Oracle Database 11g: Administration Workshop I

Transcription

1 Oracle Database 11g: Administration Workshop I Student Guide D50102GC11 Edition 1.1 October 2008 D56326

2 Authors Maria Billings Deirdre Matishak Jim Spiller Priya Vennapusa Technical Contributors and Reviewers Christian Bauwens Monica Cervilla Claude Chervet Sangram Dash Andy Fortunak Gerlinde Frenzen Steve Friedberg Mark Fuller Joel Goodman Magnus Isaksson Pete Jones Akira Kinutani Pierre Labrousse Gwen Lazenby Hakan Lindfors Srinivas Putrevu Andreas Reinhardt Lauran Serhal Ira Singer Jenny Tsai Copyright 2008, Oracle. All rights reserved. Disclaimer This document contains proprietary information and is protected by copyright and other intellectual property laws. You may copy and print this document solely for your own use in an Oracle training course. The document may not be modified or altered in any way. Except where your use constitutes "fair use" under copyright law, you may not use, share, download, upload, copy, print, display, perform, reproduce, publish, license, post, transmit, or distribute this document in whole or in part without the express authorization of Oracle. The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice. If you find any problems in the document, please report them in writing to: Oracle University, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, California USA. This document is not warranted to be error-free. Restricted Rights Notice If this documentation is delivered to the United States Government or anyone using the documentation on behalf of the United States Government, the following notice is applicable: U.S. GOVERNMENT RIGHTS The U.S. Government s rights to use, modify, reproduce, release, perform, display, or disclose these training materials are restricted by the terms of the applicable Oracle license agreement and/or the applicable U.S. Government contract. Trademark Notice Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Editors Aju Kumar Nita Pavitran Graphic Designer Rajiv Chandrabhanu Publishers Joseph Fernandez Jothi Lakshmi

3 Contents Preface I Introduction Course Objectives I-2 Suggested Schedule I-3 Oracle Products and Services I-4 Oracle Database 11g: g Stands for Grid I-5 Course Examples: HR Sample Schema I-7 1 Exploring the Oracle Database Architecture Objectives 1-2 Oracle Database 1-3 Connecting to a Server 1-4 Oracle Database Architecture: Overview 1-6 Connecting to the Database 1-7 Interacting with an Oracle Database 1-8 Oracle Database Server Structures 1-10 Oracle Database Memory Structures 1-11 Database Buffer Cache 1-13 Redo Log Buffer 1-14 Shared Pool 1-15 Allocation and Reuse of Memory in the Shared Pool 1-17 Large Pool 1-19 Java Pool and Streams Pool 1-20 Process Architecture 1-21 Process Structures 1-22 Database Writer Process (DBWn) 1-24 LogWriter Process (LGWR) 1-26 Checkpoint Process (CKPT) 1-28 System Monitor Process (SMON) 1-29 Process Monitor Process (PMON) 1-30 Recoverer Process 1-31 Archiver Processes (ARCn) 1-32 Other Processes 1-33 Server Process and Database Buffer Cache 1-35 iii

4 Database Storage Architecture 1-36 Logical and Physical Database Structures 1-38 Tablespaces and Data Files 1-40 SYSTEM and SYSAUX Tablespaces 1-41 Segments, Extents, and Blocks 1-42 Database Architecture: Summary of Structural Components 1-43 Summary 1-44 Practice 1: Overview Preparing the Database Environment Objectives 2-2 Tasks of an Oracle Database Administrator 2-3 Tools for Administering an Oracle Database 2-4 Installation: System Requirements 2-6 Checking the System Requirements 2-7 Optimal Flexible Architecture (OFA) 2-8 Optimal Flexible Architecture: Naming Scheme 2-9 Setting Environment Variables 2-11 Oracle Universal Installer (OUI) 2-13 Installing the Oracle Software 2-14 Advanced Installation Options 2-17 Installation Option: Silent Mode 2-18 Summary 2-19 Practice 2 Overview: Preparing the Database Environment Creating an Oracle Database Objectives 3-2 Planning the Database 3-3 Databases: Examples 3-4 Configuring the Listener 3-5 Database Configuration Assistant (DBCA) 3-8 Using the DBCA to Create a Database 3-9 Password Management 3-17 Creating a Database Design Template 3-18 Using the DBCA to Delete a Database 3-19 Using the DBCA for Additional Tasks 3-21 Summary 3-22 Practice 3 Overview: Using the DBCA 3-23 iv

