UWI Ergonomic assessment of company office workplace THE UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

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1 UWI Ergonomic assessment of company office workplace THE UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ESST 3101 Environmental Ergonomics Semester Project Report Project Title: Ergonomics Re-deign of Human Resource Officer Workspace Students Names and ID No.: Joshua Williams Shivani Singh Rishi Singh Date : 12/03/16 Advisors: Dr. Alexander Nikov Ms. Elizabeth Simpson 27-Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 1 of 66

2 Common overview of work space with user Left view Right view 27-Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 2 of 66

3 Leg space under desk without user 27-Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 3 of 66

4 User sitting on chair 27-Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 4 of 66

5 Phone use Potential safety hazard Use of computer mouse 27-Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 5 of 66

6 Head and Computer screen orientation 27-Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 6 of 66

7 Actual workstation dimensions Recommended workstation dimensions ergonomic-office-desk-chairkeyboard-height-calculator.html Popliteal height 58 Sitting eye height range [cm] 58 Eye height (sitting) [cm] 80 Sitting elbow height [cm] 74 Seat height to floor [cm] 50.7 Desk height [cm] Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 7 of 66

8 Desk depth [cm] 167 Desk length [cm] 152 Elbow Rest Height 23 Elbow to Elbow 57.5 Elbow to Fingertip (middle figer) Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 8 of 66

9 Buttock to Popliteal 49.5 Chair Back Support Height 43 Back Support Angle 5 Seat Pan Height 10.5 Seat Pan Depth 43 Seat Pan Angle 0 Arm Support Height 25 Arm Support Width 7 Arm Support Depth 2.3 Monitor Height Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 9 of 66

10 Angle 90 Distance (between monitor and user) 56 Keyboard Height of keyboard 3.7 Angle of keyboard 2 Distance (between keyboard and user) 5 Wrist Height (height of wrist support) 4 Mouse Height of mouse 77 Angle of mouse 2 Distance (between mouse and user) Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 10 of 66

11 Wrist Height (height of mouse support) 4 If you have specification sheets and other technical materials, they belong in the appendix. User Description Gender: Female Height: 5 6 Hands: Average size Feet: 7 ½ - 8 Tasks with or without use of computer Tasks Working Time [%] Tasks with the use of computer 95 Tasks without the use of the computer 5 Tasks without use of computer Tasks Working time [%] Phone calls 100 Tasks with the use of computer Tasks Software name, version Working time [%] Database People Soft Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 11 of 66

12 Outlook 20 Spreadsheet Excel 5 Typed Document Word 5 Workplace Lighting Measurements Workplace lighting measurement items Record the value of light emitted from a computer screen Record the value of light incident 45 cm from the display Record the value of light in the back ground above the display Record the value of illumination to the left of the display Record the value of illumination to the right of the display Record the value of light at the keyboard Point 1 Point 2 Point 3 Point 4 Average // // // // // // // // // // // // Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 12 of 66

13 Record the value of light at the mouse Record the value of illumination on the desk reading surface Record the value of light from the nearest light source Record the value of light from the nearest window Record the value of light on the document reader // // // // // // // // 45 Average 62 Work space is located near to a window with blinds. Additionally the computer itself possesses a screen cover. Both of these objects would reduce the amount of light in the workspace. 27-Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 13 of 66

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15 About Employee Years spent in company: Years spent on current workplace: Average hours per day spent at your workplace computer: Sex: M[1]/F[2] 2 Left or Right Handed: R[1] /L[2] 1 Age: 45 Glasses: no[1]/normal[2]/bifocal[3]/progressive[4]/contact lens[5] 4 Height: feet or [cm] 166 Education: High school [1], BSc [2], MSc [3], MPhil[4], PhD[5], other[6] 6 Weight [approx]: lbs or 150 Details about education: BA in Human Resources Management [kg] Problems to look for when making an assessment 1 CA {1-5} 2 Description/ways of reducing risk 3 DA {1-5} 4 Causes/Comments 5 Corrective measures/ways of reducing/eliminating HS risk 6 CA=common assessment DA=detailed assessment 1 Dimension: Work organization (tasks specification, workload, work monitoring, training) 1.1. Dimension: Task specification (What is your task?) 1. What are your job tasks? What is the relevant average percentage of working time allocated to each task? Database- Manually updating and editing the data on personnel 40% With computer - Responding to electronic correspondence from employees and administration 10% With computer Spreadsheet- Creation of excel files in order to organize information regarding to a 10% With computer 27-Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 15 of 66

