Siete LAN a MAN podľa štandardov IEEE 802 IEEE IEEE 802.3
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1 Siete LAN a MAN podľa štandardov IEEE 802 IEEE IEEE 802.3
2 IEEE 802 LAN všeobecne peer-to-peer komunikácia po zdieľanom médiu vysielanie informácie všetkým uzlom (broadcast) spoločné fyzické médium nutnosť prístupovej metódy
3 Siete LAN a MAN podľa IEEE 802 IEEE, ANSI fyzická a linková vrstva linková MAC, LLC IEEE: 802.x ANSI: ISO 8802
4 Siete LAN a MAN podľa IEEE Ethernet bezdrôtové LAN Bluetooth bezdrôtové MAN
5 Protokolový model LAN OSI LAN linková vrstva podvrstva LLC podvrstva MAC fyzická vrstva fyzická vrstva MAC medium access control, podvrstva riadenia prístupu k médiu LLC logical link control, podvrstva riadenia logického spoja
6 IEEE 802 MAC riadenie prístupu k médiu časový multiplex kontrola správnosti prenášaných rámcov hodnotí blokovanie siete IEEE (Ethernet), (Token Ring),... LLC riadenie spojenia vytváranie, rušenie, kontrola linkových spojení medzi uzlami siete riadenie bezpečného prensou medzi dvoma uzlami siete IEEE 802.2
7 Ethernet - fyzická vrstva pre 10Mbit/s <prenos.. rýchlosr ýchlosť> > <spôsob < prenosu> > <max.d< max.dĺžka> Mbit/s BASE/BROAD F/T/x BASE/BROAD prenos v základnom pásme/ širokopásmový prenos F/T/x prenosový prostriedok al. max. dĺžka (približne) jedného segmentu v stovkách metrov optika / symetrický kábel / 2 al. 5 10Base5 10Base-T
8 Ethernet - fyzická vrstva pre 10Mbit/s Najbežnejšie typy Ethernetu pre 10 Mbit/s
9 Ethernet - fyzická vrstva pre 10Mbit/s (a) 10Base5 (b) 10Base2 (c) 10Base-T
10 Ethernet - fyzická vrstva pre 10Mbit/s Topológie káblovania (a) Lineárna (b) Chrbticová (c) Strom (d) Segmenty
11 Linkový kód (a) Binárny kód (b) kód Manchester (c) Diferenčný kód Manchester
12 10BASE5 10BASE5 thick Ethernet, konektor vampír 50 ohm koaxiálny kábel, 10 Mbit/s, kód Manchester, max. dĺžka segmentu 500 m opakovač (repeater) - možnosť zväčšenia siete, digitálny zosilňovač, regeneruje signál v oboch smeroch medzi prepojovanými segmentami medzi 2 uzlami povolená iba jedna trasa segmentov a opakovačov IEEE max. 4 opakovače v trase medzi ľubov. 2 uzlami - efektívna dlžka média 2500 m
13 10BASE2 10BASE2 (IEEE 802.3a) thin Ethernet, BNC konektory, 50 ohm koaxiálny kábel - tenký, 10 Mbit/s, kód Manchester max. dĺžka segmentu 185 m
14 10BASE-T 10BASE-T (IEEE 802.3i) 10 Mbit/s, max. dĺžka segmentu 100 m UTP (unshielded twisted pair) T =Twisted pair (krútená dvojlinka, symetrický kábel), max. dĺžka segmentu 100 m topológia - hviezda, hub ako opakovač (vysielanie jedného uzla sa vyšle všetkým uzlom) fyzicky hviezda, logicky zbernica
15 10BROAD36 10BROAD36 nepoužívané jediná špecifikácia pre broadband štandardný 75 ohm TV koax. kábel 10 Mbit/s dáta skramblované, potom analógovo modulované (DPSK - diferential phase-shift keying)
16 10BASE-F 10BASE-F optické vlákna rádovo kilometre špecifikácia 10 BASE Fx IEEE802.3j 10 BASE FL 10 BASE FB 10 BASE FP
17 Ethernet-CSMA/CD
18 CSMA/CD Carrier Sense Multiple Access/ Collision Detection
19 CSMA/CD Binary exponential backoff algorithm po i-tej kolízii - čaká sa náhodné číslo medzi 0 a 2 i -1 * počet slotov po 10. kolízii je interval náhodných čísel konšt. 0 až 1023 (2 10-1) po 16 kolíziách - ohlásená chyba
20 CSMA/CD prečo takýto algoritmus: malé oneskorenie pre málo uzlov rozumný čas riešenia kolízie pre viac uzlov
21 CSMA/CD Trvanie slotu najdlhší možný čas šírenia po médiu 2τ najdlhšie médium pre je 2500 m pre 10 Mbit/s je trvanie slotu 2τ = 51,2 µs
22 Ethernet MAC rámec Formáty rámcov (a) DIX Ethernet (Ethernet II), (b) IEEE
