Oracle Database 10g: New Features for Administrators

Transcription

1 Oracle Database 10g: New Features for Administrators Volume I Student Guide D17079GC10 Edition 1.0 February 2004 D39099

2 Authors Ric Van Dyke Lex de Haan Christine Jeal Janet Stern Jean-Francois Verrier Technical Contributors and Reviewers Tammy Bednar Joel Goodman Daniela Hansell Magnus Isaksson Sushil Kumar Russ Lowenthal Paul Manning Jose Marco-Dominguez Mughees Minhas Srinivas Putrevu Mark Ramacher Leng Leng Tan S. Matt Taylor Sabine Teuber Jenny Tsai Amir Valiani Harald van Breederode John Watson Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved. This documentation contains proprietary information of Oracle Corporation. It is provided under a license agreement containing restrictions on use and disclosure and is also protected by copyright law. Reverse engineering of the software is prohibited. If this documentation is delivered to a U.S. Government Agency of the Department of Defense, then it is delivered with Restricted Rights and the following legend is applicable: Restricted Rights Legend Use, duplication or disclosure by the Government is subject to restrictions for commercial computer software and shall be deemed to be Restricted Rights software under Federal law, as set forth in subparagraph (c)(1)(ii) of DFARS , Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software (October 1988). This material or any portion of it may not be copied in any form or by any means without the express prior written permission of Oracle Corporation. Any other copying is a violation of copyright law and may result in civil and/or criminal penalties. If this documentation is delivered to a U.S. Government Agency not within the Department of Defense, then it is delivered with Restricted Rights, as defined in FAR , Rights in Data-General, including Alternate III (June 1987). The information in this document is subject to change without notice. If you find any problems in the documentation, please report them in writing to Education Products, Oracle Corporation, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA Oracle Corporation does not warrant that this document is error-free. Oracle and all references to Oracle Products are trademarks or registered trademarks of Oracle Corporation. All other products or company names are used for identification purposes only, and may be trademarks of their respective owners. Publisher Nita K. Brozowski

3 Contents Introduction Overview I-2 How DBAs Spend Their Time I-3 Oracle Database 10g Manageability Goals I-4 Database Management Challenges I-5 Oracle Database 10g Solution: Self-Managing Database I-6 How Oracle Database 10g DBAs Spend Their Time I-7 Today s IT Infrastructure I-8 Grid Computing I-9 Oracle Database 10g: The Database for the Grid I-10 Further Information I-11 Suggested Schedule I-12 Student Preface I-13 1 Installation Objectives 1-2 Installation New Feature Support 1-3 Performance Enhancements to Installation 1-4 Checking the Pre-Install Requirements 1-5 Miscellaneous Installation Enhancements 1-6 CD Pack Contents 1-7 Management Options 1-8 File Storage Options 1-9 Backup and Recovery Options 1-10 File Storage Options 1-9 Backup and Recovery Options 1-10 Passwords 1-11 Summary Server Configuration Objectives 2-2 Database Configuration Assistant (DBCA) Enhancements 2-3 Using Database Control for Management 2-5 SYSAUX and DBCA 2-6 Using Enterprise Manager 2-7 Database Cloning 2-8 MetaLink Integration 2-9 Database Feature Usage: Statistics Collection 2-10 Database Feature Usage: EM Interface 2-11 Database Feature Usage: HWM Page 2-12 Policy Framework 2-13 Policy Framework in EM 2-14 Policy Violations Page 2-15 Managing Policies 2-16 Simplified Initialization Parameters 2-17 Viewing Initialization Parameters 2-18 Irreversible Data File Compatibility 2-19 iii

