Oracle9i: New Features for Administrators

Transcription

1 Oracle9i: New Features for Administrators Student Guide Volume One D11318GC20 Edition 2.0 July 2002 D34916

2 Authors David Austin Harald van Breederode Ric Van Dyke Lex de Haan Michael Möller Jean-Francois Verrier Jim Womack Technical Contributors and Reviewers Bruce Ernst Lothar Flatz Scott Gossett Arturo Gutierrez Magnus Isaksson Martin Jensen Sushil Kumar Stefan Lindblad Russ Lowenthal Patricia McElroy Sujatha Muthulingam Pete Sharman Sabine Teuber John Watson Terry Wojtkunski Copyright Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. This documentation contains proprietary information of Oracle Corporation. It is provided under a license agreement containing restrictions on use and disclosure and is also protected by copyright law. Reverse engineering of the software is prohibited. If this documentation is delivered to a U.S. Government Agency of the Department of Defense, then it is delivered with Restricted Rights and the following legend is applicable: Restricted Rights Legend Use, duplication or disclosure by the Government is subject to restrictions for commercial computer software and shall be deemed to be Restricted Rights software under Federal law, as set forth in subparagraph (c)(1)(ii) of DFARS , Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software (October 1988). This material or any portion of it may not be copied in any form or by any means without the express prior written permission of Oracle Corporation. Any other copying is a violation of copyright law and may result in civil and/or criminal penalties. If this documentation is delivered to a U.S. Government Agency not within the Department of Defense, then it is delivered with Restricted Rights, as defined in FAR , Rights in Data-General, including Alternate III (June 1987). The information in this document is subject to change without notice. If you find any problems in the documentation, please report them in writing to Education Products, Oracle Corporation, 500 Oracle Parkway, Box SB-6, Redwood Shores, CA Oracle Corporation does not warrant that this document is error-free. Oracle is a registered trademark and all references to Oracle and Oracle products are trademarks or registered trademarks of Oracle Corporation. All other products or company names are used for identification purposes only, and may be trademarks of their respective owners. Publisher John B. Dawson

3 Contents I Introduction to Oracle9i: New Features for Administrators Overview I-2 Outline I-3 Database Configuration Assistant (DBCA) I-5 Migration I-6 New Terminology and Migration I-7 Database Upgrade Assistant (DBUA) I-8 isql*plus I-9 Oracle9i Sample Schemas I-10 Five Sample Schemas I-11 Optional Schedule I-12 Student Preface I-13 Further Information I-14 1 Oracle Server Security Objectives 1-2 Connecting as the DBA 1-3 Example Connects 1-4 Stricter Default Security 1-5 Setting Passwords for SYS and SYSTEM 1-7 Auditing Administrative Users 1-8 GRANT ANY OBJECT PRIVILEGE System Privilege 1-9 Secure Application Role 1-10 Example Application Role 1-11 Global Application Context 1-12 Managing Global Application Context 1-13 Global Application Context Function 1-14 Global Context Example 1-15 Fine-Grained Access Control Enhancements 1-16 Policy Groups 1-17 Partitioned Fine-Grained Access Control 1-18 Virtual Private Database Support for Synonyms 1-19 Fine-Grained Audit 1-20 Fine-Grained Auditing Implementation 1-21 Fine-Grained Auditing Example 1-22 FGA Event Handler 1-23 Encryption Enhancements 1-24 Oracle Label Security 1-25 Oracle Login Server 1-26 Oracle Enterprise Login Assistant 1-27 Enterprise User Security Enhancements 1-28 Summary 1-29 Practice 1-1 Overview 1-30 iii

