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1 Secondary Store Ms T access 10 sec 1 sec 100 msec 10 msec 1 msec 100 µsec Magnetic tape floppy disc holographic drum Mass store 1 µsec 100 nsec Solid state memory bytes CS 350 Part I 1
2 Secondary Store Ms Tape From the 1950s * NOT random access: if last record accessed = record[n-1] then T access (record[n]) = 1msec; else T access (record[n]) >> 1msec; (sequential access) * organized as CS 350 Part I 2
3 1600 bits/inch 2400 feet/reel is common Tape 9-Track tape: 1 byte / frame + parity Tracks Frames Physical Record I R G CS 350 Part I 3
4 How they work Read/write heads reel reel Vacuum column Vacuum column CS 350 Part I 4
5 High-performance 1987 Tape drive name : IBM 3480 Tape Subsystem (controller and 8 drives) CS 350 Part I 5
6 IBM 3480 dollar cost: system is about 7 years old. Replacement cost would be about $20,000. newer 3490 would cost about $120,000. CS 350 Part I 6
7 IBM 3480 tape capacity in Mbyte: Approximately 260 Mb per reel drive data rate is 3.0 Mb/sec. Reading data in 20,000 byte blocks, 1.3 Mb/sec. CS 350 Part I 7
8 IBM 3480 tape transfer rate: controller can transfer on the parallel channel at 4.5 Mb/sec. drive data rate is 3.0 Mb/sec Reading data in 20,000 byte blocks, 1.3 Mb/sec. CS 350 Part I 8
9 1600 bpi, 9 track < 40 Mbytes/reel Lo-octane tape drive DECtape TU-16 (1975) 72 Kbyte/s transfer rate tape speed 45 inches/sec IRG > 0.5 inch parity bit per byte plus CRC per record CS 350 Part I 9
10 Tape performance Logical record ( e.g. data structure instance) physical record (the longer the better until error probability is to high ) blocking factor CS 350 Part I 10
11 Disc The most popular form of Ms, by far steady price/performance improvements since IBM RAMAC (1962) CS 350 Part I 11
12 Disc how it works T access = T seek + T rotate platter track sector CS 350 Part I 12
13 disc Comb Multi platters 2 surfaces/platter 1 head / surface A given comb position defines a cylinder - a set of tracks CS 350 Part I 13
14 Cylinder of disc storage... CS 350 Part I 14
15 Disc flavours Hard platter, demountable pack Hard platter, not-demountable (Winchester) soft platter (floppy) CS 350 Part I 15
16 Disc: 1980 vs Name DEC RP11 C demountable Vintage 1980 Capacity 40 Mbyte transfer 3.75 msec / byte rotation 25 msec /rotation head move (7.5, 55 ) msec sfces/drive 20 tracks/sfce 400 sectors/trk 10 bytes/sector 512 bit density 2200 bpi price $ Name London Drugs Winchester Vintage 1995 Capacity 1 Gbyte transfer 1 msec / byte access time 8-12 msec sfces/drive tracks/sfce sectors/trk bytes/sector bit density price $1500 CS 350 Part I 16
17 And on to Name Fujitsu Winchester Vintage 1997 Capacity 9 Gbyte transfer 1 msec / byte est. access 8-12 msec est sfces/drive tracks/sfce sectors/trk bytes/sector bit density price $3 000 Name IBM 9394 Winchester Vintage 1995 Capacity 90 Gbyte transfer 0.06 msec /byte access 4-16 msec bit density price $ note multiple 2-Gb drives, RAID, cached, attached via fibre-optic channel CS 350 Part I 17
18 And on to Name Fujitsu Winchester Vintage 2001 Capacity 5 Gb transfer 1 msec / byte est. access 8-12 msec est sfces/drive tracks/sfce sectors/trk bytes/sector bit density price $500 [London Drugs] Approximately $100 per Gigabyte or 10 cents per Megabyte CS 350 Part I 18
19 Floppy platter, demountable Name PERSCI Vintage 1980 Capacity 0.5 Mbyte transfer 300 msec/ word rotation few msec head move msec sfces/drive 2 tracks/sfce sectors/trk bytes/sector bit density price $1600 Name generic Vintage 1995 Capacity 1.5 Mbyte transfer 100 msec rotation head move msec sfces/drive tracks/sfce sectors/trk bytes/sector bit density price $100 - $200 CS 350 Part I 19
20 Novel Ms: Magneto-optical Name Vintage 1995 Capacity Mbyte transfer 0.2 msec / byte access 40 msec sfces/drive tracks/sfce sectors/trk bytes/sector bit density price CS 350 Part I 20
21 CD - ROM Name Vintage Capacity 650 Mbyte transfer 1 msec / byte access msec sfces/drive 1 tracks/sfce sectors/trk bytes/sector bit density price $400 (1995) --> $100 (2001) CS 350 Part I 21
22 PH break Sec 8.3 I/O devices CS 350 Part I 22
23 Head-per-track Disc One head per track no comb motion, so T seek = 0 CS 350 Part I 23
24 Head-per-track disc formerly built as a drum useful for swap device for heavy cpu multiplexing Ms for real-time computing CS 350 Part I 24
25 Sincere, ingenious, but unsuccessful attempts to dethrone magnetic secondary storage
26 Optical Ms (Ketchledge s Folly) CS 350 Part I 26
27 Charged-coupled Devices Provides cheap shift registers CCD shift register readout 1-bit R/W memory write CS 350 Part I 27
28 Solid-state drum! 1-bit R/W memory 1-bit R/W memory 1-bit R/W memory CS 350 Part I 28
29 Mass Storage Systems What is it? Capacity > 1 terabyte, i.e discs T access < 10 seconds CS 350 Part I 29
30 Examples IBM 1360 Photodigital store Digital photography on chips Grumman Masstape robot $400K, 14*10 9 bytes magnetic tape CS 350 Part I 30
31 Mass stores 1995 Exabyte EXB tapes, 8mm, scanned helically capacity: 10 Gbyte/tape => 1.16 Terabyte cost approx. $200K CS 350 Part I 31
32 how to update information? request Associative Store update store Non-writable MSS CS 350 Part I 32
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