DOWNLOAD PDF PT. 1. PERSONAL COMPUTERS. PROCESSING INFORMATION: INSIDE THE PC

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1 Chapter 1 : Personal computer Upkeep And Repair Tutorials For Desktop Laptop Pc Technology The central processing unit (CPU), also called a processor, is located inside the computer case on the motherboard. It is sometimes called the brain of the computer, and its job is to carry out commands. This lesson will help you master some of the basic terminology and understand a bit more about what goes on inside a computer. The motherboard connects directly or indirectly to every part of the computer. It is sometimes called the brain of the computer, and its job is to carry out commands. The CPU is usually a two-inch ceramic square with a silicon chip located inside. The chip is usually about the size of a thumbnail. A faster processor can execute instructions more quickly. However, the actual speed of the computer depends on the speed of many different componentsâ not just the processor. Whenever your computer performs calculations, it temporarily stores the data in the RAM until it is needed. This short-term memory disappears when the computer is turned off. When you save a file, the data is written to the hard drive, which acts as long-term storage. The more RAM you have, the more things your computer can do at the same time. Because of this, many people add extra RAM to their computers to improve performance. Hard drive The hard drive is where your software, documents, and other files are stored. The hard drive is long-term storage, which means the data is still saved even if you turn the computer off or unplug it. When you run a program or open a file, the computer copies some of the data from the hard drive onto the RAM. When you save a file, the data is copied back to the hard drive. The faster the hard drive, the faster your computer can start up and load programs. Power supply unit The power supply unit in a computer converts the power from the wall outlet to the type of power needed by the computer. It sends power through cables to the motherboard and other components. If you decide to open the computer case and take a look, make sure to unplug the computer first. Before touching the inside of the computer, you should touch a grounded metal objectâ or a metal part of the computer casingâ to discharge any static buildup. Static electricity can be transmitted through the computer circuits, which can seriously damage your machine. Expansion cards Most computers have expansion slots on the motherboard that allow you to add various types of expansion cards. These are sometimes called PCI peripheral component interconnect cards. You may never need to add any PCI cards because most motherboards have built-in video, sound, network, and other capabilities. However, if you want to boost the performance of your computer or update the capabilities of an older computer, you can always add one or more cards. Below are some of the most common types of expansion cards. Video card The video card is responsible for what you see on the monitor. Most computers have a GPU graphics processing unit built into the motherboard instead of having a separate video card. If you like playing graphics-intensive games, you can add a faster video card to one of the expansion slots to get better performance. Sound card The sound cardâ also called an audio cardâ is responsible for what you hear in the speakers or headphones. Most motherboards have integrated sound, but you can upgrade to a dedicated sound card for higher-quality sound. Network card The network card allows your computer to communicate over a network and access the Internet. It can either connect with an Ethernet cable or through a wireless connection often called Wi-Fi. Many motherboards have built-in network connections, and a network card can also be added to an expansion slot. Bluetooth card or adapter Bluetooth is a technology for wireless communication over short distances. Page 1

2 Chapter 2 : Computer Basics: Inside a Computer They are used for games, personal information management, word processing, and general tasks. Main Frame Computers Handles large numbers of networked computers or terminals. Vacuum Tubes The first computer systems used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. These computers were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, the first computers generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions. First generation computers relied on machine language, the lowest-level programming language understood by computers, to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time. It would take operators days or even weeks to set-up a new problem. Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts. Census Bureau in Transistors The world would see transistors replace vacuum tubes in the second generation of computers. The transistor was invented at Bell Labs in but did not see widespread use in computers until the late s. The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-generation predecessors. Though the transistor still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage, it was a vast improvement over the vacuum tube. Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output. From Binary to Assembly Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words. These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology. The first computers of this generation were developed for the atomic energy industry. Integrated Circuits The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers. Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory. Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors. An integrated circuit IC is a small electronic device made out of a semiconductor material. Microprocessors Present The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. What in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the hand. In IBM introduced its first computer for the home user, and in Apple introduced the Macintosh. Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more and more everyday products began to use microprocessors. As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet. Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices. Artificial Intelligence Present and Beyond Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in years to come. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization. Page 2