16 number of different employees before entry into the database Typed Document- Reports are typed with 35% With computer regards progress and status reports on employees that fall under the purview of the human resources department Telephone calls- Calling departments to 5% With computer request or to verify information 2. What software for what tasks are you using? Percentage distribution (sum=100%) 3. You have control over workflows/tasks order. 3 People Soft Ver 9.2 Internet Explorer 7- Outlook.com Microsoft Word 2007 Microsoft Excel 2007 Yes If not explain. Some control posessed, however the general framwork may be outline be the supervisor. 4. Your job has a variety of tasks to avoid monotony and is designed to be as interesting as possible. 2 Monotony: the quality of wearisome constancy, routine, and lack of variety in the work. Routine tends to be of a standard nature, slight variations in tasks occur in the workplace. 5. You do not have overtime work. No Average overtime hours per week 1-2h [3]; 3-5h [4]; >5h [5] If not: You do not have enough time for doing your job [3-5] Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 16 of 66

17 1.2. Dimension: Workload 6. You are generally able to cope with your workload without experiencing undue stress or tension. 7. Your deadlines are well organized so that workloads remain reasonably steady. 3 If not explain. 2 If not explain. Deadlines are always given in advnance and are always met in a timely fashion. 8. When staff members are absent (sick or on leave), you have a means to avoid an unreasonable extra workload. 3 If not explain. fullcoverege [1], part of job done [2-4], no coverage [5] Temporarily assumes repsonisbility for tasks left uncompleted by persons who are sick or on leave Dimension: Work monitoring/performance control 9. There is some monitoring of your work. 10. You get feedback from supervisor about your performance. 2 If yes how? Supervisor gives minimal monitoring of work. 2 If yes how? There are minimal errors in her work Feedback is usually given for completed and submitted tasks. Feedback is generally good little to no errors present in work Dimension: Training 11. I received training in setting up the workstation for sitting and visual comfort (ergonomics/cardinus). 5 No training was provided. The workspace provided is more or less a standard set-up for the department. [1] Propose training, information material 2 Dimension: Display screens/vdu (monitor, glare) 2.1. Monitor 27-Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 17 of 66

18 12. When sitting upright and looking straight ahead, you look at/ slightly below the top edge of the monitor. 2 If monitor position is not directly in front of user, the user head is turned to the side. Rotating neck to view monitor places increased demands on neck and shoulders. [4-5] 2 Looks straight ahead, and slightly below the top edge of the screen. Head is directly over spine yet there is mild discomfort. Arrange workstation to allow for proper posture: [1] sit back in chair [2] pull keyboard to user [3] change location/height of monitor [4] position monitor directly in front of user [5] place document holder in line with monitor If your head is not directly over spine (i.e. the head is forward and the chin is out or if your head is tilted up/down [4-5] Your monitor is at a comfortable reading distance. 2 Monitor distance is not at maximum distance (>45 cm) that allows optimal clarity for the user. It is easier for the eyes to focus at a greater distance. If <45cm [5] 14. All characters on your monitor are clear, easily legible and the image is stable. 2 If software application with bad contrast between text and background colors [4-5] 4 Contrast between text and background tends to have an effect after long periods of time at the computer [1] Try using different monitor colors to reduce flicker, e.g. darker background and lighter text. [2] If problems still persists contact IT support. If intensive graphic work (eg CAD) and no large monitors with high resolution [4-5] 2 No intensive graphical work [1] Supply monitors with minimum You can adjust the brightness/contrast of the monitor. 2 Partly adjustment [4], no adjustment [5] 2 The brightness/contrast can be adjusted [1] Training needed 16. You are not using more than one monitor. 5 If more than one, how many? If wrong layout [3-5] One monitor is used Case of 2-3 monitors [1] Position the primary monitor where >50% of work is performed directly in front of user 27-Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 18 of 66

19 [2] Position the secondary monitor(s) to the sides at about a 30 0 angle to the primary monitor right or left Glare 17. Your monitor is free from glare and reflections. 2 Screens that use dark characters on a light background are less prone to glare and reflections Use a mirror placed in front of the screen to check where reflections are coming from. No glare experienced Prevent source of glare from reaching monitor by: [1] opaque vertical blinds [2] anti-glare screen filter [3] use matte LCD monitors [4] place monitor at right angles to light source(s) [5] move desk 18. Provided adjustable window coverings prevent glare/reflection and they are working. 2 Blinds are present on windows and effectively prevent glare [1] Provide blinds with vertical slats that are more suitable than horizontal ones. 19. You do not face a window(s) or don t sit with the back to window. 4 [1] Change if possible the location of workplace 20. A luminary is not located in the offending zone. 4 Offending zone = a lighting location that produces maximum veiling reflections. [1] Change if possible the location of workplace 3 Dimension: Input devices (keyboard, mouse, trackball, telephone headset) 3.1 Keyboard 27-Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 19 of 66

