2/37. Cilj, organizacije
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1 SQL STANDARDI 1/37
2 2/37 Cilj, organizacije Prenosivost definicija baza podataka i aplikativnih programa među implementacijama koje su saglasne sa standardom prvi standard - ANSI SQL/86 X3H2 komitet ANSI - American National Standard Institute, ISO - International Standard Organization, FIPS - Federal Information Processing Standards for the US federal government, IEC International Electrotechnical Commision
3 3/37 Međunarodno telo: ISO/IEC JTC1
4 Podkomitet SC32 4/37
5 5/37 Radne grupe (WG) SC32 WG1 e-business: Open EDI (Electronic Data Interchange, Finska) WG2 Metadata (SAD) WG3 Database Languages (Holandija) WG4 SQL Multimedia and Application Packages (Japan) WG5: Remote Database Access (RDA) (Velika Britanija)
6 WG3 Database Languages: publikovani standardi 6/37
7 7/37 WG3 Database Languages: publikovani standardi WG4 SQL/MM 5. izdanje: ISO/IEC 9075: izdanje: ISO/IEC 9075:2008, (deo : revidirani "SQL/XML iz 2003.) 7. izdanje: ISO/IEC 9075:2011 reakcioni / anticipatorni standardi
8 8/37 SQL 92 (SQL2) Početni- entry : (blaga poboljšanja punog SQL 89) - definisanje sheme, DML, referencijalni integritet, constraint, ugnježdenje (7 jezika), CHECK opciju pogleda... Srednji intermediate : promena sheme, dinamički SQL, kaskadno brisanje, unija, presek i razlika, karakterski skupovi,varchar, CASE, domeni, DATE- TIME (jednostavni) Puni full : kaskadno ažuriranje, odložena provera ograničenja, ograničenja opšteg tipa (assertion), BITtip,...
9 9/37 SQL 92 DDL ranije DML Nove skalarne operacije i funkcije, npr. - dopisivanje, CASE uslovna vrednost, aritmetika nad DATETIME tipom, SUBSTRING(), UPPER(), LOWER(), LENGTH() Dijagnostika: SQLCODE, SQLSTATE, GET DIAGNOSTICS Lista izvedenih tabela u FROM liniji, npr. SELECT P_SIF, I_SIF FROM P, (SELECT * FROM I WHERE STATUS > 10) AS DOBRIIZD WHERE P.DRZAVA = DOBRIIZD.DRZAVA
10 SQL 92 10/37 Dodela imena izvedenoj koloni, npr. SELECT K_SIF, I_SIF, 'Tiraz u hilj.=' AS KOM, TIRAZ/1000 AS TuH FROM KI Dekartov proizvod, prošireno prirodno, slobodno spajanje, unija - operacija oblika tabela-1 CROSS JOIN [NATURAL] [INNER LEFT RIGHT FULL UNION] JOIN tabela-2 [ON logički-izraz] Prošireno spajanje, primer 1 SELECT * FROM (I NATURAL FULL JOIN KI)
11 SQL 92 11/37 Prošireno spajanje, primer 2 K( K_SIF, NASLOV, OBLAST) KI(K_SIF, I_SIF, IZDANJE, GODINA, TIRAZ) Za svaku knjigu, prikazati ukupni tiraž svih njenih izdanja. SELECT K_SIF, SUM(TIRAZ) AS TIR FROM KI GROUP BY K_SIF Ako knjiga nema izdanja, prikazati vrednost NULL SELECT K.K_SIF, SUM(TIRAZ) AS TIR FROM (K NATURAL LEFT JOIN KI) GROUP BY K.K_SIF Ako knjiga nema izdanja, prikazati vrednost 0 SELECT K.K_SIF, CASE SUM(TIRAZ) IS NULL WHEN 1 THEN 0 ELSE SUM(TIRAZ) END AS TIR FROM (K NATURAL LEFT JOIN KI) GROUP BY K.K_SIF
12 SQL 92 12/37 TABLE T, ekvivalentan sa (SELECT * FROM T) SELECT upitni blok u SELECT liniji, npr. SELECT I.I_SIF, (SELECT SUM(KI.TIRAZ) UK_TIRAZ FROM KI WHERE KI.I_SIF = I.I_SIF ) AS FROM I Prošireni logički izrazi, npr. (p) IS [NOT] TRUE ((p) je (nije) tačno) (p) IS [NOT] FALSE ((p) je (nije) netačno) (p) IS [NOT] UNKNOWN ((p) je (nije) nepoznato)
