Lecture 04: Networking & Internetworking

Transcription

1 CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Lecture 04: Networking & Internetworking 吳秀陽 Shiow-yang Wu Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering National Dong Hwa University Communication Subsystem Collection of hardware and software components that facilitates communication between hosts in a distributed system Question: What are the communication requirements of a distributed system? CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 2 Note

2 Issues and Requirements Performance latency message transmission time = data transfer rate latency + length/data trans. rate bandwidth Scalability Reliability Security Mobility Quality of Service Multicasting (one-to-many comm) CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 3 Simplified View of Internet CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 4 Note 2

3 Network A network is a collection of computers and other devices that can send and receive data between each other. Each machine on a network is called a node. Nodes that are fully functional computers are also called hosts. Every network node has an address which is a series of bytes that uniquely identify it. Addresses are assigned differently on different kinds of networks. CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 5 Network Types Wired vs wireless networks Types of networks based on size PAN-Personal area network HAN House area network LAN-Local area network CAN Campus area network MAN-Metropolitan area network WAN-Wide area network GAN Global area network CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 6 Note 3

4 Network Types Types of networks based on purposes SAN-Storage area network EPN-Enterprise private network VPN-Virtual private network CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 7 Types of Wireless Networks WPANS Wireless Personal Area Networks WLANS Wireless Local Area Networks WMANS Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks WWANS Wireless Wide Area Nerworks CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 8 Note 4

5 Types of Wireless Networks CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 9 Generations of Mobile Phone Networks CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 0 Note 5

6 Switching Schemes Broadcast Ethernet, token ring, FDDI Circuit switching PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) Packet switching IP (store-and-forward network) Frame relay SONET (passing frames through virtual circuits) Cell switching ATM/BISDN(Broadband ISDN) CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking Network Communication Nodes may also have names. Names are not locked to addresses. All modern networks are packet-switched networks. A protocol is a precise set of rules and data format defining how computers communicate. Network communication is layered. Each layer represents a different level of abstraction between the physical hardware and the information being transmitted. CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 2 Note 6

7 Conceptual Layering of Protocol Message sent Message received Layer n Layer 2 Layer Sender Communication medium Recipient CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 3 OSI Protocol Layers Layers, interfaces, and protocols in the OSI model. 2- CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 4 Note 7

8 OSI Protocol Summary Layer Description Examples Application Protocols that are designed to meet the communication requirements of HTTP, FTP, SMTP, specific applications, often defining the interface to a service. CORBA IIOP Presentation Session Transport Network Data link Physical Protocols at this level transmit data in a network representation that is independent of the representations used in individual computers, which may differ. Encryption is also performed in this layer, if required. At this level reliability and adaptation are performed, such as detection of failures and automatic recovery. This is the lowest level at which messages (rather than packets) are handled. Messages are addressed to communication ports attached to processes, Protocols in this layer may be connection-oriented or connectionless. Transfers data packets between computers in a specific network. In a WAN or an internetwork this involves the generation of a route passing through routers. In a single LAN no routing is required. Responsible for transmission of packets between nodes that are directly connected by a physical link. In a WAN transmission is between pairs of routers or between routers and hosts. In a LAN it is between any pair of hosts. The circuits and hardware that drive the network. It transmits sequences of binary data by analogue signalling, using amplitude or frequency modulation of electrical signals (on cable circuits), light signals (on fibre optic circuits) or other electromagnetic signals (on radio and microwave circuits). Secure Sockets (SSL),CORBA Data Rep. TCP, UDP IP, ATM virtual circuits Ethernet MAC, ATM cell transfer, PPP Ethernet base- band signalling, ISDN CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 5 Encapsulation in Layered Protocols Application-layer message Presentation header Session header Transport header Network header CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 6 Note 8

9 Encapsulation in Layered Protocols A typical message as it appears on the network. 2-2 CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 7 Protocol Encapsulation CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 8 Note 9

10 Data Link Layer 2-3 Discussion between a receiver and a sender in the data link layer. CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 9 Client-Server TCP a) Normal 2-4 operation of TCP. b) Transactional TCP. CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 20 Note 0

11 Internetwork Layers Layers Message Application Transport Internetwork protocols Internetwork Network interface Underlying network Internetwork packets Network-specific packets Underlying network protocols CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 2 Routing in WAN A B Hosts or local networks 3 D Links 6 E C Routers CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 22 Note