20 21. You can work with your keyboard in a comfortable shoulder/arm/ hand position. 2 [1] Try pushing the monitor further back to create more room for the keyboard, hands and wrists. [2] Users of thick, raised keyboards may need a wrist rest. [3] Provide ergonomic keyboard [4] when a lot of numbers provide optical mouse with numeric keypad 1. Head not balanced over shoulders [3-5]3 2. Shoulders: rounded forward, lowered or shrugged [3-5]3 3. Keyboard more than 30mm at the home row of keys [3-5]3 4. Keyboard not directly centered in front of you [3-5]4 5. Elbows not at a ~90 0 angle, just below the desk surface [3-5]3 6. Armrests of chair not at the same level as the desk surface to support your elbows [3-5]5 7. Eyes not on the copy as you work [3-5]4 8. Strike the keys with wrong fingers [3-5]3 9. Fingers curved a lot [3-5] Wrists not in line with forearms [3-5]3 3 [1] Adjust seat height so that keyboard and mouse sit just below elbow height. [2] Raise or lower adjustable work surfaces so that they are just below seated elbow height. [3] Retract keyboard feet. [4] Support arms on armrest when keying or mousing. 27-Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 20 of 66

21 11. Wrist deviated when using keyboard, mouse or input device [3-5] 2 [1] Ensure adequate space for input device. [2] Use an appropriately sized keyboard (e.g. external keyboard if laptop is used regularly on desk). 22. You use your laptop keyboard for less than 30 min/day. 5 If 0.5-1h/day [3], 1-2h [4], >2h/day [5] 5 3 The entire day is usually spent using the keyboard [1] Use extra standard keyboard 3.2 Mouse, trackball, telephone headset 23. You can work with your mouse in a comfortable shoulder/arm/hand position. Your mouse is positioned close to you. 2 Mouse is relatively close and positionis comfortable [1] Place mouse as close as possible at same height right/left beside the keyboard. [2] Use a mouse bridge (i.e. a hard surface that is placed over number pad on keyboard). [3] Use mousepad wristrest Training may be needed to: [4] prevent arm overreaching; [5] not to leave your hand on device when it is not being used; [6] relax arm straight wrist. 24. Your mouse is suitable for your tasks. 2 [1] If the user is having problems, try different device. [2] Alternative devices like touch screens/pads may be better for some tasks can be worse for others. [3] If wrist/arm pain, change arm with mouse 27-Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 21 of 66

22 25. You don t have extended telephone use (greater than 1h/day or calls exceeding 10 minutes). 4 What percentage of your working time? Cell phone and/or landline phone? A little less than 120 mins/day in total [1] If more than 1h/day--> need for headset. [2] Headset should be lightweight, comfortable and have easily adjustable volume controls If 1-2h/day [3], 2-3h/day [4], >4h/day [5] 4 Dimension: Furniture (desk, chair, footrest, document holder, wristrest/armrest) 4.1 Desk 26. Your work surface is large enough for all the necessary equipment, papers, etc. 3 If not, you need little bit more space [3], more space [4], much more space [5] User is ok with desk space spize but would not mind an increase in desk size. [1] Create more room by moving printers, reference materials etc. elsewhere. [2] If necessary, consider providing new power and telecoms sockets, so equipment can be moved. [3] If user s forearms not parallel with desk surface or arched slightly downward raise the chair. [4] Provide sufficient space for large documents, completed work or writing. 4.2 Chair 27-Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 22 of 66

23 27. Your chair is adjusted correctly and you are able to carry out your work sitting comfortably. 4 3 Ajustment of chair is sufficcinet however it does not give adequate back support. Arm rests do not impede movement. [1] Sit fully back in your chair, with your back and shoulders straight and supported by the back of the chair. [2] Adjust the chair from seated position [3] Move any obstructions from under the desk. [4] Train the user in adopting suitable postures while working [5] Use alternative chairs for dynamic sitting [6] Kneeling chair [7] Wave Stool Armrests of chairs stop you getting close enough to use your equipment comfortably [4-5] [8] Twin Back Ergonomic Chair [9] Ball chair Feet lie flat on ground with roughly a 90 [1] If seat presses into the back of knees tilt it slightly forward to alleviate any knee pressure Feet not flat on the floor with knees not at a ~90 0 angle [4-5] Seat presses into the back of knees [3-5] Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 23 of 66