4 Response File Improvements 2-20 Summary 2-21 Practice 2 Overview Load and Unload Data Objectives 3-2 Cross-Platform Transportable Tablespaces 3-3 Minimum Compatibility Level 3-4 Transportable Tablespace Procedure 3-5 Determining the Endian Format of a Platform 3-6 Data File Conversion: Examples 3-7 CLOB Exception 3-8 Dynamic Performance View Changes 3-9 Data Pump: Overview 3-10 Data Pump: General Architecture 3-11 Data Pump Export and Import: Overview 3-12 Data Pump Export and Import: Benefits 3-13 General Implementation: Overview 3-14 Data Pump Direct Path Considerations 3-15 Data Pump File Locations 3-16 Data Pump File Naming and Size 3-17 Data Pump Utility: Interfaces and Modes 3-18 Data Pump and Filtering 3-19 Data Pump Import Transformations 3-20 Data Pump Job Monitoring Views 3-21 Database Control and Data Pump 3-22 Parallel Full Export and Import: Example 3-23 Limited Schema Export: Example 3-24 Network Mode Import: Example 3-25 Attaching to Existing Job: Example 3-26 Restarting Stopped Job: Example 3-27 Data-Only Unload: Example 3-28 External Table Population: Overview 3-29 External Table Population Operation 3-30 External Table Parallel Populate Operation 3-31 External Table Population: Example 3-32 External Table Projected Columns 3-33 External Table Projected Column: Examples 3-34 Summary 3-35 Practice 3 Overview 3-36 iv

5 4 Automatic Management Objectives 4-2 Oracle Database 10g Solution: Self-Managing Database 4-3 Automatic Database Diagnostic Monitor: Overview 4-4 ADDM Performance Monitoring 4-5 ADDM Methodology 4-6 Top Performance Issues Detected 4-7 Database Control and ADDM Findings 4-8 ADDM Analysis Results 4-9 ADDM Recommendations 4-10 Database Control and ADDM Task 4-11 Changing ADDM Attributes 4-12 Retrieving ADDM Reports Using SQL 4-13 Automatic Shared Memory Management: Overview 4-14 SGA Tuning Principles 4-15 Benefits of Automatic Shared Memory Management 4-16 Database Control and Automatic Shared Memory Management 4-17 Manual Configuration 4-18 Behavior of Auto-Tuned SGA Parameters 4-19 Behavior of Manually Tuned SGA Parameters 4-20 Using the V$PARAMETER View 4-21 Resizing SGA_TARGET 4-22 Disable Automatic Shared Memory Management 4-23 Manually Resizing Dynamic SGA Parameters 4-24 Automatic Optimizer Statistics Collection: Overview 4-25 GATHER_STATS_JOB 4-26 Changing the GATHER_STATS_JOB Schedule 4-27 Locking Statistics 4-28 Using the DBMS_STATS Package 4-29 Automatic Statistics Collection: Considerations 4-30 History of Optimizer Statistics 4-31 Managing Historical Optimizer Statistics 4-32 Automatic Undo Retention Tuning 4-33 Automatic Checkpoint Tuning 4-34 Summary 4-35 Practice 4 Overview Manageability Infrastructure Objectives 5-2 Oracle Database 10g Solution: Self-Managing Database 5-3 Automatic Workload Repository 5-4 Automatic Workload Repository: Overview 5-5 Automatic Workload Repository Data 5-6 Active Session History 5-7 Base Statistics and Metrics 5-8 v

