QoS OVER HETEROGENEOUS NETWORKS

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2 QoS OVER HETEROGENEOUS NETWORKS Mario Marchese Department of Communications, Computer and System Science University of Genoa, Italy

4 QoS OVER HETEROGENEOUS NETWORKS

6 QoS OVER HETEROGENEOUS NETWORKS Mario Marchese Department of Communications, Computer and System Science University of Genoa, Italy

7 Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, England Telephone (for orders and customer service enquiries): Visit our Home Page on All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP, UK, without the permission in writing of the Publisher. Requests to the Publisher should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England, or ed to permreq@wiley.co.uk, or faxed to (+44) Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The Publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Other Wiley Editorial Offices John Wiley & Sons Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA Jossey-Bass, 989 Market Street, San Francisco, CA , USA Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Boschstr. 12, D Weinheim, Germany John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd, 42 McDougall Street, Milton, Queensland 4064, Australia John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, 2 Clementi Loop #02-01, Jin Xing Distripark, Singapore John Wiley & Sons Canada Ltd, 6045 Freemont Blvd, Mississauga, ONT, L5R 4J3, Canada Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Anniversary Logo Design: Richard J. Pacifico British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN (HB) Typeset in 10/12pt Times by Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd, Pondicherry, India Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production.

8 To my mother and father and to my grandparents, for their constant support during my childhood, my boyhood and in the first steps of my career. To my wife Cinzia and my daughter Michela, for their love, which makes effective my study and research, as well as possible the realization of this book

10 Contents Preface List of Abbreviations xi xv 1 What is QoS? QoS Definition Applications QoS Metrics The Concept of Traffic Flow and Traffic Class 8 2 QoS-based Networks Heterogeneous QoS-based Networks The Concept of Autonomous Systems 13 3 QoS-oriented Technologies Layered Architecture and Remote Systems Connection Protocol Stack ATM MPLS QoS-IPv Integrated Services Differentiated Services Mixed IntServ-DiffServ Approach DSCP Assignation QoS-IPv Class of Service Full IPv6 Network (CSF6N) Full IPv6 Switched Network (F6SN) 41 4 Network Control Issues QoS Management Functions Over Provisioning Flow Identification Resource Reservation and CAC Traffic Control (Shaping) Scheduling Queue Management Flow Control QoS Routing The Risk of No Control Flow Identification CAC Shaping Resource Allocation 71

11 viii Contents 5 QoS Interworking in Heterogeneous Networks Scenarios and Problems Vertical QoS Mapping Information Transport Technologies Formal Relation Among the Layers Horizontal QoS Mapping 79 6 QoS Architectures End-to-End Quality of Service: State-of-the-Art Architectures for QoS Control Technology -centric QoS Architecture IP-centric QoS Architecture Architectures and Data Encapsulation IntServ-IP-centric QoS Architecture DiffServ-IP-centric QoS Architecture MPLS-centric QoS Approach MPLS-integrated QoS Approach Full-MPLS-centric QoS Approach IPv6-centric QoS Approach QoS Overall Architecture QoS Architectures Comparison Comparison of the Features SLS Separation versus Aggregation Signalling over QoS Architectures Introduction RSVP QoS Signalling RSVP Architecture RSVP Objects RSVP Entities and Resource Reservation Applied to QoS Architecture RSVP Functional Specification (RSVP Packet Format) Summary of RSVP Protocol Mechanism RSVP Extension for DiffServ QoS Signalling RSVP-TE Introduction New Objects Definition Control Actions RSVP-TE and Scalability Remarks NSIS QoS Signalling Requirements and Application Scenarios NSIS Structure Q BGP (QoS-enhanced Border Gateway Protocol) Introduction to BGP BGP Message Formats Additional Information Carried by Q-BGP Final Remarks Concerning Signalling Vertical QoS Mapping Reference Architecture Control Modules 204

12 Contents ix 8.3 Technology Independent Layers Implementation Technology Dependent Layers Implementation TI-SAP Implementation Vertical QoS Mapping Problems Change of Information Unit Heterogeneous Traffic Aggregation Fading Effect Joint Problems Algorithm for Vertical QoS Mapping Introduction Network Optimization: State of the Art The SI-SAP QoS Mapping Problem System Constraints and Assumptions Stochastic Fluid Model and Optimization Problem Reference Chaser Bandwidth Controller (RCBC) Alternative Approach: Equivalent Bandwidth Heuristic Performance Analysis Encapsulation Traffic Aggregation Fading Counteraction QoS Gateways for Satellite and Radio Communication Role of QoS Gateway Protocol Optimization Through Layers (POTL) Protocol Stack Optimization Action Bandwidth Allocation for Satellite Environment Introduction System Scenario and Control Architecture Network Topology Simple Channel Model General Bandwidth Allocation Architecture Local Controller NCC Allocation Pareto Optimality of the Bandwidth Allocation Resolution Approaches Utopia Minimum Distance Method Algorithm Fixed Allocation Heuristic Allocation Value Function Nash Bargain Solution QoS-constrained Solutions Numerical Examples Bandwidth and Packet-Loss Probability Performance Evaluation in Presence of QoS Constraints Transport Layer over Satellite Introduction The TCP Protocol 274

13 x Contents 12.3 The TCP Congestion Control Slow Start Congestion Avoidance Fast Retransmit/Fast Recovery TCP over Satellite Networks TCP Parameters The Real Test-bed Test Application Buffer Length and Initial Window (IW) Complete Knowledge TCP Further Improvement of the Performance 290 References 295 Index 303

Next Generation Networks Perspectives and Potentials. Dr Jingming Li Salina LiSalina Consulting, Switzerland Pascal Salina Swisscom SA, Switzerland

Next Generation Networks Perspectives and Potentials Dr Jingming Li Salina LiSalina Consulting, Switzerland Pascal Salina Swisscom SA, Switzerland Next Generation Networks Next Generation Networks Perspectives