258 Index. Burst transmission queue, 62, 73, 93, 96 98, 205 Burst window,

Transcription

1 Index A Access and metro network, Access bandwidth, , , 224, 234, 236, 248 Acknowledgment (ACK) message, 11 Adaptive assembly period (AAP) algorithm, 246 Advanced reservation theory, 103 AIMD congestion avoidance mechanism, 199 Approximate model, 90 91, 133, , , 196 Assembler, 21, 76, Assembly algorithm, characterization of, 76 Assembly factor, 247 Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), 31 B Bandwidth utilization, 17, 30, 98 Bernoulli model, 49, 54, 60, 97, 215, 208 random generator, 65 Birth death process, equilibrium equations, 91 Birth death process theory, 92 Blocking probability, 11, 16 17, 23, 27, 34 37, 43, 62, 65, 73, 90, 93, 98, , , , 116, , , 127, 131, , 138, , 143, , 153, , , , computation of, 101 Erlang fixed point method, multi-class OBS networks JET/JIT-based reservation, with and without wavelength conversion, with limited wavelength conversion, overflow fixed point, queueing model, with partial wavelength conversion, BNAK mechanism, 242 Brouwer fixed point theorem, 135 Bufferless optical transfer, 27 BUPT, Burst ACK (BACK), 240 Burst aggregation strategies, 62 Burst AIMD (BAIMD), 243 Burst assembler, 8 9, Burst assembly algorithm, 10, 16, 35 36, 43, 54, 57, 66, 69, 71, 73, 93, , 217, 224, 246, 248 Burst assembly mechanism, 18, 35, 43 44, 54, 62, 66, 74, Burst assembly queue, 4, 8, 16, 21, 43, 46, 58, 60 61, 72 73, 93 95, 98, 205 Burst chain, 23 Burst formation time, 44 45, 57, 62, 64 65, 70, 95, 97 98, 199, 205, 208, 216, 220, 228, 234 Burst header packet (BHP), 4 Burst length estimation (BLE), 239 Burst-level retransmission, 199, 206, 238, 249, Burst loss impact of, 205 Burst loss probability (BLP), 11 12, 212, 219 Burst-mode transmitters, 9 Burst negative ACK (BNAK), 240 Burst segmentation (BS), 16, 19, 37, , 186 benefit of, blocking analysis, preemption probability, prioritized, probabilistic preemptive, Burst TCP (BTCP), 239 T. Venkatesh, C. Siva Ram Murthy, An Analytical Approach to Optical Burst Switched Networks, DOI / , C Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