4 2 General High Availability Technology Objectives 2-2 Reducing Unplanned Downtime Overview 2-3 Minimal I/O Recovery 2-4 Fast-Start Time-Based Recovery Limit 2-8 Mean Time To Recover (MTTR) Advisory 2-13 Changes to Previous Parameters 2-14 Changes to V$INSTANCE_RECOVERY 2-15 Oracle Flashback Overview 2-16 Oracle Flashback 2-17 The ASOF Clause 2-19 Flashback Query Privileges 2-20 Oracle Flashback Example 2-21 Flashback Query and LOBs 2-22 LOB Flashback Considerations 2-24 Oracle Flashback and Oracle LogMiner 2-25 Resumable Space Allocation Overview 2-26 Resumable Space Allocation Life Cycle 2-27 Resumable Space Allocation Operations 2-29 Enable Session Resumable Space Allocation 2-30 DBMS_RESUMABLE Package 2-32 AFTER SUSPEND System Event 2-34 RESUMABLE System Privilege 2-36 DBA_RESUMABLE Dictionary View 2-37 Export/Import Enhancements (STATISTICS) 2-39 Export/Import Enhancements (TABLESPACES Mode) 2-40 Export/Import Enhancements (Resumable Space Allocation) 2-41 Export/Import Enhancements (Time Sensitivity) 2-42 Summary 2-43 Practice 2-1 Overview 2-44 Practice 2-2 Overview 2-45 Practice 2-3 Overview Oracle9i LogMiner Enhancements Objectives 3-2 LogMiner New Features 3-3 DDL Statement Support 3-5 DDL Statement Support Example 3-6 Data Dictionary Access 3-7 iv

5 Dictionary Information in the Redo Logs 3-8 Using an Online Data Dictionary 3-9 DDL Tracking in the Dictionary 3-10 Dictionary Staleness Detection 3-11 Skip Past Log Corruptions 3-12 Display Only Committed Transactions Information 3-13 Database Supplemental Logging 3-14 Table Supplemental Logging 3-15 Primary Key Information 3-16 DBMS_LOGMNR_D.SET_TABLESPACE Procedure 3-18 LogMiner Restrictions 3-19 LogMiner Views 3-20 LogMiner Viewer 3-21 Summary 3-28 Practice 3-1 Overview Backup and Recovery Objectives 4-2 RMAN Manageability Enhancements 4-3 Persistent Configuration Parameters 4-4 Retention Policies 4-5 CONFIGURE RETENTION POLICY 4-6 Automatic Channel Allocation 4-7 CONFIGURECHANNEL Command 4-8 CONFIGUREDEVICE Command 4-11 CONFIGUREBACKUP COPIES Command 4-12 CONFIGUREEXCLUDE Command 4-13 CONFIGURESNAPSHOTCONTROLFILE and CONFIGUREAUXNAME Commands 4-14 CONFIGURECONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP Command 4-15 Long Term Backups 4-16 Mirrored Backups 4-17 Backup File Optimization 4-18 Restartable Backups 4-19 Archive Log Backup 4-20 Backupset Backup 4-21 Restore File Optimization and Restartable Restore 4-22 Limiting Disk Space During Recovery 4-23 Integration of RMAN Enhancements with Enterprise Manager 4-24 Maintenance Wizard Backup Policy 4-25 Maintenance Wizard Retention Policy 4-26 v

6 Enterprise Manager Backup Wizard 4-27 Backup Wizard Deletion of Archived Logs 4-28 Backup Wizard Override RMAN Configuration 4-29 Recovery Wizard Restore Controlfile 4-30 Recovery Wizard Object Selection 4-31 Recovery Wizard Restore Until 4-32 RMAN Reliability Enhancements 4-33 Archive Log Failover and Automatic Log Switch 4-34 Backup Piece Failover 4-35 Block Media Recovery (BMR) 4-36 MTTR Reduction 4-37 Other BMR Benefits 4-38 BMR Recovery Manager Interface 4-39 Trial Recovery 4-43 Trial Recovery Allowing Corruptions of Data Blocks 4-46 Miscellaneous RMAN Enhancements 4-47 REPORT OBSOLETE Command 4-48 REPORT NEED BACKUP Command 4-50 Command Unification 4-51 LIST Command Improvements 4-52 LIST Command New Syntax 4-53 New SHOW Command 4-54 CROSSCHECK Autolocate 4-55 Duplicating Databases 4-57 Media Manager Function Call Diagnostics 4-58 Other RMAN Enhancements 4-59 Summary 4-60 Practice 4-1 Overview 4-61 Practice 4-2 Overview Data Guard Overview Objectives 5-2 Standby Database History 5-3 What Is Data Guard? 5-4 Benefits of Using Data Guard 5-5 General Data Guard Architecture 5-7 Data Guard Broker and Data Guard Manager 5-9 Data Guard Manager 5-10 Types of Standby Databases 5-11 Physical Standby Processes Architecture 5-12 Logical Standby Processes Architecture 5-14 vi

