11. Transpordikiht. Side IRT3930 Ivo Müürsepp
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1 11. Transpordikiht Side IRT3930 Ivo Müürsepp
2 Transpordikihi funktsioonid Ühendusele orienteeritud side. Virtuaalne otsekanal alg- ja sihtpunkti vahel. Sõltumatus alumiste kihtide ülesehitusest ja protokollistikust. Segmentide õige järjekorra tagamine. Ühenduse usaldusväärsuse tagamine: Segmendi kontrollsumma Kinnitused ACK ja NACK Vigaste/puuduvate andmete uuesti saatmine ARQ Vookontroll Võrgu ülekoormuse (Congestion) vältimine Rakenduskihi andmete multipleksimine (ISO-OSI sessioonikiht) Transpordikiht 2
3 TCP segmendi päis okt okt bitt Allika port Sihtkoha port 4 32 Järjekorranumber SN 8 64 Kinnituse (ACK) number AN Päise pikkus N S C W R E C E U R G A C K P S H R S T S Y N F I N Akna suurus W Kontrollsumma URG viit Valikulised väljad (kui Päise pikkus > 5) Transpordikiht 3
4 Usaldusväärse võrguühenduse korral Adresseerimine Pordid Multipleksimine Pordid Vookontroll Libisev aken (SN, AN,W) Ühenduse loomine (SYN, ISN) Ühenduse lõpetamine Transpordikiht 4
5 TCP krediidijaotuse süsteem Joonis: William Stallings. Data and Computer Communications. Transpordikiht 5
6 Pilt: /2013/Wireshark_HTTP/default.html Transpordikiht 6
7 Lõplik olekumasin (FSM) Transpordikiht 7
8 Lihtne TCP olekumasin Transpordikiht 8
9 Ühenduse loomine Joonis: William Stallings. Data and Computer Communications. Transpordikiht 9
10 Ebausaldusväärse võrguühenduse korral Segmentide õige järjekorra tagamine Retransmissioon Vigane segment Segment ei jõua kohale (AN, taimer) Duplikaatide tuvastamine Vookontroll Ühenduse loomine ja katkestamine Tõrgetest toibumine Ülekoormuse vältimine Transpordikiht 10
11 TCP olekumasin Transpordikiht 11
12 TCP Transpordikiht 12
13 UDP datagrammi päis okt okt bitt Allika port Sihtkoha port 4 32 Segmendi pikkus Kontrollsumma Transpordikiht 13
14 Klient-server mudel Foto: Transpordikiht 14
15 Sokkel (Socket) Server Sokli loomine socket() Sokli sidumine bind() Ühenduse ootamine listen() Ühenduse aktsepteerimine accept() Andmevahetus Klient Sokli loomine socket() Ühenduse loomine connect() Andmevahetus read() write() send() receive() Transpordikiht 15
16 Sokli loomine sockfd = socket(af_inet, SOCK_STREAM, 0) Esimene argument määrab aadressiruumi AF_UNIX sama failisüsteemi kasutavatele protsessidele AF_INET kahe suvalise interneti kasutaja vahel Teine argument määrab sokli tüübi SOCK_STREAM (TCP) voog SOCK_DGRAM (UDP) datagrammid Kolmas argument määrab kasutatava (transpordikihi) protokolli. Väärtuse 0 korral valib operatsioonisüsteem ise sobivaima. Transpordikiht 16
17 Sokli sidumine (server) Käsk seob sokli serveri aadressiga bind(sockfd, sockaddr, sockaddr_len) sockfd on socket käsuga loodud sokli number (file description). Juhul kui tegutseme interneti domeenis (AF_INET) sisaldab struktuur sockaddr serveri IP aadressi ja pordi numbrit. sockaddr.sin_port = 80 // HTTP sockaddr.sin_addr.s_addr = Transpordikiht 17
18 Sokli (pordi) kuulamine (server) Peale sokli loomist ja sidumist asub server kuulama talle saabuvaid ühendussoove: listen(sockfd,5) Esimene argument on sokli number. Teiseks argumendiks on maksimaalne ühendussoovide järjekorra pikkus. Kui ühendussoovide arv ületab selle väärtuse keeldutakse uutele soovijatele ühenduse loomisest (ECONNREFUSED) Transpordikiht 18
19 Ühenduse loomine (klient) Käsuga alustatakse kliendi poolt ühenduse loomist serveriga connect(sockfd, serv_addr, serv_len) Esimeseks argumendiks on kasutaja poolse sokli number. Teiseks argumendiks on serveri aadress. Interenetiühenduse korral IP aadress ja pordi number ( :80). Kolmas argument on aadressi pikkus. Transpordikiht 19
20 Ühenduse aktsepteerimine (server) Kliendipoolse ühendussoovi connect() aktsepteerimisel loob server kliendiga ühenduse: newsockfd = accept(sockfd, cli_addr, clilen) Andmeside pidamiseks luuakse uus sokkel numbriga newsockfd. NB! Soklit numbriga sockfd kasutatakse ainult ühendussoovide kuulamiseks! Struktuur cli_addr sisaldab kliendi aadressi. Internetiühenduse korral seega tema IP aadressi ja talle eraldatud pordi numbrit. Transpordikiht 20
21 Andmevahetus Andmete vahetamine toimub mõlemas suunas: write(sockfd, *buf, buf_len) read(sockfd, *buf, buf_len) Esimeseks argumendiks on sokli number sockfd. Teiseks argumendiks on edastatavad andmed või viit puhvrile *buf, viimane argument on edastatavate andmete pikkus buf_len. Serveri poolt kirjutatut saab kliendi poolt lugeda ja vastupidi. Transpordikiht 21
22 Ühenduse lõpetamine Ühenduse lõpetamiseks suletakse loodud sokkel: close(sockfd) Paindlikumat lähenemist pakub: shutdown(sockfd, how) How: 0 - andmete vastuvõtt peatatud 1 andmete saatmine peatatud 2 saatmine ja vastuvõtmine peatatud Transpordikiht 22
23 Loe lisaks The TCP/IP Guide William Stallings. Data and Computer Communications. Kaheksas trükk. Peatükk 20 Transport Protocols. Robert Ingalls. Sockets tutorial Brian "Beej Jorgensen" Hall. Beej's Guide to Network Programming Using Internet Sockets Transpordikiht 23
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