WHAT S THE LATEST WITH LAYER ONE, AND WHY DOES IT MATTER? J.R. Simmons

Transcription

1 WHAT S THE LATEST WITH LAYER ONE, AND WHY DOES IT MATTER? J.R. Simmons

2 WHAT IS LAYER ONE? Lowest layer of the OSI Model Called the Physical Layer But. 2

3 IT IS MUCH MORE THAN JUST FIBER AND COPPER CABLES 3

4 OSI MODEL 4

5 LAYER ONE INCLUDES: Data Encoding Physical medium attachment and interface characteristics Transmission technique and transmission mode Bit synchronization and Bit rate control Line configuration Physical topologies Multiplexing and circuit switching... and more 5

6 COMMON LAYER ONE TECHNOLOGIES ISDN and T-Carrier / E-Carrier Wave Division Multiplexing (DWDM and CWDM) Synchronous Optical Networks (SONET / SDH) Passive Optical Networks (PON) Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) WiFi (802.11) Bluetooth and ZigBee (802.15) Cellular such as 4G LTE 6

7 ETHERNET LAYER ONE 7

8 ISO/IEC COPPER CABLING CATEGORIES Class A: link/channel up to 100 khz using Category 1 Class B: link/channel up to 1 MHz using Category 2 Class C: link/channel up to 16 MHz using Category 3 Class D: link/channel up to 100 MHz using Category 5e Class E: link/channel up to 250 MHz using Category 6 Class E A : link/channel up to 500 MHz using Category 6 A Class F: link/channel up to 600 MHz using Category 7 Class F A : link/channel up to 1000 MHz using Category 7 A cable/connectors Class I and Class II: link/channel up to 1600 MHz MHz using Category 8.1 and 8.2 (specs under development) 8

9 WHAT HAPPENED TO CATEGORY 4 AND 5? Category 4 Designed for up to 20 MHz Up to 16 Mb/Sec Only suitable network was high-speed token ring Category 5 Class D revised from Category 5 to 5e Most Cat 5 cables will meet 5e standards 9

10 COPPER CABLING CATEGORIES Name Construction Bandwidth Common Applications Notes Level MHz Telephone & modem lines Not described in EIA/TIA recommendations. Level 2 4 MHz Terminal such as IBM 3270 Not described in EIA/TIA recommendations. Cat.3 UTP 16 MHz 10BASE-T Ethernet Unsuitable for speeds above 16 Mbit/s. Cat.4 UTP 20 MHz 16 Mbit/s [9] Token Ring Not commonly used; no longer recognized Cat.5 UTP 100 MHz 100BASE-TX Ethernet Superseded by Cat5e Cat.5e UTP 100 MHz 1000BASE-T Ethernet Same as Cat5 with better testing standards Cat.6 UTP 250 MHz 10GBASE-T Ethernet Thicker gauge cables than 5e Cat.6A U/FTP, F/UTP 500 MHz 10GBASE-T Ethernet Adds cable shielding Cat.7 F/FTP, S/FTP 600 MHz CCTV; 10GBASE-T Ethernet Fully shielded cable (pairs and overall) Cat.7A F/FTP, S/FTP 1000 MHz CCTV; 10GBASE-T Ethernet Uses all four pairs Cat.8/8.1 U/FTP, F/UTP MHz 40GBASE-T Ethernet In development Cat.8.2 F/FTP, S/FTP MHz 40GBASE-T Ethernet In development 10

