Address Management in IP Networks
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1 Address Management in IP Networks - Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) - Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol ()
2 IP Addresses and Physical Addresses o The Forwarding Tables (IP/Physical Address) are created and managed dynamically by the hosts through the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) IP-B: MAC-B: 05:98:76:6c:4a:7b B IP addr MAC addr. 00:9f:7a:89:90:7a... IP-A: MAC-A: 00:9f:7a:89:90:7a A
3 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP, RFC 826) o It is based on the broadcast addressing capabilities of the underlying technology o Whenever the destination MAC address is not in the ARP-cache an ARP-request message is generated o ARP-requests are sent broadcast (physically) with the indication of the IP address to resolve o The host recognizing its own IP address sends out an ARP-reply unicast (physically) to the inquiring station
4 ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) IP addr. IP-B: MAC-B: 05:98:76:6c:4a:7b... MAC addr.... MAC broadcast: ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff IP-A: MAC-A: 00:9f:7a:89:90:7a B ARP-request A LAN src-mac=mac-b, dst-mac=broadcast ARP-request IP-mitt=IP-B MAC-mitt=MAC-B IP-targ=IP-A MAC-targ=00:00:00:00:00:00
5 ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) IP-B: MAC-B: 05:98:76:6c:4a:7b IP addr ARP cache MAC addr. 00:9f:7a:89:90:7a... MAC broadcast: ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff IP-A: MAC-A: 00:9f:7a:89:90:7a B ARP-reply A LAN src-mac=mac-a, dst-mac=mac-b ARP-reply IP-mitt=IP-B MAC-mitt=MAC-B IP-targ=IP-A MAC-targ=00:9f:7a:89:90:7a
6 ARP Packet Format
7 RARP (Reverse ARP) o ARP assigns a MAC address to an IP address o RARP does the opposite: n Assigns an IP address to a known MAC address n Useful for diskless machines performing a network bootstrap n Scarcely used!!! RARP request RARP reply BOOT server
8 Dynamic Addresses Management o Static procedures to assign IP addresses have low flexibility o The use of a central server to store the host configuration may help o In many cases a static binding between IP address and MAC address is not necessary (more hosts than available IP addresses): n host activity cycles (ex. Dial-up connections) n Underperforming hosts
9 Dynamic Addresses o Assume we have a server to handle the IP address assignment upon request: o Different feasible solutions: n Static binding: the server handles a static correspondence table between IP and MAC addresses; o whenever it receives a request checks the table for the sender MAC address and assigns it the corresponding IP address n Dynamic binding: the IP addresses set may be narrower than the one of the hosts to serve. o The binding changes over time
10 Dynamic Addresses
11 Dynamic Binding o Useful if the host has various activity cycles o Binding must be temporary, use of n time outs and/or n explicit release procedures o Reject probability not null o The problem of dimensioning the IP addresses set is similar to the one of dimensioning telephone circuits
12 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (, RFC 2131) o Evolved version of the BOOTP o Application level protocol based on the client-server paradigm client LAN server
13 (1) o A client sends out DISCOVER message in broadcast (IP) containing: n its own MAC address n A session ID o The server replies with a OFFER message containing n the proposed IP address with Netmask n The lease time n The session ID client 1) DISCOVER LAN server 2) OFFER
14 (2) o The client may accept the proposal by sending a REQUEST message containing: n The session ID n The proposed parameters (IP address, netmask, lease time) o The server binds the two addresses and replies with a ACK message confirming the configuration. client 3) REQUEST LAN server 4) ACK
15 (3) o Configuration parameters n IP address n Netmask n Gateway n DNS server o The binding is broken through a RELEASE message from the client client 5) RELEASE LAN server
16 Complete Exchange discover src : , 68 dest.: ,67 yiaddr: transaction ID: 654 time request offer src: , 68 dest:: , 67 yiaddrr: transaction ID: 654 Lifetime: 3600 secs src: , 67 dest: , 68 yiaddrr: transaction ID: 654 Lifetime: 3600 secs ACK src: , 67 dest: , 68 yiaddrr: transaction ID: 654 Lifetime: 3600 secs yiaddr = your IP address
17 (4) o Multi-servers architecture client o Use of Relays Relay server LAN server server client LAN IP Net server
18 Messages o uses UDP at the transport layer o During the set up phase (till the binding is created) the client messages have: n IP source address: n IP destination address: n Source port: 68 n Destination port: 67 UDP IP 2 1
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