6 Workload Repository 5-9 Statistic Levels 5-10 AWR Snapshot Baselines 5-11 AWR Snapshot Purging Policy 5-12 Database Control and AWR 5-13 AWR Reports 5-14 Statspack and AWR 5-15 Server-Generated Alerts 5-16 Server-Generated Alerts: Overview 5-17 Alert Models Architecture 5-18 Server-Generated Alert Types 5-19 Out-of-Box Server-Generated Alerts 5-20 Database Control Usage Model 5-21 Database Control Interface to Alerts 5-22 Setting Alert Thresholds 5-23 Alerts Notification 5-24 Metric Details Severity History 5-25 Metric and Alert Views 5-26 PL/SQL Interface for Threshold Settings 5-27 Alert Consumption: Manual Configuration 5-28 Automatic Routine Administration Tasks 5-29 Job Scheduler Concepts 5-30 DBCA and Automated Tasks 5-31 Adding New Tasks Using EM 5-32 Adding a New Task Using PL/SQL 5-33 Common Manageability Infrastructure: Advisory Framework 5-34 Advisory Framework: Overview 5-35 Typical Advisor Tuning Session 5-36 Database Control and Advisors 5-37 DBMS_ADVISOR Package 5-38 Dictionary Changes 5-39 Using PL/SQL: Example 5-40 Summary 5-41 Practice 5 Overview Application Tuning Objectives 6-2 Oracle Database 10g Solution: Self-Managing Database 6-3 Automatic Statistics Gathering 6-4 Enhanced Query Optimization 6-5 Statistics on Dictionary Objects 6-6 Dictionary Statistics: Best Practices 6-7 Miscellaneous Statistics-Related Changes 6-8 DML Table Monitoring Changes 6-9 vi

7 Rule-Based Optimizer Obsolescence 6-10 Automatic SQL Tuning: Overview 6-11 Application Tuning Challenges 6-12 SQL Tuning Advisor: Overview 6-13 Stale or Missing Object Statistics 6-14 SQL Statement Profiling 6-15 Plan Tuning Flow and SQL Profile Creation 6-16 SQL Tuning Loop 6-17 Access Path Analysis 6-18 SQL Structure Analysis 6-19 SQL Tuning Advisor: Usage Model 6-20 Database Control and SQL Tuning Advisor 6-21 SQL Tuning Advisor: Options and Recommendations 6-22 DBMS_SQLTUNE Package 6-23 DBMS_SQLTUNE: Examples 6-24 Automatic SQL Tuning Categories 6-25 SQL Access Advisor: Overview 6-26 SQL Access Advisor: Usage Model 6-27 Possible Recommendations 6-28 Typical SQL Access Advisor Session 6-29 Recommendation Options 6-30 Review Recommendations 6-31 SQL Access Advisor: Procedure Flow 6-32 Performance Monitoring Solutions 6-33 Performance Management Approach 6-34 Database Home Page 6-35 Database Performance Page 6-36 Concurrency Wait Class: Drill Down 6-37 Top SQL by Waits: Drill Down 6-38 Summary 6-39 Practice 6: Overview Support for Analytical Applications Objectives 7-2 MERGE Command Enhancements 7-3 Conditional UPDATE and INSERT Statements 7-4 Optional DELETE Clause 7-5 Partitioned Outer Join: Introduction 7-6 Partitioned Outer Join Syntax 7-8 Time Series Calculations on Densified Data 7-9 Time Series Calculations: Results 7-10 vii

8 Integrating Interrow Calculations in SQL 7-11 Partitions, Measures, and Dimensions 7-12 Interrow Calculations: Conceptual Overview 7-13 SQL MODEL: Example 7-16 Materialized Join View (MJV) Enhancements 7-18 REWRITE_OR_ERROR Hint 7-19 REWRITE_TABLE: New Columns 7-20 Partition Maintenance Operations (PMOPs) 7-21 MV Execution Plans 7-22 Tuning Manually Created MVs 7-23 Making MVs Fast-Refreshable 7-24 MV Decomposition Example 7-25 TUNE_MVIEW Usage: Example 7-27 MV Refresh Using Trusted Constraints 7-29 Partition Change Tracking (PCT) 7-30 PCT Using List Partitioning 7-31 PCT Using Join Dependency 7-32 PCT Using TRUNCATE PARTITION 7-33 Forcing PCT-Based Refresh 7-34 Summary 7-35 Practice 7 Overview System Resource Management Objectives 8-2 Oracle Database 10g Solution: Self-Managing Database 8-3 Database Resource Manager 8-4 Setting Idle Timeouts 8-5 Switching Back to the Initial Consumer Group at End of Call 8-6 Creating a Mapping Using Database Control 8-7 Creating a Mapping Using DBMS_RESOURCE_MANAGER 8-8 Assigning Priorities Using DBMS_RESOURCE_MANAGER 8-9 Changes to DBMS_RESOURCE_MANAGER Package 8-11 Using the RATIO Allocation Method 8-12 Monitoring the Resource Manager 8-13 Summary Automating Tasks with the Scheduler Objectives 9-2 Scheduling Needs 9-3 Scheduler Concepts 9-4 Privileges for Scheduler Components 9-6 Creating a Scheduler Job 9-8 Creating a Scheduler Job: Example 9-9 viii