11 COPPER CABLING CATEGORIES Name Construction Bandwidth Common Applications Notes Level MHz Telephone & modem lines Not described in EIA/TIA recommendations. Level 2 4 MHz Terminal such as IBM 3270 Not described in EIA/TIA recommendations. Cat.3 UTP 16 MHz 10BASE-T Ethernet Unsuitable for speeds above 16 Mbit/s. Cat.4 UTP 20 MHz 16 Mbit/s [9] Token Ring Not commonly used; no longer recognized Cat.5 UTP 100 MHz 100BASE-TX Ethernet Superseded by Cat5e Cat.5e UTP 100 MHz 1000BASE-T Ethernet Same as Cat5 with better testing standards Cat.6 UTP 250 MHz 10GBASE-T Ethernet Thicker gauge cables than 5e Cat.6A U/FTP, F/UTP 500 MHz 10GBASE-T Ethernet Adds cable shielding Cat.7 F/FTP, S/FTP 600 MHz CCTV; 10GBASE-T Ethernet Fully shielded cable (pairs and overall) Cat.7A F/FTP, S/FTP 1000 MHz CCTV; 10GBASE-T Ethernet Uses all four pairs Cat.8/8.1 U/FTP, F/UTP MHz 40GBASE-T Ethernet In development Cat.8.2 F/FTP, S/FTP MHz 40GBASE-T Ethernet In development 11

12 THE 5E VERSUS 6A DEBATE Cat 6a is: More expensive cable More expensive termination hardware Thicker cables need more room in conduits, risers, etc. More difficult to work with & terminate = higher labor costs Do you really need 10 Gig to the desktop? By the time you might, will technology have changed? 12

13 THE LATEST IS NOT ALWAYS THE GREATEST (RECOMMENDATION) 13

14 FUTURE PROOFING IS NOT EASY IS IT EVEN NECESSARY? FOUR EXAMPLES: 1. Multi-tenant building in LA in Chicago Hospital in early 1990s 3. Large Credit Union in Microsoft today 14

15 FIBER CABLING CATEGORIES Multimode Fiber (minimum modal bandwidth at 850 nm): OM1: 62.5 µm core; 200 MHz km OM2: 50 µm core; 500 MHz km OM3: 50 µm core; 2000 MHz km OM4: 50 µm core; 4700 MHz km Single-mode Fiber: OS1: 1 db/km attenuation OS2: 0.4 db/km attenuation 15

16 FIBER DEVELOPMENT MODULAR OM4 16

17 FREE-SPACE OPTICS High Bandwidth up to 2.5Gbps (full duplex) License-Free fast deployment (worldwide) Reliable no RF saturation and interference Highly Secure invisible beams of light 17

18 FREE SPACE OPTICS DISADVANTAGES - PRIMARILY SIGNAL DISRUPTIONS Fog and smog can reflect, absorb, and scatter the signal Rain and snow can absorb and scatter the signal Physical obstructions can include birds, cranes, new construction, and even building or mounting sway Scintillation (heat rising from the earth) Background light sources, including the sun Also, some safety concerns (lasers & high voltage) 18

19 AND NOW: A short byte of history 19

20 In 1880 Alexander Graham Bell and assistant Charles Sumner Tainter created the Photophone, in Washington, DC. Bell considered it his most important invention. The device allowed for the transmission of sound on a beam of light. On June 3, 1880, Bell conducted the world's first wireless telephone transmission between two buildings, about 700 feet apart. FIRST FREE SPACE OPTICS, TOO! 20

21 Norman Abramson, a professor at the University of Hawaii, developed the world s first wireless computer communication network, using low-cost ham-like radios (UHF channels) ALOHAnet became operational in June, 1971 First use of random-access method later used in Ethernet The system included seven computers deployed over four islands to communicate with the central computer on the Oahu Island without using phone lines FIRST WIRELESS PACKET DATA NETWORK 21

22 WIRELESS LAYER ONE: CELLULAR 3G 2 Mbps peak download 4G LTE 10 Mbps peak download 4G LTE A 1 Gbps peak download 5G 10 to 20 Gbps peak download with 1 MS Latency 22

23 What happens if the Long Term Evolution doesn t last very long? CNET, September 28, 2015: Europe inks deal with China to develop 5G mobile networks 23