24 28. Your back support position is adjusted to support spine in comfortable position. 4 Back support height does not accommodate natural curves of spine and back support angle does not encourage comfortable body postures [3-5] 4 [1] The backrest height should be adjusted to fit into the small of your back and adequately support the spine (To find the small of the back, stand with hands on waist.) [2] The backrest angle should be adjusted so that you are sitting upright while keying [3] Change backrest position when not keying. [4] Try to have straight back, supported by the chair, with relaxed shoulders. [1] Raise/lower the back rest so the small of the back is in contact with the most outward curved areas of the back support. [2] Instead attach a removable back support cushion to existing back support. Small of the back not supported by the chair s backrest [3-5] The seatpan is comfortable for you. 2 Front edge of seatpan presses into back of your knee with negative impact on circulation in lower legs [4-5] 2 [1] Choose a chair with front edge that is rounded for reducing pressure on back of legs. [2] Adjust the seat height and/or tilt so that user s thighs are parallel to floor with feet resting on floor or on a footrest. [3] Adjust chair height to get user s forearms in horizontal position, and then adjust monitor height, if necessary. [4] If unable to sit with thighs parallel to floor, or with a slight downward angle from hips to knees then adjust chair height so that feet remain flat on floor or footrest [5] Choose a chair with 2-3 fingers width between front edge of chair and back of knees. [6] Attach a removable back support cushion to existing backrest to shorten seatpan.. 27-Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 24 of 66

25 30. There is no space between spine and backrest. 3 [1] Arrange workstation to allow proper back support. (i.e. position keyboard closer to user, bring monitor closer to user). [2] Remove or lower armrests which may prevent sitting back fully due to contact with front of desk or keyboard tray. [3] Replace the seat pan if it's too long and doesn't allow for sitting back fully in chair. 4.3 Footrest 31. Your feet are flat on the floor, without too much pressure from the seat on the backs of the upper legs. 2 No footrest present however one would be desired by the user [1] Raise/lower chair to allow feet to rest comfortably flat on floor. [2] Use footrest if keyboard/desk height requires an elevated chair. Footrest not large enough and light enough to be moved easily [3-5] Height not acceptable to you [3-5] Slope not acceptable to you [3-5] Slips on floor [3-5] 4.4 Document holder 32. You don t work with a number of paper documents. 5 If >1h/day work with paper documents [4] Documents laid flat on the desk or too far from the monitor are causing awkward posture [3-5] No document holder in use, however it would enhance user work experience. [1] If >1h/day work with paper documents provide document holder [2] Use document holder that sits between you and the monitor or next to monitor. Document holder is not suitable for your work [4-5] [3] Position documents to encourage comfortable neck/head position. [4] Other items that you look at (books, copyholders, etc.) should be located appropriately 4.5 Wristrest /Armrest 27-Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 25 of 66

26 33. You have comfortable wristrest (height, length, width and slipperiness and sponginess) for your wrist and forearm. 4 If >2h/day work with keyboard/mouse [4] Wrist rest is not comfortable [1] If >2h/day work with keyboard/mouse provide wristrests for keyboard/mouse. 34. Your armrest is suitable for you, with respect to height, length, width and slipperiness and sponginess? 3 Armrests provide inadequate forearm support when keying or mousing. Hunched shoulders armrests too high [4-5] Leaning to one side armrests too low [4-5] Elbows away from the body armrests too wide [4-5] Arm rest provide support but could be better [1] Аrmrests are too low аdd padding to bring them up to a comfortable level. [2] Replace with armrests that can be adjusted to the correct height. [3] Аrmrests are too wide аdjust to bring them closer together. [4] Replace seat pan on chair with a narrower one. [5] Replace with width-adjustable armrests. 5 Dimension: Work space/ work surface/ layout/ work posture/ seating 35. Work surface height allows you to position upper body (shoulders/arms/ hands) in comfortable position to use keyboard, mouse, pens, etc. 3 Workspace is more or less comfortable [1] Adjust work surface height by deskalator [2] Adjust chair [3] Determine desk height for relevant user height [4] Use keyboard tray 27-Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 26 of 66