2 258 Index Burst transmission queue, 62, 73, 93, 96 98, 205 Burst window, C Central limit theorem, Chain rule, Chapman Kolmogorov equation, 67 Circuit-switched networks, 20, 101, 124, 127, 135, 173, Circuit switching, 2, 24 25, 29, 101, 124, 131, 135, 182 Class-based aggregation, 17, 65 Closed queueing network, 77, 82, 84 Coarse-grained wavelength switching, 7 Collision-free container-based optical network (CoCoNet), 25 Congestion avoidance (CA), , 206, 210, 212, , 227, 233, 236, 241 Congestion avoidance algorithm, 201, 203, 236 Congestion control mechanism, 18, 201, 234 Congestion window, 14, 18, 33, , , , 230, , , , 246, 248 evolution of, 18, 203, , 212, , 222, 225, 227, 237 growth of, 214 Connection blocking theory, 102 Connection model, 208 Constant bit-rate (CBR), 61 Constant scheduling offset (CSO), 22 Consumer-oriented grid application, 26 Contention losses, 12, 14, 17, 19 20, 34 36, 101, , 182, 190, 199, 204, 206, 243, Contention resolution technique, 15, 18, 172, 189, 199, , 246 Continuous-time discrete Markov chain representation, 194 Core network, 2, 25, 29 30, 43 44, 199, 225, 232 Core nodes, 4 5, 7 8, 11 12, 15 20, 22, 32 33, 36, 43, 73, , 106, 116, 147, 167, , 190, 206, 231, 246 Correlation benefit, 205, 207, Coxian approximation, 71 Coxian distribution, 74, 78 two-stage, 69, 75 Coxian server, 75, 85 CTMC model, advantage of 126 D Deflection routing, 4, 16, 19, 30 32, 36 37, 147, , 199, 206, 238, 246 modeling, probabilistic, stabilizing, Delayed first loss gain, 205, 248 Delay penalty, 205, 207, 216, 248 Delay-sensitive traffic, 24 Dense WDM (DWDM) systems, 153 Dirac delta function, 55 Disassembler, Discrete-time batch Markov arrival process (DBMAP), 96 Dual-header OBS (DOBS), 21 Duplicate ACK, , , 229 Dynamic assembly period (DAP) algorithm, 248 E Early burst arrival, 9 Edge node, 4, 7, 10 12, 16, 18, 23 24, 31 33, 35, 43 44, 60, 73 74, 76 78, 82 83, 86, 90, 139, 157, 159, , 220, 225, 232, 240 Egress node, 2, 4 5, 8, 12, 19 20, 23, 43, 72 73, 135, 150, 156, , 248, 253 Eigenvalue, 68 Electronic packet switching network, 4, 14, 147 End-to-end delay, 17, 20, 25, 44, 98, 139, 200, 204, 225, 232, 249, Erlang distribution, Erlang fixed point (EFP), 134 Erlang formula, 34 35, , 140, 148, 163, 179, 183 Erlangian distribution, 65 Erlangian random variable, 192 Ethernet-frame-to-optical-burst converter edge node, 32 Explicit loss notification (ELN), 243 Exponential back-off, 76, 202, 213, 227 F False congestion, 206, 238 False time-out (FTO), 206 Feed-forward architecture, 15 FGN processes, 59 Fiber delay line (FDL), 3 4, 15, 17, 22 23, 36 37, , 137, 147, , , , 246 analysis of,

3 Index 259 asymptotic approximation models, markovian model, Field programmable gate array (FPGA), 32 Fixed point model, 233 Floor function, 61 Flow equivalent node, 78, Fractional Gaussian noise (FGN), 59 FTO detection, G Gamma distribution, 50 51, Gamma function, 53, 55 Gaussian-distributed random variable, 60 Gaussian distribution, 48, 50, 59 60, 167, 245 Gauss Siedel method, 82, 84 Generalized AIMD (GAIMD), Generalized multi-protocol label switching (GMPLS), 12, 19 20, 32 Generic wavelength preemption technique, 168 Global grid forum (GGF), 26 Grid computing, Grid resource network interface (GRNI), 27, 33 Grid-specific control messages, 29 Grid user network interface (GUNI), 27, 33 H Handling contention losses, 6 Handling reliability, 27 Heuristic aggregation method (HAM), 84 Hierarchical TSOBS (HiTSOBS), 24 High-speed switch matrix, 31 High-speed TCP (HSTCP), 33 Horizon, see Scheduling algorithm Horizon time, Hybrid architecture, 15, 21, 24 25, 34 Hybrid assembly algorithm, 55 56, 58 Hybrid OBS (HOBS), 25 Hyper-exponential distribution, 70, 75 Hyper-exponentially distributed random variable, 72 I IEEE , 29 Ingress egress pair, 246 Ingress node, 2, 4, 7 10, 12, 15 18, 20, 23 25, 33, 36 37, 43 44, 72 74, 76, 84, 86, 93, 98, , 135, , 168, 173, 199, 204, , 232, 240, 243, , components of, 8 modeling traffic at, Bernoulli arrival, 49 Poisson arrival, 46 Poisson traffic model, 54 self-similar input traffic, 58 Interactive gaming, 26 Inter-arrival time, 35, 37, 43 49, 54 55, 57 58, 60 66, 70, 72, 75, 96, 159, 190, Internet protocol (IP), 3 Interrupted Bernoulli process (IBP), 93 Interrupted Poisson process (IPP), 66 Inverse Fourier transform, 95 J Japan gigabit network (JGN), 31 JET/JIT-based OBS architecture, 19 JET protocol, 11, 32, 103, 137, 141, 174, 248 JIT protocol, 11, 17, 19, 21 22, 31, 33, , 135, 147 JumpStart, 31 Just-enough-time (JET), see JET protocol Just-in-time (JIT), see JIT protocol L Labeled OBS (LOBS), 19 Label switched path (LSP), 20 Label switched router (LSR), 19 Laplace transform, 68, 75 LAUC algorithm, Linear topology, 32 Little s theorem, 89, 92 Loss delay trade-off, 24 Loss differentiation, 155, Lossy round, 214, 242 M Machine learning technique, 12, 206 MAC protocol, 30 Marie s algorithm, 78, 80, 82, Markov arrival process, 75 Markov chain, 94, 97, , 126, 140, , 170, , , 182, , 207, 214, , continuous-time, 90, 162, 169 discrete-time, 23, 227, 231 multi-dimensional, 178 theory, 207, Markov chain model, 94, 97, , 140, 193 two-stage, 175 two-dimensional, 170, 181, 233 Markov regenerative process,