13 SQL 92 13/37 Konekcija klijenta na server Aplikativni SQL...
14 14/37 SQL:1999 (SQL3) Nije jednistven standard (5 delova + 3 kasnije) OO SQL, 7 godina (planiran za 1995.) Regularni izrazi Rekurzivni upiti Trigeri Kontrolne strukture Kompleksni (strukturni, ne-skalarni) tipovi Neka OO svojstva
15 SQL:1999 (SQL3) relaciona (ne-oo) svojstva Novi tipovi podataka Novi predikati Bogatija semantika Bolja bezbednost (hijerarhijska struktura uloga i privilegija) Aktivne baze (trigeri) 15/37
16 16/37 SQL:1999 (SQL3) novi tipovi podataka LARGE OBJECT (LOB), CLOB, BLOB; ograničenja BOOLEAN (true, false, unknown) Strukturni tipovi: ARRAY, ROW Primer 1: kolona DANI VARCHAR(10) ARRAY[7] Primer 2: CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE (EMP-ID INTEGER, NAME ROW ( FIRST VARCHAR(30), LAST VARCHAR(30)), ADDRESS ROW ( STREET VARCHAR(50), CITY VARCHAR(30), STATE CHAR(2) ), SALARY REAL ) SELECT E.NAME.LAST FROM EMPLOYEE E
17 17/37 SQL:1999 (SQL3) jednostavni korisnički definisani tipovi DISTINCT TYPES ne mogu da se porede, npr. IQ, BrojCipela (oba integer), npr. CREATE TYPE IQ AS INTEGER; CREATE TYPE BrojCipela AS INTEGER; CREATE TABLE NONS (MojBrojCipela BrojCipela, MojIQ IQ); CAST npr. SELECT * FROM NONS WHERE MojBrojCipela > CAST (MojIQ AS BrojCipela) Primer 2: SET MojIQ = MojIQ * CAST(2 AS IQ)
18 18/37 SQL:1999 (SQL3) novi predikati Predikat SIMILAR (UNIX-like regularni izraz) Primer: WHERE NAME SIMILAR TO '(SQL-( )) (SQL(1 2 3))
19 19/37 SQL:1999 (SQL3) bogatija semantika Pogledi: proširen skup pogleda koji se mogu ažurirati (funkcionalne zavisnosti, pravila ažuriranja baznih tabela) Rekurzija: WITH RECURSIVE Q1 AS SELECT...FROM...WHERE..., Q2 AS SELECT...FROM...WHERE... SELECT...FROM Q1, Q2 WHERE... Tačke pamćenja, podtransakcije
20 20/37 SQL:1999 (SQL3) rekurzija: primer WITH RECURSIVE subpart (major_p, minor_p) AS ( SELECT major_p, minor_p FROM part_structure WHERE major_p = P1 UNION ALL SELECT subpart.major_p, part_structure.minor_p FROM subpart, part_structure WHERE subpart.minor_p = part_structure.major_p ) SELECT DISTINCT major_p, minor_p FROM subpart
21 21/37 SQL:1999 (SQL3) OO svojstva strukturni korisnički-definisani tipovi Strukturni korisnički-definisani tipovi, sa atributima svih mogućih tipova, npr. INTEGER, ARRAY, drugi strukturni korisnički-definisani tipovi, REF Tip REF jedinstveni identifikator vrednosti strukturnog korisnički definisanog tipa Primer: emp_type, podtip od person_type (nasleđivanje, hijerarhija), može da ima vrednosti (INSTANTIABLE) i podtipove (NOT FINAL); jedinstveni identifikator je EMP_ID (referenca), deklaracija metode GIVE_RAISE Ponašanje ovih tipova zadaje se funkcijama, procedurama ili metodama Poređenje vrednosti zadaje se korisničkidefinisanim funkcijama (CREATE ORDERING )
22 22/37 SQL:1999 (SQL3) OO svojstva metode / funkcije CREATE METHOD GIVE_RAISE (AMOUNT REAL) RETURNS REAL BEGIN RETURN AMOUNT * SELF.SALARY; END; Funkcija: primer Tabela tbla(_idx, code, name) CREATE FUNCTION gettbla (idx int) RETURNS TEXT READS SQL DATA BEGIN SELECT CONCAT(code, name) INTO resulttbl FROM tbla WHERE _idx = idx; RETURN resulttbl; END
23 SQL:1999 (SQL3) OO svojstva - metode 23/37 Metode različite od SQL-pozvanih funkcija Vezane za jedinstveni korisnički tip (funkcije nisu) Korisnički tip za koji je metoda vezana je tip prvog arumenta metode, koji se ne deklariše Metode moraju da budu smeštene u istoj shemi kao i tipovi za koje su vezane I funkcije i metode u SQL/PSM ili u programskom jeziku, npr. JAVA, C
24 SQL:1999 (SQL3) OO svojstva - metode Pristup atributima korisnički-definisanih tipova -. notacijom, npr. WHERE emp.salary > WHERE salary(emp) > (ako je objekat emp tipa emp_type, salary atribut, ili je definisana funkcija salary sa jednim argumentom tipa emp_type) 24/37 metoda koristi. notaciju kada se primenjuje na tip za koji je vezana, npr. emp.give_raise(amount) (ako je emp objekat definisan nad tipom emp_type)
25 25/37 SQL:1999 (SQL3) OO svojstva tipizirana tabela Tipizirane tabele (tabele nad tipom, typed tables, ako je to strukturni korisnički definisani tip) npr. CREATE TABLE empls OF emp_type (Definicije kolona su izvedene iz atributa strukturnog tipa) Funkcije, metode, procedure, definisane za tip, sada se primenjuju na vrste tabele! Svaka vrsta ima OID: REF tip (samo ako je tipizirana tabela!) Obraćanje vrstama tipizirane tabele, npr. u tabeli KOMPANIJA atribut manager može da bude definisan sa manager REF(emp_type) with scope empls Korišćenje REF-tipa: SELECT manager->salary
26 26/37 SQL:1999 (SQL3) tipizirana tabela, primer CREATE TYPE bioskop_t AS (br_b integer, ime text, adresa text, telefon text) REF (br_b) CREATE TABLE Bioskopi OF bioskop_t; CREATE TABLE TrenutnoSePrikazuju (film integer, bioskop ref(bioskop_t) with scope Bioskopi, pocetak date, kraj date);
27 / 27
28 28/37 SQL:2003 bugfix release - revizija standarda SQL:1999 novi (14.) deo: SQL/XML svojstva novi tipovi podataka, proširenja SQL-rutina (funkcija za definisanje tabele), proširenja CREATE TABLE iskaza (LIKE, AS slično materijalizovanim pogledima), novi MERGE iskaz, OLAP, itd.