27 36. You have enough space for legs/feet under work surface/ desk 4 Suffcient space under desk for legs however bin under desk can get in the way of manuvering. [1] remove materials underneath desk. [2] raise desktop surface for taller individuals, or chair may be lowered if knees remain at or slightly below the hips. [3] Install keyboard tray to increase distance between monitor and desktop and provide more leg room. 37. You have sufficient space to vary your working posture and get into a comfortable position. 4 Not enough space to move, stretch and fidget [4-5] Space is just enough for movement [1] Consider re-organising the office layout and check for obstructions. [2] Cables should be tidy and not a trip or snag hazard. [3] Consider dynamic sitting by keeling, ball chairs, etc. 38. Frequently used items are within easy reach from your seated posture. 4 Frequently used items are not within normal arm reach with minimum trunk movement [4-5] Some items can tend to be just out of reach [1] Rearrange equipment, papers etc. to bring frequently used things within easy reach. 39. You have adequate and comfortable storage space for your files, supplies, reference materials and personal items 4 Poor access to office equipment inviting awkward postures and increased stress/strain on the body [4-5] Repeated or prolonged trunk bending (e.g. filing documents) [4-5] More storage space needed [1] Where possible, perform filing on a desk surface, or other surface that allows for comfortable back postures. 40. You don t have to twist your torso (e.g. reaching behind or across the body). 2 Chair is mounted on a swivel [1] If user is right-handed, arrange accessories (except telephone) to the right of the monitor. [2] Locate telephone on the left in order to answer with the left hand and take notes with the right. Opposite set-up if left handed. [3] Determine which accessories are used most frequently and locate them closest to the user. [4] Encourage users to stand up when retrieving items behind them. 27-Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 27 of 66

28 Workplace Details Take photos of the workplace showing the location of windows and lighting, the operator s direction of gaze and the direction of north. Make many photos: windows, lighting, employee, etc Actual workstation dimensions Recommended workstation dimensions Sitting eye height [cm] Sitting elbow height [cm] Seat height to floor [cm] Desk height [cm] Desk depth [cm] 167 Desk length [cm] Dimension: Environment (illumination, temperature, air flow, noise) 41. Workstation light is suitable for your work (not too bright or too dim, no glare, reflection on monitor). 3 Users should be able to control light levels, e.g. by adjusting window blinds or light switches. More light is required Window blinds are adjustable [1] Lower light levels for computer use and brighter, more direct light for hard copy. [2] Use low gloss, off-white color on surfaces. [3] Reduce the amount of light in work area, especially from ceiling-mounted light fixtures. [4] Use appropriate task lighting. [5] Consider shading or repositioning light sources or providing local lighting, e.g. desk lamps (but make sure lights don t cause glare by reflecting off walls or other surface). Too much/too little light [4-5] 27-Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 28 of 66

29 42. You have comfortable workstation temperature (AC) (22-26 o C) for work being performed 4 <22 o C or > 26 o [4-5] Air conditioning unit within close proximity of user and it can sometimes become too cold. [1] (<22 o C or > 26 o C) raise/lower temperature to individual comfort. [2] Wear more/less warm clothing [3] Use personal controls (dress in layers, personal fans, etc.) to optimize comfort 43. You feel that the air humidity is comfortable, e.g. no dry mouth 3 Monitors, ACs and other equipment may dry the air. Air can sometimes become dry due to proximity of A/C unit [1] Circulate fresh air if possible [2] Plants may help. [3] Consider a humidifier if discomfort is severe. [4] Consider air cleaner 44. Noise levels are comfortable for you. 3 Too much noise is distracting [4-5] Noise from coworkers may be distracting to some extent but not significantly so. [1] Consider moving sources of noise, e.g. printers, away from the user. [2] Consider soundproofing [3] Consider organizational measures to reduce speaking 7 Dimension: Software 45. You find that the software is easy to use. 46. You don t need support from IT department for using the software. 2 If not explain. [1] Consider further usability study 2 If not how many times per month?. [1] Consider further usability study 47. You can customize the software to your needs. 4 If not are you interested in such adaptation according to your preferences and interests? There is no need for software customization [1] Consider further usability study 8 Dimension: Health/hazards 48. You have no complaints (e.g. headaches, eyes, neck, back, hands, wrists, arms discomfort or pains) working at your workstation. 5 Which? Headaches, eyes, neck, back, hands, wrists, arms discomfort or pains [4-5] What could be the reason/source (guess of the worker)? Neck and wrist pain that occasionally sudsides [1] Find possible work/workplace related causes 27-Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 29 of 66