3 Chapter 3 : Computer Basics: Basic Parts of a Computer Processing information: inside the PC --Storing information: disks, discs, and flash --Getting information in: input --Getting information out: output --pt. 2. Windows and file management. Windows and file management. Each part plays an important role whenever you use a computer. Watch the video below to learn about the basic parts of a desktop computer. Computer case The computer case is the metal and plastic box that contains the main components of the computer, including the motherboard, central processing unit CPU, and power supply. Computer cases come in different shapes and sizes. A desktop case lies flat on a desk, and the monitor usually sits on top of it. A tower case is tall and sits next to the monitor or on the floor. All-in-one computers come with the internal components built into the monitor, which eliminates the need for a separate case. Monitor The monitor works with a video card, located inside the computer case, to display images and text on the screen. These can be made very thin, and they are often called flat-panel displays. Older monitors use CRT cathode ray tube displays. CRT monitors are much larger and heavier, and they take up more desk space. Keyboard The keyboard is one of the main ways to communicate with a computer. There are many different types of keyboards, but most are very similar and allow you to accomplish the same basic tasks. Click the buttons in the interactive below to learn about the different parts of the keyboard. The Print Screen key takes a picture of your screen called a screenshot that you can edit or save using a graphics program. Escape Key The Escape Esc key allows you to stop a function or action. For example, if a webpage is taking a long time to load, you can press the Escape key to stop loading it. Function Keys The function keys are labeled F1 through F Some programs use these keys as shortcuts for common tasks. For example, in many programs, F1 opens the Help file. Tab Key The Tab key is used to create indents in word processing programs. Also, if you are filling out a form online, you can use the Tab key to switch to the next field. Alphanumeric Keys The main part of the keyboard includes the alphanumeric keys letters and numbers and the spacebar. Typically, you hold down Ctrl, Alt, or Shift and then type another key to perform a specific task. Arrow Keys The arrow keys are used for many different purposes, including moving the cursor, scrolling a document, and controlling a game. Numeric Keypad The numeric keypad resembles a calculator keypad. Many users find that it is easier to type numbers using this keypad. On some keyboards, these keys double as arrow keys. Backspace Key The Backspace key erases the character to the left of the cursor. Enter The Enter key executes commands. For example, while on the Internet, you can type a website address and then press Enter to go to the site. It is also used to start a new line in word processing programs. Home and End These move the cursor to the beginning or end of the current line. Insert and Delete Insert: This switches between insert mode which inserts new text without deleting anything and overtype mode which deletes text after the cursor as you type. This erases the character to the right of the cursor. Page Up and Page Down These scroll a document or webpage up or down. If you want to learn how to type or improve your touch-typing skills, check out our free Typing Tutorial. Mouse The mouse is another important tool for communicating with computers. Commonly known as a pointing device, it lets you point to objects on the screen, click on them, and move them. There are two main mouse types: The optical mouse uses an electronic eye to detect movement and is easier to clean. The mechanical mouse uses a rolling ball to detect movement and requires regular cleaning to work properly. To learn the basics of using a mouse, check out our interactive Mouse Tutorial. Mouse alternatives There are other devices that can do the same thing as a mouse. Many people find them easier to use, and they also require less desk space than a traditional mouse. The most common mouse alternatives are below. A trackball has a ball that can rotate freely. Instead of moving the device like a mouse, you can roll the ball with your thumb to move the pointer. A touchpadâ also called a trackpadâ is a touch-sensitive pad that lets you control the pointer by making a drawing motion with your finger. Touchpads are common on laptop computers. Page 3