29 29/37 SQL:2003 ISO/IEC 9075(1-4,9-11,13,14):2003 ISO/IEC :2003 Framework (SQL/Framework) ISO/IEC :2003 Foundation (SQL/Foundation) ISO/IEC :2003 Call-Level Interface (SQL/CLI) ISO/IEC :2003 Persistent Stored Modules (SQL/PSM) ISO/IEC :2003 Management of External Data (SQL/MED) ISO/IEC :2003 Object Language Bindings (SQL/OLB) ISO/IEC :2003 Information and Definition Schemas (SQL/Schemata) ISO/IEC :2003 SQL Routines and Types Using the Java Programming Language (SQL/JRT) ISO/IEC :2003 XML-Related Specifications (SQL/XML)
30 30/37 SQL:2003 tipovi podataka Uklonjeni BIT i BIT VARYING tipovi Novi tipovi: BIGINT, MULTISET, XML MULTISET: sličan ARRAY, ali bez uređenja, npr. MULTISET[1, 2, 3, 4] or MULTISET(SELECT grades FROM courses) MULTISET agregatne funkcije COLLECT, FUSION, INTERSECTION, primer:
31 31/37 SQL:2003 tipovi podataka CREATE TABLE logins ( session_id INT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, successful BOOLEAN NOT NULL, uid INT, attempts ROW(VARCHAR(128),VARCHAR(128)) MULTISET); INSERT INTO logins VALUES( 1000,true,0, MULTISET( ROW('root','31337'), ROW('scott','tiger'), ROW('root','beer'))); INSERT INTO logins VALUES ( 1001,false,0,MULTISET(SELECT ROW(name,password) FROM bogus_accounts));
32 32/37 SQL:2003 tipovi podataka SELECT COLLECT(FRIEND) AS ALL_FRIENDS, FUSION(HOBBIES) AS ALL_HOBBIES, INTERSECTION(HOBBIES) AS COMMON_HOBBIES FROM FRIENDS
33 33/37 SQL:2003 SQL/XML SQL Funkcije: XMLElement() XMLAttributes() XMLForest() XMLSequence() XMLConcat() XMLAgg(), na primer
34 SQL:2003 MERGE iskaz 34/37
35 35/37 SQL:2006 (2008) ISO/IEC :2006 Definiše kako se SQL koristi zajedno sa XML-om Definiše načine unošenja (import) i skladištenja XML podataka u SQL bazi podataka, manipulisanja i izdavanja XML i konvencionalnih SQL podataka u XML formatu Mogućnost integracije (u aplikaciji) SQL koda i XQuery, XML upitnog jezika (W3C) Konkurentni pristup običnim SQL podacima i XML dokumentima.
36 36/37 SQL:2011 Na primer, tabele Inventory(Part, Qty), Changes(Part, Qty, Action) DELETE u MERGE MERGE INTO Inventory AS I USING Changes AS C ON I.Part = C.Part WHEN MATCHED AND C.Action = 'Mod' THEN UPDATE SET Qty = Qty + C.Qty WHEN MATCHED AND C.Action = 'Dis' THEN DELETE WHEN NOT MATCHED AND C.Action = 'Mod THEN INSERT VALUES (C.Part, C.Qty)
37 37/37 SQL:2011 Pipelined DML INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE u SELECT naredbi Primer: SELECT Oldtable.Empno FROM OLD TABLE (DELETE FROM Emp WHERE Deptno = 2) AS Oldtable SELECT Newtable.Empno FROM NEW TABLE (UPDATE EMP SET Salary = 0 WHERE Empno > 100) AS Newtable
1/42 SQL DDL. CREATE ALTER DROP Schema Table Tablespace Index View Domain Constraint... DECLARE TABLE (DB2)
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