9 Setting the Repeat Interval for a Job 9-10 Calendaring Expressions 9-11 Using Scheduler Programs 9-12 Creating a Program Using EM 9-13 Specifying Schedules for a Job 9-14 Creating and Using Schedules 9-15 Using EM to Create Schedules: Schedule 9-16 Advanced Scheduler Concepts 9-17 Creating a Job Class 9-18 Creating a Job Class Using Enterprise Manager 9-19 Job Logging 9-20 Creating a Window 9-21 Prioritizing Jobs Within a Window 9-23 Enabling and Disabling Scheduler Components 9-25 Managing Jobs 9-26 Managing Programs 9-27 Managing Programs with EM 9-28 Managing Schedules 9-29 Managing Windows 9-30 Window Priority 9-32 Managing Attributes of Scheduler Components 9-33 Managing Attributes of the Scheduler 9-35 Viewing Job Execution Details 9-36 Viewing Job Logs 9-37 Purging Job Logs 9-38 Data Dictionary Views 9-40 Summary 9-41 Practice 9: Overview Space Management Objectives 10-2 Oracle Database 10g Solution: Self-Managing Database 10-3 Proactive Tablespace Monitoring Overview 10-4 Tablespace Space Usage Monitoring 10-5 Edit Tablespace Space Usage Thresholds 10-6 Edit Tablespace Page 10-7 PL/SQL and Tablespace Space Usage Thresholds 10-8 Proactive Undo Tablespace Monitoring Shrinking Segments: Overview Shrinking Segments: Considerations Shrinking Segments Using SQL Segment Shrink: Basic Execution Segment Shrink: Execution Considerations ix

10 Database Control and Segment Shrink Segment Advisor: Overview Segment Advisor Growth Trend Report Segment Resource Estimation Undo Management Page Undo Advisor Page Fast Ramp-Up Sorted Hash Cluster: Overview Sorted Hash Cluster: Example Sorted Hash Cluster: Basic Architecture Sorted Hash Cluster: Considerations Summary Practice 10: Overview Improved VLDB Support Objectives 11-2 Bigfile Tablespaces: Overview 11-3 Bigfile Tablespace Benefits 11-4 Bigfile Tablespace Usage Model 11-5 Creating Bigfile Tablespaces 11-6 SQL Statement Changes and Additions 11-7 BFTs and SQL Statements: Examples 11-8 Data Dictionary Changes and Additions 11-9 Bigfile Tablespaces and DBVERIFY Configuration Parameters and BFTs DBMS_UTILITY Package and BFTs Migration and Bigfile Tablespaces Extended ROWID Format and BFTs DBMS_ROWID Package Changes Temporary Tablespace Group: Overview Temporary Tablespace Group: Benefits Creating Temporary Tablespace Groups Maintaining Temporary Tablespace Groups Temporary Tablespace Group SQL: Examples Data Dictionary Changes Database Control: Creating a Partition Database Control: Partition Maintenance Partitioned IOT Enhancements Local Partitioned Index Enhancements Skipping Unusable Indexes Hash-Partitioned Global Indexes: Overview Contention Scenario Hash-Partitioned Global Indexes: Benefits Creating Hash-Partitioned Global Indexes Adding and Coalescing Partitions x