30 49. Are you not receiving any medical treatment with relation to your work at present? Give percentage (0-100%) 15% If yes which? Minor pain relief medication taken 9 Dimension: Common 50. You are satisfied with your job and feel comfortable with your workplace. Give percentage (0-100%) 70% Affected mainly by daily experiences 51. List any problems you may have experienced working on your workplace. One problem faced with this workspace was that the outside light intensity could not be measured as it seemed to cause some stress on the light measuring instrument. Additionally it was difficult to obtain good angles for taking pictures due to the lack of space between neighboring work places. 52. Do you think you can improve your work performance/results? How? I believe the best was done that could be achieved in terms of the work space evaluation 53. Do you have any general comments to make about your workstation? Desk appeared as if it easily became cluttered. Thank you for your time and cooperation with this survey 27-Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 30 of 66

31 Summary of problems allocated Middle back pains Corrective measures to solve problems allocated Better back support required Ergonomic keyboard required Better wrist rest for keyboard and mouse Ergonomic Mouse Wrist pains possibly carpal tunnel syndrome Better wrist support needed Chair with neck support or head rest Neck Pains 27-Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 31 of 66

32 Desk can become cluttered with documents Consider document holder between keyboard and monitor Increasing storage space Temperature can sometimes become too low AC adjustment 27-Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 32 of 66

33 Workplace Hazard Risk For Group In terms of the display screens the user experiences a case where more light is required rather than there be too much light, the amount of light is sufficient for reading but can make the task tiresome over an extended period of time. Glare was never an issue due to the presence of a screen protector on the monitor and blinds on the windows of the work space. For input devices the mouse and keyboard are within easy reach however mild wrist pains were expressed. Wrist pain can be attributed to a number of things such a poor technique while using the mouse, distance of the mouse from the user and the type of mouse used. In this instance it is the technique that may be causing the wrist pain. This technique can be viewed in the photographs taken of the works space. 27-Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 33 of 66

34 Complaints about the chair and the desk were given. Firstly the user complained that she suffered from middle back pains which can be attributed to things such as the height of the back support, the design of the back support or posture the person utilizes as they sit on the chair. The back pain can be attributed of the type of back support the chair provides. The shape of the back support is unnatural and thus does not adequately give support to the spinal column of the user, thus resulting in back pain after extended periods of being seated. Additionally the desk that the user has in her workspace does not have enough space underneath for her legs. The leg space is just large enough to allow the legs to rest comfortably underneath but not enough to allow free movement of the legs underneath the desk. The desk was also reported to become usually cluttered during the day due to lack of sufficient storage space. The use of a document holder would possibly enhance the user experience. SUMMARY TABLE Dimension Rating (0-100) Work organization 43 Display screens 39 Input devices 46 Furniture 70 Work space 63 Environment 56 Software 33 Health 100 Total Health risk 56 Dissatisfaction Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 34 of 66

35 Ergo Easer Output Initial Readings 27-Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 35 of 66

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38 Strains 27-Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 38 of 66

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43 Steps taken to remove strains Arm support width was increased from 25cm to 57 cm to remove waist potential strain 27-Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 43 of 66

44 Arm support height was increased from 25cm to 29 cm to remove high back potential strain. 27-Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 44 of 66

45 Back support height was lowered from 34cm to 26 cm to remove lower back strain. 27-Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 45 of 66

46 Altering the seat pan angle to have resulted in upper and lower back strain respectively Introducing a foot rest did not seem to solve the problem either 27-Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 46 of 66

47 Old Workspace Recommended changes to reduce or remove potential work-related strains 27-Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 47 of 66

48 The buttock potential strain remained after altering the seat pan angle and introducing a foot rest as was advised by the Ergoeaser program. 27-Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 48 of 66

49 Problems cited Optimal Solution Low-cost Solution Back strain Wrist strain The utilisation of a brandnew ergonomically designed chair. The user would be given the choice between the kneeling chair and a standard high-end ergonomic office chair. The user would be given the opportunity to choose as the right chair should fit the user s body, work style and offer support in the critical body areas in order encourage a healthy sitting posture A choice can be offered to the work space user to be given either a gel-filled mouse wrist cushion or to have a chair-mounted mouse platform. In term of the keyboard the user can be allowed to choose between the addition of a gelfilled keyboard wrist rest or a chair-mounted keyboard tray. Additionally an ergonomic mouse and an ergonomic keyboard could be offered. Adjustment of the height of back support of the chair to provide the maximum of back support. A cushion can be placed on along the lower back in order to afford extra back support. A pillow or rolled-up towel placed on the lower back can also be used as low-cost alternatives. A low-cost alternative to using a chair could be the use of an exercise ball. Educating the work place user on the proper technique to be used when utilising a mouse in order to avoid strain. (In the pictures taken of the workplace it can be observed that the user does not utilise proper technique.) 27-Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 49 of 66

