal processing Check bit errors Determine output link Typically < msec d queue : queueing delay Time wai9ng at output link for transmission Depends on conges9on level of router 25
26 Four sources of packet delay A transmission propagation B nodal processing queueing d nodal = d proc + d queue + d trans + d prop d trans : transmission delay L: packet length (bits) R: link bandwidth (bps) d trans = L / R d trans and d prop very different d prop : propaga9on delay d: length of physical link s: propaga9on speed in medium (~2 x 10 8 m/sec) d prop = d / s hip://media.pearsoncmg.com/aw/aw_kurose_work_2/applets/transmission/delay.html 26
27 Speed of light Medium Vacuum Copper cable Op9cal fiber Speed of light 3.0 x 10 8 m/s 2.3 x 10 8 m/s 2.0 x 10 8 m/s hip://xkcd.com/723/ 27
28 Queueing delay (revisited) R: link bandwidth (bps) L: packet length (bits) a: average packet arrival rate v v v average queueing delay La/R ~ 0: avg. queueing delay small traffic intensity La/R - > 1: avg. queueing delay large = La/R La/R > 1: more work arriving than can be serviced average delay infinite! La/R ~ 0 La/R -> 1 28
29 "Real" Inter delays and routes What do "real" Inter delay & loss look like? traceroute program Provides delay measurement from source to router along end- end Inter path towards des9na9on. For all i: Sends three packets that will reach router i on path towards des9na9on Router i will return packets to sender Sender 9mes between transmission and reply 3 probes 3 probes 3 probes 29
30 "Real" Inter delays and routes traceroute: gaia.cs.umass.edu to 3 delay measurements from gaia.cs.umass.edu to cs-gw.cs.umass.edu 1 cs-gw ( ) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms 2 border1-rt-fa5-1-0.gw.umass.edu ( ) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms 3 cht-vbns.gw.umass.edu ( ) 6 ms 5 ms 5 ms 4 jn1-at wor.vbns. ( ) 16 ms 11 ms 13 ms 5 jn1-so wae.vbns. ( ) 21 ms 18 ms 18 ms 6 abilene-vbns.abilene.ucaid.edu ( ) 22 ms 18 ms 22 ms 7 nycm-wash.abilene.ucaid.edu ( ) 22 ms 22 ms 22 ms ( ) 104 ms 109 ms 106 ms 9 de2-1.de1.de.geant. ( ) 109 ms 102 ms 104 ms 10 de.fr1.fr.geant. ( ) 113 ms 121 ms 114 ms 11 renater-gw.fr1.fr.geant. ( ) 112 ms 114 ms 112 ms 12 nio-n2.cssi.renater.fr ( ) 111 ms 114 ms 116 ms 13 nice.cssi.renater.fr ( ) 123 ms 125 ms 124 ms 14 r3t2-nice.cssi.renater.fr ( ) 126 ms 126 ms 124 ms 15 eurecom-valbonne.r3t2.ft. ( ) 135 ms 128 ms 133 ms ( ) 126 ms 128 ms 126 ms 17 * * * 18 * * * 19 fantasia.eurecom.fr ( ) 132 ms 128 ms 136 ms trans-oceanic link * means no response (probe lost, router not replying) hip://traceroute.moni9s.com 30
31 Packet loss Queue (aka buffer) preceding link has finite capacity Packet arriving to full queue dropped (aka lost) Lost packet may be retransmiied by previous node, by source end system, or not at all A buffer (wai9ng area) packet being transmiied B packet arriving to full buffer is lost hip://media.pearsoncmg.com/aw/aw_kurose_work_2/applets/queuing/queuing.html 31
32 Throughput Throughput: rate (bits/9me unit) at which bits transferred between sender/receiver instantaneous: rate at given point in 9me average: rate over longer period of 9me server server, sends with bits (fluid) file of into F bits pipe to send to client link pipe capacity R s bits/sec that can carry fluid at rate R s bits/sec) link pipe capacity R c bits/sec that can carry fluid at rate R c bits/sec) 32
33 Throughput v R s < R c What is average end- end throughput? R s bits/sec R c bits/sec v R s > R c What is average end- end throughput? R s bits/sec R c bits/sec bohleneck link link on end- end path that constrains end- end throughput 33
34 Throughput: Inter scenario Per- connec9on end- end throughput: R s min(r c,r s,r/10) R s R s In prac9ce: R c or R s is onen boileneck R c R R c R c 10 connec9ons (fairly) share backbone boileneck link R bits/sec 34
35 Bandwidth Bandwidth - measure of the frequency band e.g. voice telephone line, frequencies from Hz, bandwidth = 3000 Hz Bandwidth - bits transmiied per unit 9me 1 Mbps = 1 x 10 6 bits/second e.g g wireless has a bandwidth of 54 Mbps Bandwidth, mega = 1 x 10 6 = File size, mega = 2 20 = Throughput - actual obtainable performance e.g g wireless has a throughput ~22 Mbps 35
36 Watch your units! Bandwidth gigabits (Gbps) = 10 9 bits/second megabits (Mbps) = 10 6 bits/second kilobits (Kbps) = 10 3 bits/second File sizes 8 bits / byte gigabyte (GB) = 2 30 bytes megabyte (MB) = 2 20 bytes kilobyte (KB) = 2 10 bytes 36
37 Latency Latency or delay - how long it takes a message to go from one end of work to other Measured in units of 9me (onen ms) Round- trip :me (RTT) - how long from source to des9na9on and back to source Ji?er - variance in latency (affects 9me sensi9ve applica9ons) 37
38 Latency latency = propaga9on + transmit + queue propaga9on = distance / speed of light transmit = size / bandwidth latency propaga-on transmit queue More important for short messages More important for long messages Queuing delays inside the work 38
39 Effect of file size Throughput = Transfer size / Transfer 9me Transfer 9me = RTT + 1/Bandwidth x Transfer size File size (MB) RTT Bandwidth (Gbps) Transmit -me (ms) Transfer -me (ms) Throughput (Mbps)
40 Summary Network core Mesh of routers and links connec9ng end systems Packet switching versus circuit switching Network structure Metrics Tier 1 ISPs, content providers, regional ISPs, ISPs, Inter exchange points Measuring performance of the work Processing delay, transmission delay, queueing delay, propaga9on delay, throughput, latency, RTT, jiier traceroute u9lity 40
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