11 Range and Hash Global Index Commands Operations Not Supported Usage Example Bitmap Index Storage Enhancements Summary Practice 11: Overview Backup and Recovery Enhancements Objectives 12-2 Oracle Database 10g Solution: Self-Managing Database 12-3 New Backup and Recovery Strategy 12-4 Flash Backup and Recovery 12-5 Defining Flash Recovery Area Using Database Control 12-6 Defining a Flash Recovery Area Using SQL 12-7 Flash Recovery Area Space Management 12-8 Backing Up Data Files to a Flash Recovery Area 12-9 Modifying the Flash Recovery Area Backing Up the Flash Recovery Area New Flash Recovery Area View New Flash Recovery Area Columns Best Practices for the Database and Flash Recovery Area Changes in SQL Statement Behavior Recovering with Incrementally Updated Backups Fast Incremental Backup Enabling Fast Incremental Backup Using Database Control Enabling Fast Incremental Backup Using SQL Monitoring Block Change Tracking Oracle-Suggested Strategy RMAN Command Changes Backup Type Enhancements Using Database Control Backup Maintenance Backing Up the Entire Database Backing Up Individual Tablespaces Backing Up Data Files and Control Files Implementing Fast Recovery Automated Instance Creation and TSPITR Auxiliary Location in EM Creating Compressed Backups Monitoring Compressed Backups Simplified Recovery Through RESETLOGS Recovery Through RESETLOGS: Changes Recovering Data Files Not Backed Up Dropping a Database Automatic Channel Failover xi

12 Enhanced RMAN Scripts Setting Duration and Throttling Option Placing All Files in Online Backup Mode How Does File Status Affect BEGIN BACKUP? Changes to the END BACKUP Command How Does File Status Affect END BACKUP? Summary Practice 12 Overview Flashback Any Error Objectives 13-2 Flashback Time Navigation 13-3 Flashback Error Correction 13-4 Flashback Database: Overview 13-5 Flashback Database Eliminates Restore Time 13-6 Flashback Database Architecture 13-7 Configuring Flashback Database Using EM 13-8 Flashback Your Database Using EM 13-9 Manually Configuring Flashback Database Flashback Database: Examples Monitoring Flashback Database Excluding Tablespaces from Flashback Database Flashback Database Considerations Flashback Drop: Overview Recycle Bin Flash Back Dropped Tables Using EM Querying the Recycle Bin Restoring Tables from the Recycle Bin Recycle Bin Automatic Space Reclamation Recycle Bin Manual Space Reclamation Bypassing the Recycle Bin Querying Dropped Tables Flashback Drop Considerations Flashback Versions Query: Overview Flashback Versions Query Using EM Flashback Versions Query Syntax Flashback Versions Query: Example Flashback Versions Query: Considerations Flashback Transaction Query: Overview Flashback Transaction Query Using EM Querying FLASHBACK_TRANSACTION_QUERY Using Flashback Versions Query and Flashback Transaction Query Flashback Transaction Query: Considerations Flashback Table: Overview Using EM to Flash Back Tables xii

13 Flashback Table: Example Rolling Back a Flashback Table Operation Flashback Table: Considerations Guaranteed Undo Retention SCN and Time Mapping Enhancements Granting Flashback Privileges When to Use Flashback Technology Flashback Technology: Benefits Summary Practice 13: Overview General Storage Enhancements Objectives 14-2 Oracle Database 10g Solution: Self-Managing Database 14-3 SYSAUX Tablespace: Overview 14-4 SYSAUX Tablespace: Benefits 14-5 SYSAUX Occupants 14-6 SYSAUX and DBCA 14-7 CREATE DATABASE 14-8 ALTER TABLESPACE SYSAUX 14-9 SYSAUX Tablespace: General Usage SYSAUX Occupants: Visualization SYSAUX Occupants: Relocation SYSAUX Occupants: Relocation Using SQL Tablespace Rename: Overview Tablespace Rename: Usage Example Tablespace Rename: Considerations Tablespace Rename: Best Practices Default Permanent Tablespace: Overview Designating a Default Permanent Tablespace Default Permanent Tablespace: SQL Examples Copying Files Using the Database Server Local Copy: Example Transferring Files: Example Copying Files: Considerations Redo Logfile Size Advisor Redo Logfile Size Advisor Summary Practice 14: Overview xiii