50 Neck strain Potential buttock strain Cluttered workspace Air Conditioning temperature A wireless headset can be used for phone calls while working at the computer. The option of having a headrest can be offered. A memory foam cushion could be used to reduce the potential of buttocks strain Addition of extra storage cabinets Increase size of desk Utilisation of access rails. Addition of a document holder to the workplace. Increasing the temperature of the air conditioning unit to a temperature that is more comfortable. Increasing the distance of workspace from air conditioning since discomfort is due to proximity to the A/C unit. Utilising a cushion-based or inflatable neck cushion that can be placed on the shoulders to provide neck support A cushion-based or inflatable buttock support can be used Utilisation of a greater number of heavy duty folders in order to separate documents. When typing from a document, an object with sufficient height to rest a document at an angle greater than 45 but less than 90 can be used. Increasing the temperature of the air conditioning unit to a temperature that is more comfortable. Increasing the distance of workspace from air conditioning since discomfort is due to proximity to the A/C unit. Optimal Scenario Choices ought to be offered for many of the ergonomic devices and accessories mentioned. The reason being that even though they may add ergonomic benefit, they may not fit into the user s work style or compliment the critical needs of the user s body. 27-Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 50 of 66

51 The characteristics of a standard ergonomic office chair include the following: Pneumatic height adjustment - adjust seat height with the flip of a lever Back height adjustment - raise the back of your chair to position the lumbar support where you need it Versatile arm support - the armrests are height adjustable and pivot inward, outward, forward and back for support while you type. Back angle adjustment and tilt tension control - users can lock the seat back into different positions or leave the seat back unlocked to free-float and to rock at will Synchro tilt mechanism - raises the chair seat in a 2:1 ratio to the back tilt to maintain a comfortable posture Seat depth adjustment - moves the seat forward or back so most users from 5' 4" to 6' 2" sit comfortably Supportive frame pound weight capacity High-end ergonomic chairs possess state-of-the-art ergonomic technology, allowing them to offer excellent back support without the need for a lot of locks and levers. This makes these chairs easy-to-use and intuitive. 27-Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 51 of 66

52 The kneeling chair is an office chair that has no back, and places the user in a modified kneeling position. The design encourages good posture by sliding the hips forward and aligning the back, shoulders, and neck. Primary support is from the seat of the chair, with additional support coming from the shins. This type of ergonomic chair distributes the weight between the pelvis and the knees, which reduces spinal compression, and therefore reduces the stress and tension in the lower back and leg muscles. This ergonomic chair has a forward slanting seat that leads to a more natural position for the spine. The exercise ball chair is a type of ergonomic chair. As the name states, it is a ball, which is large enough to support the user in any long-term sitting usage, and works well as a desk chair or computer chair. The major advantage to this type of chair is that it encourages movement and active sitting. There is a slight bouncing involved that keeps the legs moving, which stimulates circulation and keeps muscles busy, reducing stress and fatigue. Sitting on the ball makes slouching difficult, and the positioning needed to stay on the ball will automatically improve posture. 27-Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 52 of 66

53 The gel-filled wrist rest provides a balance of soft comfort and firmness to encourage ergonomic wrist posture. The Chair-Mounted Mouse Platform allows you to operate your mouse while resting your arm on your chair, eliminating the need to reach. Your wrist avoids extension and your shoulder and elbow can relax, minimizing or eliminating pain. The Dexterity platform allows you to sit back and make the most of your chair's ergonomic support, further easing stress on your back and neck. An Ergonomic mouse are designed to put you in a more neutral position, allowing you to work comfortably, reducing strain, and helping prevent and alleviate long-term repetitive stress injuries. 27-Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 53 of 66

54 An ergonomic keyboard will allow the user to stay comfortable while typing, and prevent strain injuries that are caused by repetitive motion. Normal keyboards are not designed with the human body in mind. They require you to angle your wrists in unnatural positions, which over time can result in damage to tendons and ligaments. The chair-mounted keyboard tray attaches to a chair's armrests, providing an alternative way to place the keyboard and mouse as close to the user as possible to promote proper ergonomic positioning. This encourages a comfortable, straight posture with arms close to the body and wrists at natural angles. The gel-filled keyboard wrist rest offers support to the wrist of the user and shapes to the weight of your wrists. On the underside is a non-skid base that prevents your wrist from shifting as you work to ensure static, day-long comfort. 27-Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 54 of 66