7 Data Guard Broker Processes Architecture 5-15 Types of Services 5-17 Data Protection Modes 5-18 Log Archive Destination Attributes 5-20 Related Dictionary Views 5-21 Guarding Your Logical Standby 5-22 Enforce Logging of All Operations 5-23 Creating Standby Redo Logs 5-24 Managed Gap Recovery 5-25 Gap Sequence Detection 5-26 Gap Sequence Detection Configuration 5-27 Standby File Management 5-28 Background Managed Recovery Mode 5-29 Updating the Standby at a Lag 5-30 Physical Standby and Parallel Recovery 5-31 Types of Roles in Oracle 5-32 Role Management Services 5-33 Switchover and Failover Overview 5-34 Summary Database Resource Manager Enhancements Objectives 6-2 Active Session Pool 6-3 Active Session Pool Mechanism 6-4 Active Session Pool Parameters 6-5 Setting the Active Session Pool: Example 6-6 Maximum Estimated Execution Time 6-7 Automatic Consumer Group Switching 6-8 Undo Quota 6-9 Changing Undo Quota 6-10 Modified Views to Support Database Resource Manager Extensions 6-11 Modified Catalog Tables and Views 6-12 An Example Using Several Resource Allocation Methods 6-13 Oracle Supplied Plans 6-15 Enterprise Manager Resource Manager 6-16 Summary 6-18 Practice 6-1 Overview Online Operations Objectives 7-2 Online Index Rebuild 7-3 Index-Organized Table High Availability Enhancements 7-6 vii

8 Online Operations on IOTs Operations on Secondary Indexes 7-7 Online Operations on IOTs Online Update of Logical ROWIDs 7-8 Online Operations on IOTs Online Move 7-9 Online Table Redefinition 7-10 Using the DBMS_REDEFITION Package 7-13 Online Table Redefinition: SYNC and ABORT 7-15 Online Table Redefinition: Example 7-16 Online Table Redefinition Limitations 7-18 Online Analyze Validate 7-20 Quiesce Database Overview 7-21 Quiesce Database Benefits 7-22 Quiesce Database Syntax 7-23 Quiesce Database Limitations 7-24 Viewing the Quiesce State of an Instance 7-25 Server Parameter File (SPFILE) 7-26 What Is an SPFILE? 7-27 Creating an SPFILE 7-28 Viewing the Parameter Settings 7-29 Changing Parameter Values Within an SPFILE 7-30 STARTUP Command Behavior 7-31 Exporting an SPFILE 7-32 Example of an Exported SPFILE 7-33 Migrating to an SPFILE 7-34 Summary 7-35 Practice 7-1 Overview 7-36 Practice 7-2 Overview Segment Management (Part I) Objectives 8-2 Global Index Maintenance During Partition DDLs 8-3 Benefits of Maintaining Global Indexes During DDL 8-4 Maintaining Global Indexes During DDL 8-5 Global Index Maintenance Support 8-6 Global Index Maintenance Limitations 8-7 Update or Rebuild Global Indexes? 8-8 Fast Partition Split Optimization 8-9 List Partitioning Overview and Benefits 8-10 List Partitioning Example 8-11 Default Partition for List Partitioning 8-12 List Partitioning Pruning 8-13 viii

