DNS is the mechanism by which Internet software translates names to attributes such as addresses.

Transcription

1 Full form: 1 PSTN : Public Switching Telephone Networks 2 ISDN : Integrated Services Digital Network. 3 DSL: Digital Subscribe Line. 4 CATV: Community Antenna Television. 5 DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. 6 RARP: Reverse Address Resolution Protocol 7 BOOTP: Bootstrap Protocol. 8 BRI: Basic Rate Interface. 9 PRI: Primary Rate Interface. 10 VPDN: Virtual Private Dial-up Network. 11 CVCS: Switch Virtual Circuit 12 LDAP: Lightweight Directory Access Protocol. 13 PVCS: Permanent Virtual Circuit. 14WINS: Windows Internet Name Services. 15 DNS: Domain Name System. Q.1 Short note on DNS The Domain Name System DNS is the mechanism by which Internet software translates names to attributes such as addresses. Prepared By : DHAVAL R. PATEL Page 1

2 There are 3 components: Name Space: names It is Specifications for a structured name space and data associated with that A domain name is the sequence of labels from a node to the root, separated by dots (. s), read left to right The root node "" top-level node top-level node top-level node second-level node second-level node second-level node second-level node second-level node third-level node third-level node third-level node Root.com.org.edu.mil.gov.co.in Resolvers: It is client programs that extract information from Name Servers. Prepared By : DHAVAL R. PATEL Page 2

3 Name Servers: It is server programs which hold information about the structure and the names. Q.2 Short note on DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol It is a method for assigning Internet Protocol (IP) addresses permanently or to individual computers in an organization s network DHCP lets a network administrator to distribute IP addresses from a central point and automatically sends a new IP address when a computer is plugged into a different place in the network DHCP is used to assign IP addresses to hosts or workstations on the network Two types of IP addresses: Static Is a number that is assigned to a computer by an Internet service provider (ISP) to be its permanent address on the Internet Prepared By : DHAVAL R. PATEL Page 3

4 Dynamic The temporary IP address is called a dynamic IP address When a client needs to start up TCP/IP operations, it broadcasts a request for address information Advantages of DHCP DHCP minimizes the administrative burden By using DHCP there is no chance to conflict IP address By using DHCP you provide IP address to another network Disadvantages of DHCP When DHCP server is unavailable, client is unable to access enterprises network Your machine name does not change when you get a new IP address Q.3 What is recourse sharing? How printer server sharing - In computer network system the devices like printer, scanner, hard disk etc. sharing in network is called recourse sharing. - Using this system we can run single devices on multiple computer in network. - For that purpose we have to use sharing option. - Using this system we can sharing the printer in network because of tha we can printing the page from any pc in network Step - First we have to attach the printer on server and install the printer driver on them Prepared By : DHAVAL R. PATEL Page 4

5 - After share this driver - On Client side go to printer and scanner option - Where we have to select Install network printer option - In them find printer automatically and select printer from listing. Q. 4 Explain PSTN and ISDN PSTN - Public Switched Telephone Network - PSNT exchanges and interfaces using access and trunk networks,signaling, network management and internetworking (telecommunications between networks) - It use two Switching types Connectionless/ connection oriented Packet/circuit ISDN Integrated Service Digital Network - ISDN is the original high-speed internet service. - ISDN internet service was the improvement dial-up, and it also used the DSL and cable-modem internet service thereafter. - It can be considered the step of internet evolution that lies between dial-up and DSL/Cable Prepared By : DHAVAL R. PATEL Page 5

6 - Modernizing internet use and bringing high-speed access inside the home, ISDN became the standard by which rival broadband internet service providers competed - ISDN internet service is basically a telephone-based network system that operates by a circuit switch, or dedicated line - It can transmit data and phone conversations digitally over normal telephone wires. This makes it both faster and of higher quality than dial-up internet service. Q.5 DNS Hierarchy Domain Names are hierarchical and each part of a domain name is referred to as either the root, top level, second level or as a sub-domain. - The domain hierarchy that is shown in the following figure is huge DNS namespace supported on the global Internet. - The figure consists of the root directory, which is represented as a dot (.), and two top level domain hierarchies, one organizational and one geographical. Example Note that the com domain introduced in this figure is one of a number of top-level organizational domains in existence on the Internet. And co.in is sub domain. Prepared By : DHAVAL R. PATEL Page 6

7 Root.com.org.edu.mil.gov.co.in Internet Organizational Domains Domain Purpose com Commercial organizations edu Educational institutions gov Government institutions mil Military groups net Major network support centers org Nonprofit organizations and others int International organizations Prepared By : DHAVAL R. PATEL Page 7

8 Q.6 Explain Novell Directory Services (NDS) - Novell Directory Services (NDS) is a popular software product for managing access to computer resources and keeping track of the users of a network, such as a company's intranet, from a single point of administration. It install on network operating system like Window NT, Windows 2003 server etc. -Using NDS, a network administrator can set up and control a database of users and manage them using a directory with an easy-to-use graphical user interface (GUI). - Using NDS Users of computers at remote locations can be added, updated, and managed centrally. Applications can be distributed electronically and maintained centrally. - NDS used into its own QIP product, which automatically maintains directory information about network Internet Protocol (IP) domain name and IP address and Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) information. - Using them Administrators will be able to set up primary and secondary directories and automate immediate backup directory which is used during failure. Q. 7. Write the need of remote network access. Remote access is the ability to get access to a computer or a network from a remote distance - In corporations, people at branch offices, telecommuters, and people who are travelling may need access to this type of network. - Home users get access to the Internet through remote access to an Internet service provider (ISP) for used , ecommerce and other facility - Remote access is also possible using a dedicated line between a computer or a remote local area network and the "central". Prepared By : DHAVAL R. PATEL Page 8