14 15 Automatic Storage Management (ASM) Objectives 15-2 What Is Automatic Storage Management? 15-3 ASM: Key Features and Benefits 15-4 ASM: New Concepts 15-5 ASM: General Architecture 15-6 ASM Administration 15-8 ASM Instance Functionalities 15-9 ASM Instance Creation ASM Instance Initialization Parameters Accessing an ASM Instance Dynamic Performance View Additions ASM Home Page ASM Performance Page Starting Up an ASM Instance Shutting Down an ASM Instance ASM Administration ASM Disk Group Failure Group Disk Group Mirroring Disk Group Dynamic Rebalancing ASM Administration Page Create DiskGroup Page Create or Delete Disk Groups Adding Disks to Disk Groups Miscellaneous Alter Commands Monitoring Long-Running Operations Using V$ASM_OPERATION ASM Administration ASM Files ASM File Names ASM File Name Syntax ASM File Name Mapping ASM File Templates Template and Alias Examples Retrieving Aliases SQL Commands and File Naming DBCA and Storage Options Database Instance Parameter Changes Migrate Your Database to ASM Summary Practice 15 Overview Maintaining Software Objectives 16-2 Oracle Database 10g Upgrade Paths 16-3 xiv

15 Choose an Upgrade Method 16-4 DBUA Advantages 16-5 Manual Upgrade: Advantages and Disadvantages 16-6 New Pre-Upgrade Information Utility 16-7 Oracle Database 10g: Simplified Upgrade 16-8 New Post-Upgrade Status Utility 16-9 Properly Prepared Upgrade Creating SYSAUX Tablespace Recompiling Invalid Objects Backing Up the Database Before Upgrade Selecting Database Control Specifying a Flash Recovery Area Selecting Passwords Upgrade Summary Upgrade Results Performing the Manual Upgrade Summary Security Objectives 17-2 Virtual Private Database: Overview 17-3 Virtual Private Database: Enhancements 17-4 Column-Level VPD: Example 17-5 Creating a Column-Level Policy 17-6 Policy Types: Overview 17-7 Static Policies 17-8 Context-Sensitive Policies 17-9 Sharing Policy Functions Auditing Mechanisms: Overview Uniform Audit Trails Enhanced Enterprise User Auditing Fine-Grained Auditing Enhancements Fine-Grained Auditing Policy: Example Audited DML Statement Considerations Summary Practice 17: Overview xv

16 18 Miscellaneous New Features Objectives 18-2 Transaction Monitoring 18-3 Dynamic Performance View Changes 18-4 V$FAST_START_TRANSACTIONS view 18-5 Session-Based Tracing 18-6 End-to-End Tracing 18-7 New Statistic Aggregation Dimensions 18-8 Using Enterprise Manager to Enable Statistics Aggregation 18-9 Using DBMS_MONITOR to Enable Statistics Aggregation Generalized Trace Enabling Using Enterprise Manager to Enable and View SQL Tracing Enabling and Disabling Tracing Configurationless Client Connect Simplified Shared Server Configuration Viewing the Dispatcher Configuration Resumable Space Allocation Enhancements Flushing the Buffer Cache MAXTRANS and Maximum Concurrency Large Object (LOB) Data Type Changes Implicit Conversion Between CLOB and NCLOB Regular Expression Support Matching Mechanism Syntax: Example Using REGEXP_LIKE in SQL Case- and Accent-Insensitive Query and Sort Changes in Configuration Parameters Support in SQL and Functions Quote Operator q UTL_MAIL Package UTL_MAIL Examples UTL_COMPRESS Package LogMiner Enhancements Summary Practice 18 Overview A Practices B Solutions xvi