24 WIRELESS LAYER ONE: WIFI Wireless Standards IEEE Standard a b g n ac ax Year Released TBD Frequency 5 GHz 2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz 2.4/5 GHz 5 GHz 5 GHz Max. Total Data Rate 54 Mbps 11 Mbps 54 Mbps 600 Mbps >1 Gbps ~14 Gbps Typical Range Indoors 100 ft. 100 ft. 125 ft. 225 ft. 225 ft. 225 ft. Typical Range Outdoors 400 ft. 450 ft. 450 ft. 750 ft. 750 ft. 750 ft. Channel Bandwidth 20MHz 20MHz 20MHz 20MHz & 40MHz 20, 40, 80, 160 MHz 40, 80, 160 MHz 24

25 DIRECTIONAL ANTENNAS 25

26 MORE LAYER ONE ELECTRONICS: SYNCHRONOUS OPTICAL NETWORKS (SONET) Non-North America version is Synchronous Digital Hierarchy Originally designed to transport TDM Circuits (DS1 / DS3) Protocol neutral could handle ATM, IP, Ethernet Basic unit of transport is STM-1, equal to an OC-3 (~155 Mbps) Also provides for an STS-1, equal to an OC-1 (51.84 Mbps) Can be configured up to OC-768 (~39 Gbps) 26

27 SYNCHRONOUS OPTICAL NETWORKS (SONET) 27

28 SYNCHRONOUS OPTICAL NETWORKS (SONET) 28

29 MORE LAYER ONE ELECTRONICS: PASSIVE OPTICAL NETWORKS (PON) Point to multi-point Only uses fiber and passive components: Splitters Combiners Wave Division Multiplexing (WDM) to define use No active components: Amplifiers Repeaters Switches 29

30 PASSIVE OPTICAL NETWORKS (PON) 30

31 PASSIVE OPTICAL NETWORKS (PON) APON based on Asynchronous Transfer Mode no longer used BPON (Broadband) 622 Mbps down, 155 Mbps up GPON (Gigabit) Gbps down, Gbps up TDMA to allocate timeslot per user (typically 1:32 or 1:64) Can encapsulate Ethernet, IP, TCP, UDP, T1/E1, video, ATM, etc. EPON (Ethernet) 1.25 Gbps down and up; aka GEPON No conversion or encapsulation needed for Ethernet transmission XGPON 10 Gbps down and 2.5 Gbps up; aka 10G-PON Can co-exist with GPON (different wavelengths) Designed to handle HDTV as an OTT service 31

32 UP NEXT: WDM-PON 32

33 LAYER ONE PLUMBING 33

34 LAYER ONE PLUMBING 34

35 COOL RACKS 35

36 SIX COMMON GROUNDING MISTAKES 1: Not understanding impedance guidelines 2: Wrapping ground wire 3: Undersized ground wire 4: Bad wire connections 5: Poor technology selection 6: Lack of single grounding point 36

37 MORE COOL LAYER ONE TECH: INTELLIGENT LOW VOLTAGE LIGHTING Most lighting controls are overlay systems wireless or wired network connection to controller Uses existing ac lighting power infrastructure Low-voltage lighting control systems Powers LED light fixtures, longer lasting Provides integrated building intelligence Greater energy savings More granular control Lower heat output, lower HVAC costs 37

38 INTELLIGENT LOW VOLTAGE LIGHTING 38

39 INTELLIGENT LOW VOLTAGE LIGHTING Rigid Conduit With AC - $8 /ft. Flex Conduit With AC - $6 /ft. Low Voltage Wire - $0.25 /ft. 39

40 CONSULTING OPPORTUNITIES EVERYWHERE COMgroup Projects: Data Center design New buildings (inside wiring, entrance, closets) Physical infrastructure refresh College Campus projects; wired and wireless Airport conversion from digital to IP WiFi and Audio/Visual technology upgrades Fiber optic & microwave WAN analysis 40

41 THANK YOU! QUESTIONS? J.R. Simmons, President