Võrgutehnoloogia MTAT Sissejuhatus
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1 Võrgutehnoloogia MTAT Sissejuhatus Erkki Laaneoks ( )
2 2
3 Loengu eesmärk 3
4 4
5 Mida ootame arvutivõrgult? 5
6 Probleeme? Üle mille infot edastada ja kuidas? Mürad, kollisioonid, sumbuvus jms. /Noises, collision, attenuation Odavus (nt. ADSL vs. fiiber vs. el. mag. lained / price (eg. ADSL, fiber, electromagnet waves). Skaleeruvus / scalability Ühilduvus / compatibility Ummistused / congests Usaldusväärsus / reliability... 6
7 Võrgu protokollistike sünnid 970 Network Control Program 973 TCP/IP (DARPA protokollistik) 974 SNA (IBM-i protokollistik) 975 DECnet (DEC-i protokollistik) 977 ISO OSI protokollistik. 978 TCP/IP v4 980 IPX/SPX (Novell'i protokollistik). 983 ARPAnet läks täielikult üle TCP/IP'le. 984 AppleTalk (Apple protokollistik) 7
8 OSI-mudel Suure probleemi jaotamisega väiksemateks autonoomseteks osadeks (jaga ja valitse)/divide et impera. OSI-mudel jagab suure probleemi 7 alamprobleemiks. OSI-mudeli kihid:. Füüsiline kiht/, 2. Kanalikiht, 3. Võrgukiht, 4. Transpordikiht, 5. Seansikiht, 6. Esituskiht, 7. Rakenduskiht /. Physical, 2. Data link, 3. Network, 4. Transport, 5. Session, 6. Presentation, 7. Application Alumine kiht pakub ülemisele kihile teenust/ Lower offer service to upper layer 8
9 . Füüsiline kiht/physical layer Tegeldakse otseselt füüsiliste probleemidega (nt. pinged, voolutugevused, füüsiline signaliseerimine, kaablid, otsikud, taktsagedus, füüsiline kodeering)/ eg. voltage, amperage, physical signals&coding, cables, connectors, clock rate,... Protokolle/tehnoloogiaid: IEEE802.3 (Ethernet), V.92, DSL, IEEE802. (Wi-Fi),... Andmeühik: bittvõrgutehnoloogia / Data(Erkki unit: bit Laaneoks) 9
10 0BASE-T Manchesteri kodeering: 0
11 00BASE-TX (IEEE 802.3u) (995) 4B/5B MLT-3 pinge (v) pluss-signaal (+) (0) aeg miinus-signaal (-) ühe biti kestus
12 2. Kanalikiht / Data link layer Toimub peamiselt füüsiline adresseerimine (lokaalne adresseerimine), andmete kapseldamine ja füüsilises kihis tekkinud vigade kontroll. / physical addressing, encapsulation, mistakes detection Protokolle: IEEE802.3, IEEE802., Frame Relay, PPP, ATM,... Andmeühik: kaader / Data unit: frame 2
13 Miks kapseldust vaja? / why encapsulation? Kapselduste kasutamise sõltuvus vajadustest/encapsulation depend on use. Dünaamilise suurusega dynamic size (nt. Ethernet, Frame Relay, PPP) vs fikseeritud suurusega fixed size (nt. ATM). Pikk kaader (Ethernet) vs lühike kaader (ATM, IEEE802.) long vs short frame Ballasti osakaal / proportion of ballast (Frame Relay vs IEEE802.) Sünkroonne/synchronous (SONET/SDH) vs asünkroonne/asynchronous (Ethernet) Miks kontrollsumma kaadris / why checksum? 3
14 kontrollsumma 2 tüüp/ pikkus sihtaadress preambula 7 kaadri alguse eraldaja 6 6 lähteaadress baite: andmed + täidis Etherneti kaader /frame kontrollsumma (CRC) poolt kontrollsummaga kaitstud ala baiti Metaandmed? 4
15 3.Võrgukiht Network layer Toimub loogiline adresseerimine (globaalne adresseerimine)/logical addressing (global scope). Protokolle: IPv4, IPv6, IPX,... Andmeühik/Data unit: pakett/packet. 5
