Transmission and Media
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1 Transmission and Media Lecture 3 and 4 Ir. Muhamad Asvial, MSc., PhD Center for Information and Communication Engineering Research (CICER) Electrical Engineering Department - University of Indonesia asvial@ee.ui.ac.id Slide 1
2 Public switched telephone network (PSTN) Major Components of the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN): Switching Offices, Transmission facilities, Customer Premise Equipment Switching Office Switching Office CPE CPE Slide 2 Transmission Facilities
3 Digital Telephony Digital Trunking Switch Switch Analog Loop Digital Network POTS CB Switch Digital Loop Digital Network ISDN Switch Slide 3
4 Digital Telephony T1 and E1/J1 Sampling Frequency Channel Bit Rate Time Slots per Frame Channels per Frame Bits per Frame T1 ITU-T T G khz 8 khz E1/J1 ITU-T T G.732 DS0 64 kbps DS0 64 kbps x = x 8 = 256 Framing Framing Indicator D4/Super Frame (12) Extended Super Frame (24) 193rd Bit of Frame E1: Multiframe (16) J1: CRV in Bit 1 of frame kbps Word of 7 Bits in the 0 Channel of Odd Frames System Bit Rate 8,000 x 193 = Mbps 8,000 x 256 = Mbps Signaling Slide 4 Robbed Bit Channel Associated Signaling D4/Super Frame LSB/Channel Frame 6 and 12 Frames 6, 12, 18, 24 E1: CCS in TS 16 Extended Super Frame CAS in TS 16 2 Ch Every Other Frame LSB/Channel J1: TS0 36
5 Bandwidth Requirements Voice Band Traffic Encoding/ Compression G.711 PCM A-Law/ Law/u-Law Result Bit Rate 64 kbps (DS0) G.726 ADPCM 16, 24, 32, 40 kbps G.729 CS-ACELP G.728 LD-CELP G CELP 8 kbps 16 kbps 6.3/5.3 kbps Variable Slide 5
6 Voice Network Transport Voice Network Transport is typically TDM circuitbased: T1/E1 DS3/E3 SONET (OC3, OC12, etc.) But can also be packet-based: ATM Frame Relay IP Slide 6
7 Delay Sender Receiver PBX Network PBX First Bit Transmitted A A Last Bit Received Processing Delay Network Transit Delay End-to-End Delay Processing Delay t Slide 7
8 Voice Transport and Delay Cumulative Transmission Path Delay High Quality Satellite Quality CB Zone Fax Relay, Broadcast Delay Target Time (msec) Slide 8
9 Delay Variation Jitter Sender Receiver Network A B C Sender Transmits t A B C Sink Receives D 1 D 2 = D 1 D 3 = D 2 t Slide 9
10 ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network Part of a network architecture Definition for the access to the network Allows access to multiple services through a single access Standards-based ITU recommendations Proprietary implementations Slide 10
11 Network Access Customer Equipment (PBX) Traditional Access Public packet switched network PSTN (CO Lines) 800 Tie Trunks FX Private line data Customer Equipment (PBX) ISDN Access Telephone Switch Public packet switched network PSTN (CO Lines) 800 Tie Trunks FX Private line data Slide 11
12 Terminology B Channel Bearer Channel 64 Kbps Carries information (voice, data, video, etc) DS-0 Slide 12
13 Terminology (Cont.) D Channel Signaling Channel 16 Kbps or 64 Kbps Carries instructions between customer equipment and network Carries information Can also carry packet switch data (X.25) for the public packet switched network Slide 13
14 Terminology (Cont.) BRA/BRI (Basic Rate Access/Basic Rate Interface) 2 B + D 2 x 64 Kbps + 16 Kbps = 144 Kbps (not including overhead) designed to operate using the average local copper pair Slide 14
15 Terminology (Cont.) PRA/PRI (Primary Rate Access/Primary Rate Interface) 23 B + D 23 x 64 Kbps + 64 Kbps = Mbps (not including overhead) Designed to operate using DS-1/E1 In Europe 30 B + D Optional backup D channel. Slide 15
16 Network Architecture ISDN is an access specification to a network Common Channel Signalling Network and Database ISDN PBX PRA Telco Switch Circuit Switched Services Dedicated Circuit Services Telco Switch BRA NT1 Public Packet Network Slide 16
17 Network Addressing LEC IXC LEC Dials: PBX PSTN E.164 Addressing PBX 1234 Dials: VCI/VPI WAN VCI/VPI Slide 17
18 56 k Technology (modem connection) Analog line Digital line Access server Telephone switch? Telephone switch Modem <= 33,6 kbps Modem Telephone switch Access server Modem <= 56 kbps <= 33,6 kbps ISDN, E1,.. Slide 18