23 MAC rámec formát DIX (Dec, Intel, Xerox) Preamble: synchronizácia, 8 B Destination address DA, Source address SA - adresa cieľa a zdroja 2 al. 6 B, pre 10Mbit/s len 6 B Type: identifikátor protokolu paketu vyššej vrstvy, ktorý sa v rámci prenáša Data - max B, je aj min. dĺžka = 64 B - kvôli kolíziám
24 MAC rámec min. dĺžka
25 MAC rámec čas vysielania rámca musí byť väčší ako 2τ - kvôli kolíziám PAD - doplnenie kratších rámcov na 64 B Checksum - zabezpečenie dát, CRC - detekcia chýb
26 MAC rámec formát IEEE Preamble - skrátenie na 7 B SoF (start of frame, SFD - start of frame delimiter): pre kompatibilitu s a Length namiesto Type - počet B v dátovej časti
27 Prepínaný Ethernet (Switched Ethernet) Prepínač (switch) zásuvné karty s konektormi
28 Prepínaný Ethernet (Switched Ethernet) Prepínač (switch) 1) všetky porty na karte spojené do jednej LAN 2) každý port ukladaný do RAM na karte
29 Hub a prepínač Hub Prepínač vrstvy 2 (Layer 2 Switch) Prepínače: cut-through store-and-forward
30 Fast Ethernet, IEEE 802.3u 1. ponechať 802.3, ale zrýchliť ho IEEE 802.3u 2. úplné prepracovanie 100VG-AnyLAN, IEEE u (spätná kompatibilita, nie nové problémy s novými protokolmi)
31 Fast Ethernet
32 Fast Ethernet 100BASE-TX 2 symetrické páry (krútené dvojlinky)-vysielanie a príjem, kód 4B/5B, plný duplex STP alebo UTP kat BASE-T4 sym. páry kat. 3, nedá sa 100Mbit/s priamo 4 sym. páry 3 páry súčasne použité na vysielanie v jednom smere 3x 33a1/3 Mbit/s kód 8B/6T, využ. ternárne symboly (8 bits to 6 trits) 100BASE-FX optické vlákna
33 Fast Ethernet 100BASE-T: spoločný názov pre 100BASE-TX a T4 100BASE-FX iba prepínače
34 Príklad chrbticového Ethernetu 100 MBit/s
35 Gigabitový Ethernet, IEEE 802.3z podobne ako Fast Ethernet - spätná kompatibilita, ponechať formáty rámcov, rozhrania, pravidlá, iba konfigurácia point-to-point, 2 zariadenia na 1 kábli (počítač al. hub)
36 Gigabitový Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet: plný duplex poloduplex Riešenie: 1. padding rámcov na 512 B HARDVÉROVO 2. frame bursting, zhlukovanie rámcov
37 Gigabitový Ethernet 1000BASE-SX, 1000BASE-LX (kód. 8B/10B) iba lasery (LED nie, pomalé) 2 vlnové dĺžky 0.85 µm (Short) 1.3 µm (Long) priemery opt. vlákna 10 µm - jednomódové 50 a 62.5 µm - mnohomódové 1000BASE-CX - Copper tienené medené káble STP (kód. 8B/10B) 1000BASE-T - zväzok 4 sym. párov UTP kategórie 5
38 Média pre Gigabitový Ethernet (log. mierka)
39 Ethernet prenosové rýchlosti a vzdialenosti (log. mierka)
40 Príklad konfigurácie gigabitového Ethernetu
41 10gigabitový Ethernet, IEEE 802.3ae IEEE 802.3ae : štandard pre 10Gbit Ethernet IEEE formálne ratifikovala Gbit Ethernet: iba full-duplex 10 Gbit/s multimódové optické vlákno: do 300 m jednomódové optické vlákno: do 40 km časté označenie 10GbE
42 IEEE 802.2: Logical Link Control Podvrstva LLC Enkapsulácia
43 IEEE 802.2: LLC LLC pre siete 802.x jednotný fomát a rozhranie k sieťovej vrstve založený na HDLC 3 typy služieb nespoľahlivá datagramová služba potvrdzovaná datagramová služba spoľahlivá spojovo orientovaná služba
44 Rámce podvrstvy LLC 1B 1B 1 al. 2 B n B DSAP SSAP Riadiace pole Dáta DSAP cieľový (destination) SAP SSAP zdrojový (source) SAP Riadiace pole, závisí od typu rámca (I, S, U) Dáta z vyšších vrstiev
45 Ethernet-zhrnutie jednoduchý spoľahlivý, lacný, ľahká údžba flexibilný spolupráca s TCP/IP znásobenie rýchlostí, pridanie hubov a prepínačov, ale žiadna zmena v softvéri výhoda oproti FDDI, Fibre Channel, ATM
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