16 (IP-adresseerimisest jm. käsitleme eraldi loengus) Miks eraldi füüsiline ja loogiline aadress?/why physical and logical addressing? 6
17 4. Transpordikiht Hoolitseb vookontrolliga seonduva eest (nt. usaldusväärne ühendus osapoolte vahel, saatmiskiirus)/flow control (connection establishing, sending data rate). Asuvad pordid/ports Protokolle: TCP, UDP, SCTP, DCCP, SPX Andmeühik: segment, datagramm 7
18 UDP Minimaalse ballastiga ja kiire/minimal overhead and fast. Ei pakuta vookontrolli jms/no flow control Kõik datagrammid peaksid olema iseseisvad/all datagrams sbould be independent. Ebausaldusväärne / unreliable 8
19 UDP datagramm bitid: lähteport sihtport pikkus kontrollsumma andmed... 9
20 TCP Kompleksne protokoll/complex protocol Võimaldab edastada usaldusväärselt andmevoogu üle võrgu/reliable connections Sisaldab mitmeid ummistuste vastu võitlemise tehnikaid/many technics to minimize congestions Ühendusele orienteeritud/connection oriented Aeglane ja rohkem ballasti võrreldes UDP-ga/ slower and more overhead than UDP 20
21 TCP-segmendi päis bitid: lähteport sihtport järjekorranumber kinnituse number HLEN reserveeritud URG ACK PSH RST SYN FIN kontrollsumma aken kiireloomulise teate viit valikud täidis andmed... 2
22 TCP-ühenduse loomine Ühenduse algataja (klient) Ühendumise koht (server) LISTEN SYN-SENT jrknr:=x Lipud: SYN jrknr:=y kinnr:=x+ Lipud: SYN, ACK kinnr:=y+ Lipud: ACK Aeg ESTABLISHED SYN-RECEIVED ESTABLISHED 22
23 TCP mõisteid Segmenteerimine / segmentation. Akna suurus / window size Aeglane alustamine / slow start Kinnitused acknowledges Nagle algoritm Laiendused (valikutena). Optional extensions 23
24 Kasutused / using UDP: Multiedastus/multicast, VoIP, DNS,... TCP: HTTP, IMAP, FTP,... 24
25 5. Seansikiht/Session layer Kannab hoolt ühenduse seansside jms säärasega seonduva eest./take care about sessions Protokolle: TLS, SSH, RPC, NetBIOS,... 25
26 6. Esituskiht/Presentation layer Vastutab andmete õigesti loetavuse eest vastuvõtja poolel, formaadib andmeid ja tegeleb andmestruktuuridega, et osapooled saaksid üksteisest üheselt aru/understandable of data, format data, data structures Protokolle: XDR, MIME. (enamasti seotud rakenduskihiga)/related mostly with application layer 26
27 7.Rakenduskiht (application layer) Konkreetse rakendusprogrammi andmed/application programs data. Protokolle: HTTP, FTP, DNS, SMTP, IMAP,... 27
28 Kihtidest/About layers Võrgutehnoloogia skoobis peamiselt neli esimest kihti/important are first 4 layers. OSI-mudel sarnane TCP/IP-mudeliga/similar to TCP/IP model Kihtidel võib olla ka alamkihte.there can be also sublayers Mõni protokoll võib katta mitu kihti/some protocols cover more than one layer 28
29 OSI ja TCP/IP mudeli võrdlus 29
30 Võrguseadmeid. kihi/layer: hub, repiiter/repeater, modem Teise kihi/layer: kommutaator/switch, sild/bridge, võrgukaart/network card. Kolmanda kihi/layer: marsruuter/router, brouter >=4. kihi/layer: NAT, proksid/proxy, tulemüürid/firewall. 30
31 Lõpetuseks Küsimusi/questions? Tänan kuulamast/thank you for listening. 3
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