19 Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line ADSL ADSL is the #1 Broadband Choice in the World with over 60% market share ADSL is now available in every region of the world ADSL is capable of providing up to 50 Mbp, and supports voice, video and data. The new DSL network is IP-centric There is broad equipment interoperability and there are currently established test specifications for ADSL, ADSL2plus, SHDSL, and VDSL Finally, ADSL and home networking are a natural fit as DSL effectively supports multiple applications for multiple uses via each DSL connection. Slide 19
20 ADSL Networks Video Servers ADSL Internet Broadband Network Telephone Network 1.5 to 8Mbit/s 9.6 to 640kbit/s Live Broadcast Slide 20
21 ADSL Modem Structure Mbit/s Mbit/s kbit/s ADSL Modem Line ADSL Modem kbit/s POTS Filter POTS Filter POTS Linecard Exchange End Customer End Slide 21
22 DSL Modem Technology DSL Service Max. Data Rate Down/Uplink (bps) Line Coding Technology Analog Voice Support Max. Reach (km-feet) VDSL Very High Bit Rate DSL 25M/1.6M or 8M/8M??? Yes.9 3,000 ADSL Asymmetric DSL 8M/1M CAP & DMT Yes ,000 IDSL ISDN DSL 144K/144K 2B1Q No ,000 SDSL Symmetric DSL 768K/768K 2B1Q / CAP No ,000 Residential SOHO HDSL2 High Bit Rate DSL 1.5M 2.0M/ 1.5M 2.0M Optic No ,000 Business Trade-off is Reach vs. Bandwidth Reach numbers imply Clean Copper Different layer 1 transmission technologies, need a common upper protocol layer to tie them together Slide 22
23 Frequency Spectrum Utilization 0 Transmit Power Spectra ISDN 2B1Q RADSL Upstream RADSL Downstream (1088 baud) 40 PSD (dbm/hz) HDSL 2B1Q T1 AMI frequency (khz) Slide 23
24 End-to-End ADSL Architecture PSTN ATU-R DSLAM IP IP ATM/ Frame Relay Network ISP ISP Local Loop ATU-R L2/L3 Services Aggregator Central Office UCP Broadband Network Corporate Content Providers Slide 24
25 ADSL Data Bypass CPE SMB/SOHO Central Office POTS Splitter ADSL MDF L2/L3 Engine Residential Splitter POTS Splitter ADSL DSLAM Content Providers Slide 25 Copper Loop
26 Generic xdsl Implementation Central Office Telephone Switch Remote Location Corporation or ISP Data Network xdsl Modem Splitter POTS Single Pair Telephone Line xdsl Modem An Access Solution: Connects Remote User to Central Office as a Dedicated Circuit Slide 26
27 HDSL/SDSL Data Network Advantages HDSL/SDSL Modems Proven technology Uses in-place copper loops Reduces load on C.O. switch MDF <> 2 MB Disadvantages HDSL/SDSL Modem Two maximum data rate POTS requires second line Few vendor choices Slide 27
28 IDSL Voice Network Data Network Advantages Reduces load on C.O. switch Uses standard ISDN equipment Inexpensive to deploy MDF POTS <>128 Kbps ISDN T/A Disadvantages Limited data rate Second line for POTS Slide 28
29 VDSL Data Network SONET < 52 MB 2 MB > VDSL Modem Advantages Enormous data rate Uses in-place copper loops Avoids C.O. switch Disadvantages No standards Limited ongoing development Unavailable Short distance limit Slide 29
30 Building End-to-End Networks and Services Power Branch Small-Medium Enterprise Residential Telecommuter Cisco 2500/2600/ x/633 VoIP Cisco 140x/1600/1700 Cisco 67x Cisco 62x Cisco 77x/1004/1604 Cisco 60x Slide 30 S p l i t t e r Cisco DLC Cisco AS5300 Cisco 6xxx Cisco 90i DSL PoP V POTS/PSTN SSG Cisco 6400 CCE IP/TV TIBCO CPC Circuit Core Cisco BPX Core Cisco GSR Core ISPs Corporate Government U N I V E R S I T Y Education Cisco 3600, 7200, 6400
31 Cable Modem A digital service offered by cable television companies Data Over Cable Service Interface Specifications (DOCSIS) Most common protocol used for cable modems Not a formal standard Offers vary (depends on the quality of cable plant) In theory: downstream: 27-55Mbps; upstream: 2-10 Mpbs Typical: downstream: Mbps; upstream Mbps A few cable companies offer downstream services only Upstream communications using regular telephone lines Cable modems: use shared multipoint circuits All messages on the circuit heard by all computers on the circuit security issue customers per cable segment Slide 31
32 Basic Cable Modem Architecture Customer Premises Cable Modem Cable Company Fiber Node Cable Splitter Downstream Combiner Optical/ Electrical Converter Hub Cable Company Distribution Hub Upstream TV Computer Computer Customer Premises Customer Premises Slide 32 TV Video Network Router Shared Coax Cable System Cable Company Fiber Node Cable Modem Termination System ISP POP
33 Slide 33 Hybrid Fiber Coax
