NETWORKS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERIES. LTE Services. Jean-Gabriel Remy Charlotte Letamendia

Transcription

1 NETWORKS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERIES LTE Services Jean-Gabriel Remy Charlotte Letamendia

2

3 LTE Services

4

5 Series Editor Pierre-Noël Favennec LTE Services Jean-Gabriel Remy Charlotte Letamendia

6 First published 2014 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address: ISTE Ltd John Wiley & Sons, Inc St George s Road 111 River Street London SW19 4EU Hoboken, NJ UK USA ISTE Ltd 2014 The rights of Jean-Gabriel Remy and Charlotte Letamendia to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act Library of Congress Control Number: British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN

7 Contents LIST OF FIGURES... LIST OF TABLES... INTRODUCTION... ix xiii xv CHAPTER 1. LTE ROLL-OUT LTE air interface superior features Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing access (OFDMA) for the downlink Single-carrier frequency division multiple access for uplink Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmission Support for component carrier Relaying LTE FDD, TDD and TD-LTE duplex schemes Duplex schemes LTE TDD/TD-LTE and TD-SCDMA FDD LTE frequency band allocations Allocated frequency bands in Europe, multiband operation TDD LTE frequency band allocations LTE UE category and class definitions LTE UE category rationale LTE UE category definitions... 23

8 vi LTE Services 1.4. Interferences in OFDMA Radio propagation software Macrocells, microcells and femtocells Macrocells Femtocells Remote radio heads Heterogeneous network Backhaul The unified backhaul Future of Ethernet backhaul UMTS IP NodeB transport over converged packet network LTE/EPC transport over converged packet network Frequency planning Compatibility with DTT Health effects Physical facts Specific energy absorption rate International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection Measurements of SAR, experimental studies Comparison of SAR caused by different devices Safety limits towers Appendix 1: radio dimensioning and planning exercises (courtesy of Emmanuelle Vivier) Appendix 2: relaying the radio links Appendix 3: LTE-Advanced: requirements CHAPTER 2. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE Introduction Load tests Dimensioning of network elements to smoothly carry the traffic Dimensioning of signaling channels Load tests on signaling channels Use of protocol analyzer: example of MAPS system Background

9 Contents vii Overview Main features Supported protocol standards Test configuration Call generation Call reception Bulk call simulation Customization of call flow and messages using preprocessing tools Call flow and script execution control Call statistics, events, link status Appendix: TS of SA5 working group of 3GPP TSG SA CHAPTER 3. OTT SERVICES Introduction Impact of the technology OTT applications OTT over LTE New services opened by the high-speed Internet generalization Technical view of OTT services OTT technology Testing OTT performances OTT services challenging TV telecommunication services Instant messaging business Television and video OTT services Apple TV (source: Wikipedia) Netflix, the 2014 OTT champion OTT services provided by the network operators The carrier: neutral or responsible? OTT services other than television Dedicated services LBS: positioning and GPS-driven applications

10 viii LTE Services 3.5. Open applications versus verticalization The Apple model CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX

11 List of Figures INTRODUCTION I.1. LTE and LTE Advanced logo... xv I.2. The LTE project: milestones. Short history of the birth of a worldwide standard... xxix I.3. 3GGP logo... xxix CHAPTER Use of MIMO techniques in LTE General outline of MIMO system Tx Rx Beamforming and spatial multiplexing combination Multisite MIMO scenario Control and data Joint processing techniques Bandwidth aggregation in contiguous bandwidth, single spectrum band Bandwidth aggregation in non-contiguous bandwidth, single spectrum band Bandwidth aggregation in non-contiguous bandwidth, multiple spectrum bands Basic relay scheme for LTE-A RN improving coverage RN extending coverage... 13

12 x LTE Services RN with cooperation/coordination Uplink and downlink transmission directions Frequencies in France Frequencies in France Frequencies in France Smartphone Interference mechanism in the OFDMA Intra-/inter-site correlation Effective system bandwidth Illustration of the emission spectrum mask in UL for an LTE transmission SNR ACLR for a 20 MHz eutra UE aggressor to a MHz eutra UE victims (TR ) Femtocell at home Hotspot femtocells Offcentering the radio head Unified backhaul and core network in 2G/2.5G/3G/4G networks Architecture TDM and ATM PWE3 backhaul with layer 2 interworking IP NodeB layer 2 VPN deployment option IP NodeB layer 3/MPLS VPN deployment option LTE/EPC reference architecture LTE/EPC layer 2 VPN connectivity operating modes Frequencies Absorption of radio waves by liquid water Illustration for noise Examples of measurements Base station narrow beam CHAPTER Slotted-Aloha behavior Increase of repetitions as traffic increases Stationary situation r around 0, r low value

13 List of Figures xi 2.5. Interfaces to be monitored Control plane for S1-MME interface LTE-S1 signaling scenario (messages between enodeb (enb) and MME) MAPS as enodeb Call generation at enodeb node MAPS as MME Call reception at MME CHAPTER turnover of major OTT players in M$ (logarithmic scale) Architecture HTML5 by Opera OTT SWIPE Over-the-top TV for telecom operators Skype WhatsApp Viber Compared traffic SMS versus OTT Video on Internet traffic Mobile cloud computing LBS Location-based services Location services architecture CONCLUSION C.1. LTE forecast by the end of C.2. Band of frequencies C.3. Adoption of LTE technology as of 5 December C.4. Forecast frequency bands around the world as of C.5. Known projects C.6. Mobile subscriptions C.7. Mobile subscription forecast by the end of C.8. Devices C.9. GSA analysis of the LTE terminal market end

14 xii LTE Services C.10. 4G throughput goals as they apply to LTE were represented in the standard community by this picture nicknamed the van for its shape: it shows throughout evolution goals as a function of mobility speed C.11. Services offered on smartphones C.12. Mean downlink taken from the 10% faster test measured C.13. Mean downlink C.14. Mean uplink

15 List of Tables INTRODUCTION I.1. Mobile broadband explosion... xxvii CHAPTER TDD LTE AND FDD LTE duplex format parameter Bands and frequencies TDD LTE bands and frequencies Headline data rates for LTE UE categories UL and DL parameters for LTE UE categories Parameters ICNIRP basic restrictions on exposure ICNIRP basic restrictions on exposure: for head and trunck General public exposure Microwave SAR versus mobile phone SAR Mobile phone SAR: typical SAR with phone near the head SAR SAR at 1 m Example of different towers Safety limits proximity devices... 81