4 Chapter 4 : Free Computers Flashcards about Pt 1-Database Cpts Get this from a library! Personal computing demystified. [Larry E Long] -- A guide to using a personal computer covers such topics as hardware, software, Microsoft Windows, buying a PC, the Internet, digital media, PC games, and computer networking. Logging in Enter your user name and password. This brings you to the Edit My Profile screen. From the Address drop-down menu select a correspondence address or check the box to indicate that you want to use a different address and enter the desired address in the appropriate fields. Click FIND to search for the provider. Your search results will appear at the bottom of the page. Select COPY for the provider in the search results. If this is the same information that appears in the Prescriber Address screen, click the Copy same address as Prescriber checkbox. In the Facility Medical Treatment Service Description screen, enter the medical treatment type, duration, and frequency of treatment. Answer all questions on the next screen. Review and verify the information displayed in the Facility Summary Verification screen. To change any of the information, click EDIT. In the PT-1 Form Request Summary screen, the status will be pending and a confirmation number will be given. Keep this number for your records. The member will receive a letter approving or denying the request. In the Provider ID field, enter your provider number and enter any other identifying information in the applicable fields. Feedback Did you find what you were looking for on this webpage? Please do not include personal or contact information. If you need a response, please locate the contact information elsewhere on this page or in the footer. Is there anything else you would like to tell us? We use your feedback to help us improve this site but we are not able to respond directly. Page 4

5 Chapter 5 : How to Build a Computer - wikihow An electronic device that operates under the control of instructions that are stored in its memory. It accepts data, processes the data, produces results, and stores the results for future use. The hardware of a computer is infrequently changed, while software and data are modified frequently. The term soft refers to readily created, modified, or erased. These are unlike the physical components within the computer which are hard. When you think of the term computer hardware you probably think of the guts inside your personal computer at home or the one in your classroom. However, computer hardware does not specifically refer to personal computers. Instead, it is all types of computer systems. Computer hardware is in embedded systems in automobiles, microwave ovens, CD players, DVD players, and many more devices. In, only 0. How many other things in your house or your classroom use computer hardware? It is the central circuit board making up a complex electronic system. A motherboard provides the electrical connections by which the other components of the system communicate. The mother board includes many components such as: It is sometimes referred to as the brain of the computer. The first step, fetch, involves retrieving an instruction from program memory. In the decode step, the instruction is broken up into parts that have significance to other portions of the CPU. During the execute step various portions of the CPU, such as the arithmetic logic unit ALU and the floating point unit FPU are connected so they can perform the desired operation. The final step, writeback, simply writes back the results of the execute step to some form of memory. RAM attaches directly to the motherboard, and is used to store programs that are currently running. RAM is a set of integrated circuits that allow the stored data to be accessed in any order why it is called random. There are many different types of RAM. Distinctions between these different types include: It is a computer program that is embedded in a hardware device, for example a microcontroller. As it name suggests, firmware is somewhere between hardware and software. Like software, it is a computer program which is executed by a microprocessor or a microcontroller. But it is also tightly linked to a piece of hardware, and has little meaning outside of it. Most devices attached to modern systems are special-purpose computers in their own right, running their own software. Its case holds a transformer, voltage control, and usually a cooling fan. The power supply converts about volts of AC power to low-voltage DC power for the internal components to use. The most common computer power supplies are built to conform with the ATX form factor. This enables different power supplies to be interchangable with different components inside the computer. ATX power supplies also are designed to turn on and off using a signal from the motherboard, and provide support for modern functions such as standby mode. There are many different removable media devices. The most popular are probably CD and DVD drives which almost every computer these days has at least one of. There are some new disc drives such as Blu-ray which can hold a much larger amount of information then normal CDs or DVDs. One type of removable media which is becoming less popular is floppy disk. They are inexpensive but also have short life-span. There are a few different kinds of CDs. CD-ROM which stands for Compact Disc read-only memory are popularly used to distribute computer software although any type of data can be stored on them. CD-R is another variation which can only be written to once but can be read many times. CD-RW rewritable can be written to more than once as well as read more than once. The CD writer drive can read and write a CD. Both kinds of CD drives are called optical disc drives because the use a laser light or electromagnetic waves to read or write data to or from a CD. The main uses for DVDs are video and data storage. Most DVDs are of the same dimensions as compact discs. Just like CDs there are many different variations. Its main uses are high-definition video and data storage. Blu-ray discs have similar devices used to read them and write to them as CDs have. Floppy disks are read and written by a floppy disk drive. Floppy disks are a dying and being replaced by the optical and flash drives. Many new computers do not come with floppy drives anymore but there are a lot of older ones with floppy drives lying around. While floppy disks are very cheap the amount of storage on them compared to the amount of storage for the price of flash drives Page 5