9 ALTER TABLEADD PARTITION 8-14 ALTER TABLE MERGE PARTITION 8-16 ALTER TABLE MODIFY PARTITION ADD VALUES 8-18 ADD VALUES and DEFAULT Partition 8-19 ALTER TABLE MODIFY PARTITION DROP VALUES 8-20 ALTER TABLE SPLIT PARTITION 8-22 List Partitioning Usage 8-24 Range-List Partitioning 8-26 Composite Partitioning Using a Template 8-27 Composite Partitioning and Template Example 8-28 Enhanced Parallel DML 8-29 Metadata API 8-30 Metadata API in Oracle9i 8-31 Metadata API in Oracle9i Browsing Example 8-32 Common Extraction, Transformation, and Loading Process 8-33 Pipelined Data Transformation in Oracle9i 8-34 Overview of External Tables 8-35 Applications of External Tables 8-36 Example of Defining External Tables 8-37 Querying External Tables 8-38 Privileges for External Tables 8-39 Defining External Tables Using SQL*Loader 8-40 Data Dictionary Information for External Tables 8-41 Changing External Data Properties 8-42 Summary 8-44 Practice 8-1 Overview 8-45 Practice 8-2 Overview Segment Management (Part II) Objectives 9-2 Automatic Segment-Space Management 9-3 Automatic Segment-Space Management at Work 9-4 Creating an Automatic Space Management Segment 9-6 Creating an Automatic Space Management Segment: Example 9-7 Automatic Space Management Segment and Enterprise Manager 9-8 Modifications to the DBMS_SPACE Package 9-9 Block Space Management 9-10 DBMS_REPAIR Package 9-11 DBMS_REPAIR and PCTFREE Implementation 9-12 Modifications to Dictionary Views 9-13 Compatibility and Migration 9-14 Data Block Compression Overview 9-16 ix

10 Data Block Compression at Work 9-17 Creating Compressed Segments 9-18 Creating Compressed Segments Example 9-19 Achieving a Better Compression Ratio 9-21 Data Block Compression and Data Dictionary 9-24 Compatibility and Migration 9-25 What Is a Bitmap Join Index? 9-26 Advantages and Disadvantages 9-28 Example With Three Tables 9-29 Data Dictionary and Bitmap Join Indexes 9-30 Bitmap Join Indexes Restrictions 9-31 Summary 9-32 Practice 9-1 Overview 9-33 Practice 9-2 Overview Performance Improvements Objectives 10-2 Identifying Unused Indexes 10-3 Enabling and Disabling Monitoring Index Usage 10-4 V$OBJECT_USAGE View 10-5 Skip Scanning of Indexes 10-7 Skip Scanning Index at Work 10-8 Cursor Sharing Enhancements 10-9 CURSOR_SHARING Parameter Statistics Level Collection V$STATISTICS_LEVEL Segment-Level Statistics Overview Tuning with Segment-Level Statistics Segment-Level Statistics and EM Cached Execution Plans New View to Support Cached Execution Plans New PLAN_HASH_VALUE Column in V$SQL Row Source Execution Statistics Cached Cursors and EM New First Rows Optimization New Gathering Statistic Estimates New GATHER AUTO Option Optimizer Dynamic Sampling Overview Optimizer Dynamic Sampling at Work OPTIMIZER_DYNAMIC_SAMPLING x

11 Dynamic Sampling Levels Dynamic Sampling Hints Dynamic Sampling Examples Optimizer Cost Model Enhancements Gathering System Statistics Gathering System Statistics Example Summary Practice 10-1 Overview Practice 10-2 Overview Practice 10-3 Overview Real Application Clusters Objectives 11-2 Real Application Clusters Overview 11-3 Benefits of Real Application Clusters 11-4 Global Cache Service 11-5 Dynamic Resource Remastering 11-6 Global Cache Service Resource Modes 11-7 Global Cache Service Resource Roles 11-8 Block Transfers 11-9 Block Transfer Examples Consistent Read Block Transfer Cache Fusion Block Transfer Benefits of Cache Fusion High Availability Features Real Application Clusters Guard Real Application Clusters Guard Architecture Monitors and Failover Shared Initialization Parameter File Shared Server-Side Parameter File SRVCTL Commands Real Application Clusters and OEM OEM Instance Management Provisions Background Processes Initialization Parameters Replaced Initialization Parameters Obsolete Global Cache Parameters Summary xi