4 260 Index Markov theory for multi-class network, 136 Maximum segment size (MSS), 200 MBMAP algorithm, 10, Medium access control (MAC) layer, 29 Metro gap, 30 Modeling and analysis, Modeling burst assembler queue, 93 Modeling burst transmission queue, 96 Modeling high-speed TCP, Moment matching technique, Multi-class queueing network, 78 Multi-fiber network, 23 Multi-wavelength optical networking (MONET) program, 31 N Nearest-wavelength-first (NWF) policy, 128 Network utilization, Non-overlapping probability, 110 No-wavelength conversion, 120, , 127, 131 NWF policy, O Offset time, 5 6, 8 9, 11, 13, 15 17, 19, 21 22, 32 33, 36 37, 43, 73, 98, 102, , , , , 143, , , 186, 252 Online trading, 1 ON/OFF burst arrival process, 74 Optical buffering, 4, 15 Optical buffers technology, 5 Optical burst chain switching (OBCS), 23 Optical burst switching, 2, 4 25 burst assembly, 9 10 channel scheduling, contention resolution, node architectures, 7 9 routing and wavelength assignment, service differentiation, signaling schemes, 11 TCP over OBS, variants, dual-header, hybrid architectures, labeled, time-slotted, wavelength-routed, Optical circuit switching (OCS), 2 3 Optical composite burst switching (OCBS), 148 Optical couplers, 4 Optical cross-connects (OXCs), 1 Optical line terminal (OLT), 30 Optical network unit (ONU), 30 Optical packet switching (OPS), 2 4 Optical switches, 4, 9, 29 Opto-electronic conversion, 2 Orbiting customers, 77 Overflow fixed point (OFP), 127 P Packet loss probability, 148, , , 167, 186, 199, 207, 212, , 232 Packet switched networks, 173, 204, 209, 243 Pareto distribution, 167 Partial ACK, , 221 Partial wavelength conversion, 15, 120, , 126 Passive optical network (PON), 2 Past-horizon time, , 111 Path selection (routing) and wavelength assignment, 12 Peer-to-peer (P2P) architecture, 33 Per-flow-burst (PFB), 225, Poisson arrival process, 90 Poisson distribution (process), 44, 55, 60, 63, 65, 65 66, 86, 107, , 112, 124, , 132, 134, 136, 141, 154, 156, , 168, , 179, 183, 191, 227 Poisson input traffic, 47 48, 54 Preemption probability, computation of, 165 Prioritized segmentation, 17, 156 Priority-based wavelength assignment (PWA), 31 Probabilistic model, 154 Probabilistic preemptive burst segmentation (PPBS), Probability density function, 95, 143 Probability distribution function (PDF), 54 Probability of transition, 75, 96, 192 Probability with variable offset time, Pseudo-server, Q Quality of service (QoS), 16 Queueing delay, 60, 62, 232, 243 Queueing network model, 36, 43, burst arrival process, finite buffer, infinite buffer, 76 86