55 The memory foam in the Memory foam cushion allows the cushion reshape itself around your body. Provides pelvic support and helps to reduce the risk of lower back pain. A headrest is a personal preference for most people. The posture most people use while working does not put their head in contact with the headrest, so it is primarily there for times when you wish to lean back and take a quick rest from holding yourself erect. 27-Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 55 of 66

56 A wireless headset can allow the workspace user the freedom of using her hands to do other activities whilst answering or making work-related calls. Highend wireless headsets offer routing desk phones, mobile phones, and PC calls all through a single headset. Unified Communications (UC) integration allows for instant messaging and video conference calls to automatically update your status to ''busy'' while on calls. Phone calls are made crystal-clear thanks to wideband audio, a noise-cancelling microphone, and an enhanced digital signal processing (DSP) system. A document holder increases productivity and alleviates neck and shoulder strain while working on computer. It reduces the amount of back and forth movement made by the user when typing from some reference material especially during data entry. Some of these stands are height-adjustable to fit a range of users, bringing the screen to eye-level for proper viewing. 27-Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 56 of 66

57 Utilising an Access Rail can free up valuable desk space, improve overall workstation efficiency and organization, and place tools exactly where they are needed for ease of use and ergonomic health. Access rails can be mounted directly on your desk or on the wall, providing a convenient place for your shelving, phone, printer, monitor arm, pens, and more. These systems are endlessly configurable. 27-Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 57 of 66

58 Before Implementation In the two images shown there is one that shows the general lay-out of the workspace before implementation and after implementation. The changes depicted by these images are that the computer was moved further back along the desk after implementation. The mouse more or less remained in the same position. Additionally the Rubbish Bin that was under the desk was moved from beneath the desk to beside it while still within arm s reach. Also a wrist rest for the keyboard and a document holder were both added to the workspace. After Implementation 27-Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 58 of 66

59 Review of Observations made in Work space/ Before Implementation Twin Back Ergonomic Chair Cluttered Workspace Limited Storage Phone is on the left-hand side No wrist rest present for keyboard No proper support for the forearms 27-Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 59 of 66

60 Monitor is a few degrees below eye level No document holder No proper support for forearms due to positioning of keyboard and computer Lack of sufficient leg space Rubbish bin utilizes already insufficient leg space 27-Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 60 of 66

61 Mouse wrist rest present Improper technique in use of mouse Potential safety hazard in the form of a server housing, no warning sign or safety tape Lack of protective edging or cushioning along the sides of the server housing 27-Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 61 of 66

62 After Implementation Mouse technique corrected which would lead to less strain on the wrist Computer was moved further away from the edge of the desk allowing User to derive forearm support from the desk Key Board wrist rest added to provide support to the wrist reducing strain on wrist. 27-Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 62 of 66

63 Chair was changes from a twin back ergonomic chair to a full back ergonomics chair with a headrest. The twin back chair did not provide sufficient back support and the addition of the headrest can reduce possible neck strain, as well as allowing the user the opportunity to lean her head back momentarily while working. Document reader was added to the work space. This would reduce the rotation of the neck further reducing neck strain, as well as reducing clutter on the desk. 27-Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 63 of 66

64 Yellow sticky notes added to the server casing to serve as a warning to persons in the workspace in order to prevent collisions. Rubbish Bin removed from under the desk and placed to the side, while still within reach. This provides a bit more space underneath the desk for the legs of the user. 27-Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 64 of 66

65 Work place Hazard Risk Summary Graph before Implementation Workplace Hazard Risk For Group Workplace Hazard Risk at Workstation 4 After Implementation Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 65 of 66

66 As shown by the two graphs there was a reduction in health, workspace and furniture. Which is to be expected as those were the only aspects of the workplace that were improved upon during the implementation period. However it is worthy to note that the simple Low-cost implementation of this exercise had a positive effect on the User. Therefore if even more cost-effective measures were put in place to improve the workplace or even a few high-end options the User experience would drastically improve. A good User experience would likely increase productivity and the quality of work produced, as well as severely reduce if not eliminate any work-related strains. Conclusions: Improving the User experience by making adjustments to the workspace can have positive effects on the User efficiency and their outlook at the workplace improves. Changes made to work place: Computer monitor and CPU were shifted to allow user to obtain forearm support from desk Twin back chair was switched with a full back chair with a headrest to reduce back strain and neck fatigue Method of mouse use corrected to reduce wrist strain Wrist rest for keyboard added to reduce wrist strain Document holder added to reduce neck rotation leading to strain, desk was also less cluttered due to document holder The changes made to the workplace improved the User experience, thus the objectives of redesign and improving user experience were achieved. 27-Apr Ee-Pro.Docx 66 of 66