5 4 Managing the Oracle Instance Objectives 4-2 Management Framework 4-3 Starting and Stopping Database Control 4-4 Oracle Enterprise Manager 4-5 Database Home Page 4-7 Other Oracle Tools 4-8 Using SQL*Plus 4-9 Calling SQL*Plus from a Shell Script 4-10 Calling a SQL Script from SQL*Plus 4-11 Initialization Parameter Files 4-12 Simplified Initialization Parameters 4-14 Initialization Parameters: Examples 4-15 Using SQL*Plus to View Parameters 4-19 Changing Initialization Parameter Values 4-21 Changing Parameter Values: Examples 4-23 Database Startup and Shutdown 4-24 Starting Up an Oracle Database Instance 4-25 Starting Up an Oracle Database Instance: NOMOUNT 4-26 Starting Up an Oracle Database Instance: MOUNT 4-27 Starting Up an Oracle Database Instance: OPEN 4-28 Startup Options: Examples 4-29 Shutting Down an Oracle Database Instance 4-30 Shutdown Modes 4-31 Shutdown Options 4-32 Shutdown Options: Examples 4-33 Shutdown Options 4-34 Using SQL*Plus to Start Up and Shut Down 4-35 Blackout Administration 4-36 Viewing the Alert Log 4-38 Viewing the Alert History 4-40 Using Trace Files 4-41 Dynamic Performance Views 4-43 Dynamic Performance Views: Usage Examples 4-44 Dynamic Performance Views: Considerations 4-45 Data Dictionary: Overview 4-46 Data Dictionary Views 4-47 v

6 Data Dictionary: Usage Examples 4-49 Summary 4-50 Practice 4 Overview: Managing the Oracle Instance Configuring the Oracle Network Environment Objectives 5-2 Oracle Net Services 5-3 Oracle Net Listener 5-4 Establishing Net Connections 5-5 Establishing a Connection 5-6 User Sessions 5-7 Tools for Configuring and Managing the Oracle Network 5-8 Listener Control Utility 5-10 Listener Control Utility Syntax 5-11 Listener Home Page 5-13 Net Services Administration Page 5-14 Creating a Listener 5-15 Adding Listener Addresses 5-16 Database Service Registration 5-17 Naming Methods 5-19 Easy Connect 5-20 Local Naming 5-21 Directory Naming 5-22 External Naming Method 5-23 Configuring Service Aliases 5-24 Advanced Connection Options 5-25 Testing Oracle Net Connectivity 5-27 User Sessions: Dedicated Server 5-28 User Sessions: Shared Servers 5-29 SGA and PGA 5-30 Shared Server: Connection Pooling 5-31 When Not to Use a Shared Server 5-32 Configuring Communication Between Databases 5-33 Connecting to Another Database 5-34 Summary 5-35 Practice 5 Overview: Working with Oracle Network Components Managing Database Storage Structures Objectives 6-2 Storage Structures 6-3 How Table Data Is Stored 6-4 vi

7 Database Block: Contents 6-5 Tablespaces and Data Files 6-6 Space Management in Tablespaces 6-7 Exploring the Storage Structure 6-8 Creating a New Tablespace 6-9 Storage for Locally Managed Tablespaces 6-11 Tablespaces in the Preconfigured Database 6-13 Altering a Tablespace 6-15 Actions with Tablespaces 6-17 Dropping Tablespaces 6-19 Viewing Tablespace Information 6-20 Viewing Tablespace Contents 6-21 Oracle Managed Files (OMF) 6-22 Enlarging the Database 6-23 Automatic Storage Management 6-24 ASM: Key Features and Benefits 6-25 ASM: Concepts 6-26 Summary 6-27 Practice 6 Overview: Managing Database Storage Structures Administering User Security Objectives 7-2 Database User Accounts 7-3 Predefined Accounts: SYS and SYSTEM 7-5 Creating a User 7-6 Authenticating Users 7-7 Administrator Authentication 7-9 Unlocking a User Account and Resetting the Password 7-10 Privileges 7-11 System Privileges 7-12 Object Privileges 7-14 Revoking System Privileges with ADMIN OPTION 7-15 Revoking Object Privileges with GRANT OPTION 7-16 Benefits of Roles 7-17 Assigning Privileges to Roles and Assigning Roles to Users 7-18 Predefined Roles 7-19 Creating a Role 7-20 Secure Roles 7-21 Assigning Roles to Users 7-22 Profiles and Users 7-23 Implementing Password Security Features 7-25 vii