5 Index 261 modeling waiting time, Queueing theoretic models, 73 Queueing theory, balking in, 190 Queues with balking theory, 194 R Random selection-based burst assembly, 66 Random wavelength assignment policy (RdWA), Reduced-load approximation method, 131 Rejection blocking, Renewal theory-based model, 207, 209, 217, 224, 236 loss-based variants, Reordered packets, 246 Reservation method, 186 Reservation protocol, two-way, 25 Resilient packet ring (RPR) technology, 29 Resource allocation packet (RAP), 22 Retransmission count-based drop policy (RCDP), 251 Retransmission count (RC), 252 Retransmission time-out (RTO), 202, 232 Retransmission timer, 202, 206, 208, 222 Retro-blocking, 11, 136, 156 effect of, 136 Ring topology, 25, 29 Round-trip propagation delays, 32 Round-trip time (RTT), 18, 235 Routing and wavelength assignment (RWA), 3, 8, 20, 30 Routing protocols, S SAIMD scheme, 245 Scheduling algorithm, 12 13, 17, 32, 140, 190 Segment protection scheme, 19 Selection-based assembly algorithm, 65 Selective acknowledgment (SACK), 204 Semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA), 4 Service request packet (SRP), 21 Session initiation protocol (SIP), 29 Signaling and scheduling, 21 SIP protocols, 33 Size-based aggregation, 71 Size-based assembly algorithm, 10, 46, 48 49, 52, 54 56, 64, 205 Slotted OBS (SOBS), Slotted-time architecture, 23 Slotted-time model, 104, 106, 112 Slow start threshold, , 227, 237 Source destination pair, 156, 158, , Splitters, 18 State transition probabilities, 86 State-truncation techniques, 193 Static lightpath establishment, 3 Statistical AIMD (SAIMD), 245 Statistical multiplexing, 4, 6 7, 24 Steady-state blocking probability, Steady-state equations, 114, 117, , 162, 178, 181 Steady-state probability, 80, 82, 88, 91 92, 94, 116, 126, 169, 194 Switch architecture, 4, 25 Switch control unit (SCU), 9 Switching paradigms, 2, 6, 101 Synchronous optical network (SONET), 30 T Tail segmentation, 141, 148, 155 TCP, 10, 14, 17 18, 28, 32 33, 35 37, , , adaptive burst assembly algorithm, burst acknowledgments and retransmission, drop policy, improving the performance of, congestion control phases, explicit notification, 244 implementations in OBS, burst TCP, generalized AIMD, NewReno, 202, , 217, 238 receiver, 200, 202 Reno, , , 217, 238, Reno algorithms 236 SACK, 202, , 217, 238 Vegas, Tell-and-go (TAG), 11 Tell-and-wait (TAW), 11 Testbed implementations, Time-based assembly algorithm, 10, 47 50, 54 55, 59, 64, 71, 165, 205, 224, Time-based burst assembly mechanism, 62, 67 Time division multiplexing (TDM), 32 Time-out event, 202 Time-out period (TOP), 214, 222, Time-sliced OBS (TSOBS), 22 Traffic characteristics, 43, 48 Traffic engineering, 12

6 262 Index Transition probability, 80, 87 88, 105, 105, 114, , 120, 179, 181, Transition probability matrix, 88, , 231 Transmission control protocol see TCP Transmission queue, 44, 60, 62, 73 74, 93, 96 98, 205, 247 Trigger criteria, 10, 45 Trimodal distribution, 54 Triple duplicate ACK, , 213, 218, , 227, , 236 Triple duplicate periods (TDPs), 210 Trunk reservation, 184 U User datagram protocol (UDP), 248 V Vegas congestion window, evolution of, 236 Video conferencing, 1 Video-on-demand, 1, 33 W Wavelength add drop multiplexers (WADMs), 1 Wavelength continuity constraint, 3, 12 Wavelength conversion, 1 2, 15 16, 20, 23 24, 31 32, 34, 36 37, 76, 78, 82, 84, , 112, , , 127, 129, , 147, 153, 165, , Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), 1 2, 19 Wavelength preemption, 17, Wavelength reservation, 21, 23, 168, , , protocol for, 5 Wavelengthreuse,3,15 WROBS, 20 21, 25, 30 Z Zero-jitter supercomputer, 31 Zero-loss bufferless switching, 25