9 - Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) is a common method of remote access from branch offices since it combines dial-up with faster data rates. Wireless, cable modem, and Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) technologies offer other possibilities for remote access. - A remote access server may include or work with a modem pool manager so that a small group of modems can be shared among a large number of intermittently present remote access users. - A remote access server may also be used as part of a virtual private network (VPN). Q. 8 What is VPN? explain with their types. Virtual Private Network is a type of private network that uses public telecommunication, such as the Internet, instead of leased lines to communicate. Four Categories of them Trusted VPN Secure VPN Hybrid VPN Provider-provisioned VPN Advantages: Greater scalability Easy to add/remove users Reduced long-distance telecommunications costs Mobility Security Disadvantages Lack of standards Understanding of security issues Unpredictable Internet traffic Difficult to accommodate products from different vendors Prepared By : DHAVAL R. PATEL Page 9

10 Q.9 LDAP LDAP means Lightweight Directory Access Protocol, It is an Internet protocol using them and other programs use information from a server. - it is a lightweight client-server protocol for accessing directory services, specifically X.500- based directory services. - LDAP runs over TCP/IP or other connection oriented transfer services - LDAP directory service is based on a client-server model. One or more LDAP servers contain the data making up the LDAP directory tree or LDAP backend database - An LDAP client connects to an LDAP server and asks it a question. The server responds with the answer, or with a pointer to where the client can get more information (typically, another LDAP server). - LDAP servers used at three levels: There are big public servers, large organizational servers at universities and corporations, and smaller LDAP servers for workgroups Q. 10 Important of DHCP in remote services. - In remote system we can used the server system on client side without any operating system install on client and also without and storage device. - But we need the Setting at BIOS side like client IP address and others network settings. - Using DHCP we can configuration the Client IP address using BIOS setting. - This type of setting directly capture the remote system when we boot system from LAN Prepared By : DHAVAL R. PATEL Page 10

11 - The main important of this system is that we can use one operation system and hard disk and used this system on multiple computers. Q.11 List the different types of NOS and write the installation step for them. NOS Example - Windows NT - Windows 2000 server - Windows 2003 server - Window 2007 server - Linux server Installation Step - Insert the bootable media like DVD, Pen drive in computer system - Set up the BOIS for boot priority for bootable device - Then after set up is start - Partition the Hard disk - Select the Partition - Format it and install. - Set up the Data, time region setting - Setting User detain and password. - Install server which we require from manage network server option Prepared By : DHAVAL R. PATEL Page 11

12 Q, 12 Configuration of Network Server. Types of server - File Server - Printer Server - Mail Server - Domain Server - Proxy Server - Application Server -After installation of server we have to configuration the above server which we need. Step - Click on start and select Manage Server option - Listing the different type of server from where we have to select the server which we need from custom option - If we need all server select typical option Example For File server - we have select file server option - Select the directory for sharing on server. - Set permission - Click on finish Prepared By : DHAVAL R. PATEL Page 12

13 Q. 13 RARP RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol) is a protocol by which a physical machine in a local area network can request to learn its IP address from a gateway server's Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) table or cache. - The RARP protocol is used to translate hardware interface addresses to protocol addresses. - A network administrator creates a table in a local area network's gateway router that maps the physical machine (or Media Access Control - MAC address) addresses to corresponding Internet Protocol addresses. When a new machine is set up, its RARP client program requests from the RARP server on the router to be sent its IP address. - Assuming that an entry has been set up in the router table, the RARP server will return the IP address to the machine which can store it for future use. - RARP is available for Ethernet, Fiber Distributed-Data Interface, and token ring LANs. - Reverse address resolution protocol (RARP) is used for diskless computers to determine their IP address using the network - RARP most important in diskless system o The RARP message format is very similar to the ARP format. When the booting computer sends the broadcast ARP request, it places its own hardware address in both the sending and receiving fields in the encapsulated ARP data packet. o The RARP server will fill in the correct sending and receiving IP addresses in its response to the message o This way the booting computer will know its IP address when it gets the message from the RARP server. Prepared By : DHAVAL R. PATEL Page 13

14 Q. 14 DHCP Architecture The Solaris DHCP modular framework implementation employs the following data access layers: Prepared By : DHAVAL R. PATEL Page 14

15 Application/Service Layer, consisting of all consumers of DHCP service data such as the DHCP daemon (in.dhcpd), command line management utilities (pntadm, dhtadm, dhcpconfig), dhcpmgr, and report generators. These data consumers interface with the DHCP service using calls to API functions implemented by the Framework Configuration Layer of the architecture. Framework Configuration Layer, consisting of the shared library libdhcpsvc.so and the /etc/inet/dhcpsvc.conf configuration file. The Framework Configuration Layer connects the Application/Service Layer and the Service Provider Layer. See The Framework Configuration Layer for more information about the Framework Configuration Layer. Service Provider Layer, consisting of public modules that implement the Service Provider API functions, which are used by the Application/Service Layer through the Framework Configuration Layer to manipulate the data store containers and the records within them. The data store containers are the dhcptab and DHCP network tables. Prepared By : DHAVAL R. PATEL Page 15