12 12 File Management Objectives 12-2 Oracle-Managed Files Overview 12-3 Who Can Use Oracle-Managed Files? 12-5 New Dynamic Initialization Parameters 12-6 OMF Example 12-7 OMF File Names Structure 12-8 Managing OMF Control Files: Database Creation Impact of OMF on CREATE CONTROLFILE Command Managing OMF Redo Log Files Managing OMF Tablespaces OMF Examples OMF and Standby Databases Automatically Drop Non-OMF Data Files Enterprise Manager Delete Data Files Default Temporary Tablespace Create Default Temporary Tablespace at Database Creation Time Alter Default Temporary Tablespace Default Temporary Tablespace Restrictions Enterprise Manager Creating Default Temporary Tablespace FILESYSTEMIO_OPTIONS Parameter Summary Practice 12-1 Overview Practice 12-2 Overview Tablespace Management Objectives 13-2 Automatic Undo Management 13-3 Automatic Undo Management Concepts 13-4 Dynamic Extents Transfer 13-6 Specifying the Mode for Undo Space Management 13-7 Creating an Undo Tablespace at Database Creation Time 13-9 Creating an Undo Tablespace After Database Creation Altering an Undo Tablespace Dropping an Undo Tablespace Switching Undo Tablespaces Changing the Retention Period for Undo Information Data Dictionary Views to Support Automatic Undo Management New Data Dictionary View to Support Automatic Undo Management New Parameters to Support Automatic Undo Management: Summary Enterprise Manager Undo Tabbed Page xii

13 Multiple Block Size Support Standard Block Size Nonstandard Block Sizes Creating a Nonstandard Block Size Tablespace Multiple Block Sizing Rules Locally Managed SYSTEM Tablespace Locally Managed SYSTEM Tablespace Restrictions Creating a Locally Managed SYSTEM Tablespace at Database Creation Time Migrating the SYSTEM Tablespace to a Locally Managed Tablespace Summary Practice 13-1 Overview Practice 13-2 Overview Practice 13-3 Overview Memory Management Objectives 14-2 Automatic SQL Execution Memory Management 14-3 PGA Memory Management 14-4 Enabling Automatic SQL Execution Memory Management 14-5 New Statistics and Columns 14-7 Example 14-9 New Views to Support SQL Execution Memory Management Example Use of V$SQL_WORKAREA Tuning PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET Enterprise Manager PGA Aggregate Target Advice Dynamic SGA Concepts The Granule Dynamic Shared Pool Shared Pool Advisory Statistics Enterprise Manager Shared Pool Size Advice Dynamic Large Pool New Buffer Cache Parameters Deprecated Buffer Cache Parameters Dynamic Buffer Cache Dynamic Buffer Cache Advisory Parameter New View to Support Buffer Cache Advisory Enterprise Manager Buffer Cache Size Advice Dynamic SGA Resize Operations Summary Practice 14-1 Overview Practice 14-2 Overview xiii

14 15 Enterprise Manager Enhancements Objectives 15-2 New Console Look and Feel 15-3 Launching Enterprise Manager Console 15-4 Console Launched Standalone 15-5 Connections Using Management Server 15-6 Stand-alone Connection Benefits 15-7 Stand-alone Connection Restrictions 15-8 Stand-alone Repository 15-9 HTML Database Reports Database Configuration Report User-Defined Events User-Defined Event Tests Event Handler Blackout Enhancements Job System Enhancements Intelligent Agent Enhancements Events Creation Enhancements Job/Event Dynamic Modification Apply Actions to Multiple Objects to-page Address Schema Tree Simplification Java Classes Support for Message Transformation SQL Scratchpad Viewing Contents of a Package Oracle Change Management Pack Enhancements DB Propagate Summary SQL Enhancements Objectives 16-2 SQL:1999 Enhancements Overview 16-3 SQL:1999 Joins 16-4 Cross Joins 16-5 Equijoins 16-6 Join Predicates and the ON Clause 16-8 Three-Way Joins with the ON Clause 16-9 Natural Joins Natural Join Example Outer Joins Outer Join Example CASE Expression Enhancements xiv