8 Creating a Password Profile 7-27 Supplied Password Verification Function: VERIFY_FUNCTION_11G 7-28 Assigning Quotas to Users 7-29 Summary 7-31 Practice 7 Overview: Administering Users Managing Schema Objects Objectives 8-2 What Is a Schema? 8-3 Accessing Schema Objects 8-5 Naming Database Objects 8-6 Specifying Data Types in Tables 8-8 Creating and Modifying Tables 8-11 Understanding Data Integrity 8-13 Defining Constraints 8-15 Constraint Violations 8-16 Constraint States 8-17 Constraint Checking 8-19 Creating Constraints with SQL: Examples 8-21 Viewing the Columns in a Table 8-23 Viewing the Contents of a Table 8-24 Actions with Tables 8-25 Dropping a Table 8-26 Truncating a Table 8-27 Indexes 8-28 Types of Indexes 8-29 B-Tree Index 8-30 Bitmap Indexes 8-32 Index Options 8-34 Creating Indexes 8-36 Views 8-37 Creating Views 8-38 Sequences 8-39 Creating a Sequence 8-40 Using a Sequence 8-42 Temporary Tables 8-43 Temporary Tables: Considerations 8-44 Summary 8-45 Practice 8 Overview: Administering Schema Objects 8-46 viii

9 9 Managing Data and Concurrency Objectives 9-2 Manipulating Data by Using SQL 9-3 INSERT Command 9-4 UPDATE Command 9-5 DELETE Command 9-6 MERGE Command 9-7 COMMIT and ROLLBACK Commands 9-9 PL/SQL 9-10 Administering PL/SQL Objects 9-11 PL/SQL Objects 9-12 Functions 9-13 Procedures 9-14 Packages 9-15 Package Specification and Body 9-16 Built-in Packages 9-17 Triggers 9-18 Triggering Events 9-19 Locks 9-20 Locking Mechanism 9-21 Data Concurrency 9-22 DML Locks 9-24 Enqueue Mechanism 9-25 Lock Conflicts 9-26 Possible Causes of Lock Conflicts 9-27 Detecting Lock Conflicts 9-28 Resolving Lock Conflicts 9-29 Resolving Lock Conflicts with SQL 9-30 Deadlocks 9-31 Summary 9-32 Practice 9 Overview: Managing Data and Concurrency Managing Undo Data Objectives 10-2 Data Manipulation 10-3 Undo Data 10-4 Transactions and Undo Data 10-6 Storing Undo Information 10-7 Undo Data Versus Redo Data 10-8 Managing Undo 10-9 ix

10 Configuring Undo Retention Guaranteeing Undo Retention Changing an Undo Tablespace to a Fixed Size General Undo Information Using the Undo Advisor Viewing System Activity Summary Practice 10 Overview: Managing Undo Segments Implementing Oracle Database Security Objectives 11-2 Industry Security Requirements 11-3 Separation of Responsibilities 11-5 Database Security 11-6 Principle of Least Privilege 11-8 Applying the Principle of Least Privilege 11-9 Protect Privileged Accounts Monitoring for Compliance Standard Database Auditing Configuring the Audit Trail Default Auditing Uniform Audit Trails Specifying Audit Options Enterprise Manager Audit Page Using and Maintaining Audit Information Value-Based Auditing Fine-Grained Auditing FGA Policy Audited DML Statement: Considerations FGA Guidelines SYSDBA Auditing Maintaining the Audit Trail Security Updates Applying Security Patches Summary Practice 11 Overview: Implementing Oracle Database Security Database Maintenance Objectives 12-2 Database Maintenance 12-3 Terminology 12-4 x

11 Oracle Optimizer: Overview 12-5 Optimizer Statistics 12-6 Using the Manage Optimizer Statistics Page 12-7 Gathering Optimizer Statistics Manually 12-8 Preferences for Gathering Statistics Statistic Levels Automatic Workload Repository (AWR) AWR Infrastructure AWR Baselines Enterprise Manager and the AWR Managing the AWR Automatic Database Diagnostic Monitor (ADDM) ADDM Findings ADDM Recommendations Advisory Framework Enterprise Manager and Advisors DBMS_ADVISOR Package Automated Maintenance Tasks Automated Maintenance Tasks Configuration Server-Generated Alerts Setting Thresholds Creating and Testing an Alert Alerts Notification Reacting to Alerts Alert Types and Clearing Alerts Summary Practice 12 Overview: Proactive Maintenance Performance Management Objectives 13-2 Performance Monitoring 13-3 Enterprise Manager Performance Page 13-4 Drilling Down to a Particular Wait Category 13-5 Performance Page: Throughput 13-6 Performance Monitoring: Top Sessions 13-7 Performance Monitoring: Top Services 13-8 Managing Memory Components 13-9 Enabling Automatic Memory Management (AMM) Enabling Automatic Shared Memory Management (ASMM) Automatic Shared Memory Advisor Setting Shared Memory Components Manually xi