6 makes floppy disks unreasonable to use. There are a few different types of internal storage. Hard disks are the most popular type of internal storage. Solid-state drives have grown in popularity slowly. A disk array controller is popular when you need more storage then a single har disk can hold. Just about every new computer comes with a hard disk these days unless it comes with a new solid-state drive. An SSD emulates a hard disk drive, thus easily replacing it in any application. SSDs are currently more expensive per unit of capacity than HDDs which is why they have not caught on so quickly. It almost always implements hardware RAID. A disk array controller also provides additional disk cache. Page 6

7 Chapter 6 : Computer Terminology - Input and Output A personal computer is a multi-purpose computer whose size, capabilities, and price make it feasible for individual use. PCs are intended to be operated dire. The LCD consists of several thin layers that polarize the light passing through them. The polarization of one layer, containing long thin molecules called liquid crystals, can be controlled electronically at each pixel, blocking varying amounts of the light to make a pixel lighter or darker. Other types of flat panel technology exist such as plasma displays but LCDs are most commonly used in computers, especially laptops. Older LCDs had slow response times and low contrast, but active matrix LCD screens have a transparent thin film transistor TFT controlling each pixel, so response, contrast, and viewing angle are much improved. Flat panel displays are much lighter and less bulky than CRT monitors, and they consume much less power. They have been more expensive than CRTs in the past, but the price gap is narrowing. You will see many more flat panels in the future. As with CRTs, the display size of a flat panel is expressed in inches, and the resolution is the number of pixels horizontally and vertically on the display. Ink Jet Printer Flat panel display LCD For hardcopy printed output, you need some kind of printer attached to your computer or available over a network. The most common type of printer for home systems is the color ink jet printer. These printers form the image on the page by spraying tiny droplets of ink from the print head. The printer needs several colors of ink cyan, yellow, magenta, and black to make color images. Some photo-quality ink jet printers have more colors of ink. Ink jet printers are inexpensive, but the cost of consumables ink cartridges and special paper make them costly to operate in the long run for many purposes. Laser Printer Inkjet Printer A laser printer produces good quality images by the same technology that photocopiers use. A drum coated with photosensitive material is charged, then an image is written onto it by a laser or LEDs which makes those areas lose the charge. The drum then rolls through toner tiny plastic particles of pigment that are attracted to the charged areas of the drum. The toner is then deposited onto the paper, and then fused into the paper with heat. Most laser printers are monochrome one color only, usually black, but more expensive laser printers with multiple color toner cartridges can produce color output. Laser printers are faster than ink jet printers. Their speed is rated in pages per minute ppm. Other Printers Laser Printer Multi-function printers are available that not only operate as a computer printer, but also include the hardware needed to be a scanner, photocopier, and FAX machine as well. Dot matrix printers use small electromagnetically activated pins in the print head, and an inked ribbon, to produce images by impact. These printers are slow and noisy, and are not commonly used for personal computers anymore but they can print multi-layer forms, which neither ink jet or laser printers can. Sound Output Computers also produce sound output, ranging from simple beeps alerting the user, to impressive game sound effects, to concert quality music. The circuitry to produce sound may be included on the motherboard, but high quality audio output from a PC usually requires a sound card in one of the expansion slots, connected to a set of good quality external speakers or headphones. Multimedia is a term describing computer output that includes sound, text, graphics, movies, and animation. A sound card is an example of a multimedia output device as is a monitor that can display graphics. Chapter 7 : What is a PC - Personal Computer? Webopedia Definition What part of the computer is responsible for executing instructions to process information? processor What do you call each 1 or 0 used in the representation of computer data? Chapter 8 : How to Complete and Submit the PT-1 Online blog.quintoapp.com Computer network applications are network computer software applications that use the Internet or other network Page 7

8 hardware infrastructure to execute beneficial functions for instance file transfers inside a network. Chapter 9 : Manage Panel in Home windows 10 to be Altered into Personal computer Options A computer case (also known as a computer chassis, cabinet, box, tower, enclosure, housing, system unit or simply case) is the enclosure that contains most of the components of a computer (usually excluding the display, keyboard and mouse). Page 8