15 Simple CASE Expressions Searched CASE Expressions NULLIF and COALESCE Scalar Subqueries Scalar Subquery Examples Explicit Defaults The MERGE Statement Analytical Function Enhancements WIDTH_BUCKET Function WIDTH_BUCKET Example Grouping Sets Composite Columns Concatenated Groupings WITH Clause WITH Clause Example Rename Columns and Constraints Constraint Enhancements Explicit Index Control Less Foreign Key Locking Overhead Cached Primary Key Lookup Constraints on Views View Constraint Types Create Constrained Views Constrained View Maintenance Index Scans and Function-Based Indexes SELECT... FOR UPDATEWAIT Multi-table INSERT Statement Multi-table INSERT Syntax LONG to LOB Migration PL/SQL Support for LOB Migration Restrictions on LOB Migration Common SQL Parser Native PL/SQL Execution PL/SQL Compilation Summary Practice 16-1 Overview Practice 16-2 Overview Globalization Support Objectives 17-2 Globalization Support 17-3 TIMESTAMP and INTERVAL Data Types 17-4 xv

16 TIMESTAMP and INTERVAL Example 17-5 TIMESTAMP Literals 17-6 INTERVAL Literals 17-7 TIMESTAMP Formats 17-8 Using Time Zones 17-9 Application or Server Time Zone Handling Datetime/Interval Arithmetic Datetime Functions Datetime Conversion Functions Datetime EXTRACT Function Daylight Saving Time Introduction to Unicode Unicode Encodings New Unicode Character Sets Unicode Data Type Migration and Unicode Issues Choosing a Unicode Solution Scenario: Unicode Database Choosing a Unicode Solution Scenario: Unicode Data Type UNISTR Function Unicode Character Forms More Character Sets, Languages, and Territories Linguistic Sorting Multilingual Linguistic Sorts Length Semantics Implicit Type Conversion for NCHAR Data Type SQL*Loader Unicode Support SQL*Loader for Unicode Sample Control File Character Set Scanner Common Character Conversion Problems Character Set Scanner Operation Character Set Scanner Command Character Set Scanner Output Character Conversion Oracle Locale Builder Oracle Locale Builder Examples New or Modified Globalization Settings Summary Practice 17-1 Overview xvi

17 18 Oracle Workspace Manager Objectives 18-2 What Is a Database Workspace? 18-3 Installing Workspace Manager 18-4 How Does Workspace Manager Work? 18-6 Workspace Manager Administrator Role 18-7 Enabling Versioning on a Table 18-8 Changes Due to Versioning 18-9 The History Option DDL Operations and Version-Enabled Tables DDL Operations and Version-Enabled Tables Example Guidelines for Enabling Versioning on Tables Disabling Versioning on a Table Workspace Savepoints Workspace or Savepoint? Create a Workspace Assign Workspace: Associate a User Example of Versioning Rows in a Table Assign Workspace: Grant Privileges Workspace Manager Locks Workspace Manager Lock Examples Freeze a Workspace Roll Back a Workspace Refresh a Workspace Resolve Workspace Conflicts Conflict Resolution Example: Check for Existence of Conflicts Merge a Workspace Session Context Information Compress Workspace or Workspace Tree Compare Savepoints: Find Differences Import and Export Considerations Enterprise Manager Interface Workspace Metadata Views Summary Practice 18-1 Overview A Appendix A: Scalable Session State Management Oracle Shared Server Improvements A-3 Connection Establishment: Direct Handoff A-4 Common Event Model for Database and Network A-5 Performance Manager Monitoring A-6 Job Queue Infrastructure Changes A-7 xvii

18 External Procedure Agent Enhancements A-8 Dedicated External Procedure Agents A-9 Libraries for External Procedures A-10 Example A-11 B Appendix B: Practices C Appendix C: Solutions xviii