12 Using Memory Advisors Dynamic Performance Statistics Troubleshooting and Tuning Views Invalid and Unusable Objects Summary Practice 13 Overview: Monitoring and Improving Performance Backup and Recovery Concepts Objectives 14-2 Part of Your Job 14-3 Categories of Failure 14-4 Statement Failure 14-5 User Process Failure 14-6 Network Failure 14-7 User Error 14-8 Flashback Technology 14-9 Instance Failure Understanding Instance Recovery: Checkpoint (CKPT) Process Understanding Instance Recovery: Redo Log Files and LogWriter Understanding Instance Recovery Phases of Instance Recovery Tuning Instance Recovery Using the MTTR Advisor Media Failure Configuring for Recoverability Configuring the Flash Recovery Area Multiplexing Control Files Redo Log Files Multiplexing the Redo Log Archive Log Files Archiver (ARCn) Process Archive Log File: Naming and Destinations Enabling ARCHIVELOG Mode Summary Practice 14 Overview: Configuring for Recoverability Performing Database Backups Objectives 15-2 Backup Solutions: Overview 15-3 Oracle Secure Backup 15-4 User-Managed Backup 15-5 xii

13 Terminology 15-6 Recovery Manager (RMAN) 15-8 Configuring Backup Settings 15-9 Scheduling Backups: Strategy Scheduling Backups: Options Scheduling Backups: Settings Scheduling Backups: Schedule Scheduling Backups: Review Backing Up the Control File to a Trace File Managing Backups Viewing Backup Reports Monitoring the Flash Recovery Area Using the RMAN Command Line Summary Practice 15 Overview: Creating Database Backups Performing Database Recovery Objectives 16-2 Opening a Database 16-3 Keeping a Database Open 16-5 Data Recovery Advisor 16-6 Loss of a Control File 16-8 Loss of a Redo Log File 16-9 Loss of a Data File in NOARCHIVELOG Mode Loss of a Noncritical Data File in ARCHIVELOG Mode Loss of a System-Critical Data File in ARCHIVELOG Mode Data Failure: Examples Data Recovery Advisor Assessing Data Failures Data Failures Listing Data Failures Advising on Repair Executing Repairs Data Recovery Advisor Views Summary Practice 16 Overview: Performing Database Recovery Moving Data Objectives 17-2 Moving Data: General Architecture 17-3 Directory Objects: Overview 17-4 xiii

14 Creating Directory Objects 17-5 SQL*Loader: Overview 17-6 Loading Data with SQL*Loader 17-8 SQL*Loader Control File 17-9 Loading Methods External Table Population Using External Tables External Table Population with ORACLE_DATAPUMP External Table Population with ORACLE_LOADER Oracle Data Pump: Overview Oracle Data Pump: Benefits Data Pump Export and Import: Overview Data Pump Utility: Interfaces and Modes Fine-Grained Object Selection Advanced Feature: Sampling Export Options: Files Data Pump File Locations Data Pump File Naming and Size Scheduling and Running a Job Data Pump Import Data Pump Import: Transformations Data Pump: Performance Considerations Performance Initialization Parameters Data Pump Access Path: Considerations Using Enterprise Manager to Monitor Data Pump Jobs Data Dictionary Summary Practice 17 Overview: Moving Data Enhancing Database Capabilities Objectives 18-2 Using the Support Workbench 18-3 Viewing Critical Error Alerts in Enterprise Manager 18-4 Viewing Problem Details 18-5 Viewing Incident Details: Dump Files 18-6 Viewing Incident Details: Checker Findings 18-7 Creating a Service Request 18-8 Packaging and Uploading Diagnostic Data to Oracle Support 18-9 Tracking the Service Request and Implementing Repairs Closing Incidents and Problems Incident Packaging Configuration xiv

15 Working with Oracle Support MetaLink Integration Using MetaLink Researching an Issue Logging Service Requests Managing Patches Applying a Patch Release Using the Patch Advisor Using the Patch Wizard Applying a Patch Staging a Patch Summary Practice 18 Overview: Using EM Tools for Alerts and Patches Appendix A: Practices and Solutions Appendix B: Basic Linux and vi Commands Appendix C: SQL Statement Syntax Appendix D: Acronyms and Terms Appendix E: Next Steps: Continuing Your Education xv