34 Fiber in the CATV Network Fiber Optic will increase quality, reliability, and operational savings. Fiber Optic is economically competitive in comparison with coaxial cable. Fiber Optic offers the opportunity of two-way services, fact that will increment revenues for the company. Fiber Optic networks are fully expandable, with large capacities to provide countless services. Slide 34
35 T Carrier System Twisted Wire to Cable System Slide 35
36 Slide 36 Fiber Communication
37 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Designed by phone companies Single technology meant to handle Voice Video Data Intended as LAN or WAN End-to-end (application to application) Connection-oriented interface: Establish connection Send data Close connection Performance guarantees (statistical) Uses cell switching Slide 37
38 ATM Cell, Virtual Circuit ATM cell: 53 byte; 48 bytes of data and 5 bytes of header information Slide 38
39 Wireless Communications Next Semester Cellular Phone WLAN: WIFI WIMAX WMAN: Slide 39
40 Radio System Propagation Slide 40
41 Satellite Communications Large communication area. Any two places within the coverage of radio transmission by satellite can communicate with each other. Seldom effected by land disaster (high reliability) Circuit can be started upon establishing earth station (prompt circuit starting) Can be received at many places simultaneously, and realize broadcast, multi-access communication economically( feature of multi-access) Very flexible circuit installment, can disperse over-centralized traffic at any time. One channel can be used in different directions or areas (multi-access connecting). Slide 41
42 Integrated Futures Inter Satellite Link (ISL) SAT-HAPS Links Satellite Diversity Inter HAPS Link HAPS Backhaul link Satellite ground station Communications/Broadcast via HAPS Terrestrial UMTS Core Network Network Core Slide 42 HAPS ground station
43 Capability Satellite-Fiber Comparison Comparing Satellite and Fiber Characteristics Fiber Optic Cable Systems 10 Gbps-3.2 Terabits/second* Geo Satellite in a Global System Meo Satellite in a Global System Leo Satellite in a Constellation Transmission Speed Single Sat 1 Gbps-10 Gbps Single Sat 0.5 Gbps- 5 Gbps Single Sat.01 Gbps-2Gbps Quality of Service Transmission 25 to 50 ms 250 ms ms ms latency System 93 to 99.5% 99.98% (C-Ku band) 99.9% (C-Ku band) 99.5% (L-C-Ku band) Availability w/o 99% (Ka band) 99% (Ka band) 99% (Ka band)) Backup Broadcasting Low to Nil High Low Low Capabilities Multi-casting Low High High Medium Capabilities Trunking Very High High Medium Low Capabilities Mobile Services Nil Medium-to-High High High Slide 43
44 FREQUENCY Narrow band systems L-band GHz downlink, uplink S-band GHz downlink GHz uplink C-band GHz downlink, GHz uplink X-band GHz downlink, GHz uplink A few 10s to 100s khz of bandwidth only Wideband/broadband systems Ku-band - about GHz downlink, GHz uplink Exact frequencies depend on applications (fixed, DBS etc.) 36 MHz of channel bandwidth; enough for typical Mbps applications Ka-band - about GHz downlink, GHz uplink 500 MHz of channel bandwidth; enough for gigabit applications GHz of bandwidth Q-band - in the 40 GHz V-band - 60 GHz downlink - 50 GHz uplink Slide 44
45 Satellite Services Voice & Data Bandwidth on Demand Video Broadcasting Cable TV distribution Corporate Network Private network (VSATs) IP Traffic Internet backbone connectivity Trunking Direct to Home Distance Learning Broadband interactive service Store & Forward Video contribution (backhaul of content from production to uplink, eg.sng Telemedicine In-fligh aircraft service Rural telepony Video on demand Internet direct acces Slide 45
46 Broadband Wireless and Mobile Applications Telemedicine Teleworking E-Government Distance Learning Homeland Security E-Commerce Applications for People with Disabilities Utility Application Information Gathering Tourism In Flight Office , Fax, Phone, File transfer, Video Conferencing In Flight Entertainment Gamble, Phone, Live TV Multimedia and Web Browsing for Train Passengers Audio/Video Streaming What is the technology that best serves these applications? Slide 46
47 GPS Just a timer, 24 satellite Calculation position Slide 47
48 Slide 48 Discussion
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