12 Routing Tables Routings from A Routings from B Routings from C To Link Cost To Link Cost To Link Cost A B C D E local A B C D E local A B C D E 2 2 local Routings from D Routings from E To Link Cost To Link Cost A B C D E local A B C D E local 2 0 CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 23 RIP(Routing Information Protocol) Send: Each t seconds or when Tl (routing table) changes, send Tl (RIP packet) on each non-faulty outgoing link. Receive: Whenever a routing table Tr is received on link n: for all rows Rr in Tr { if (Rr.link n) { Rr.cost = Rr.cost + ; Rr.link = n; if (Rr.destination is not in Tl) add Rr to Tl; // add new destination to Tl else for all rows Rl in Tl { if (Rr.destination = Rl.destination and (Rr.cost < Rl.cost or Rl.link = n)) Rl = Rr; // Rr.cost < Rl.cost : remote node has better route // Rl.link = n : remote node is more authoritative } Newer protocols exist, such as OSPF(Open Shortest Path First), } IGRP(Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) and EIGRP(Enhanced } IGRP). CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 24 Note 2

13 Congestion Control Network capacity is limited by its links and nodes. When limit is reached, dropped packets and retrans. may lower the throughput significantly. Congestion control is to regulate the network traffic to avoid the arrivals of packets to overcongested nodes. This will results in increased delays but will not significantly degrade the overall throughput. CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 25 Internetworking To build an integrated network (internetwork) on top of many different networks, we need. A unified internetwork addressing scheme 2. Internetworking protocols 3. Internetworking components for addressing, routing and transmission For Internet, the corresponding components are. IP address 2. IP protocol 3. Internet routers CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 26 Note 3

14 A Univ Campus Network Campus router /29 subnet router/ firewall hammer Staff subnet Student subnet compute server bruno dialup server henry file server hotpoint web server copper hub Eswitch hub Eswitch file server/ gateway custard other servers printers desktop computers xx desktop computers xx Campus router /29 subnet sickle router/ firewall 00 Mbps Ethernet 000 Mbps Ethernet Eswitch: Ethernet switch CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 27 Network Components NIC Network Interface Card Routers Routing packets Bridges Linking networks of different types Hubs Connecting and extending network Switches Fast routing on local networks Cables and connectors transmit signals Modem Connecting through phone line Tunnelling A pair of nodes on different networks of the same type can communicate using protocol tunnel. (next slide) CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 28 Note 4

15 Tunnelling Example IPv6 encapsulated in IPv4 packets A IPv6 IPv4 network IPv6 B Encapsulators Islands of IPv6 networking can communicate with each other by protocol tunnelling. CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 29 TCP/IP In simple terms is a language that enables communication between computers A set of rules (protocols) that defines how two computers address each other and send data to each other Is a suite of protocols named after the two most important protocols TCP and IP but includes other protocols such as UDP, RTP, etc CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 30 Note 5

16 OSI Model Revisited 7 Application 6 Presentation 5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data Link Physical APPLICATION Upper Layers Application oriented Independent of layers below TRANSPORT Lower Layers Transmission of data No differentiation of upper layers CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 3 Layers 7, 6, 5 7: Application layer Provides different services to the applications Uses the underlying layers to carry out work e.g. SMTP (mail), HTTP (web), Telnet, FTP, DNS 6: Presentation layer Converts data from applications into common format and vice versa 5: Session layer organizes and synchronizes the exchange of data between application processes CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 32 Note 6

17 Layers 4 4: Transport layer Provides end to end transportation of segments E.g. TCP encapsulates TCP segments in network layer packets adds reliability by detecting and retransmitting lost packets uses acknowledgements and sequence numbers to keep track of successful, out-of-order, and lost packets timers help differentiate between loss and delay UDP is much simpler: no reliability features CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 33 Layer 3 3: Network layer Routes the information in the network E.g. IP is a network layer implementation which defines addresses in such a way that route selection can be determined. Single address space for the entire internetwork adds an additional layer of addressing, e.g. IP address, which is different from MAC address. CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 34 Note 7

18 Layer 3 3: Network layer (e.g. IP) Unreliable (best effort) if packet gets lost, network layer doesn t care for higher layers can resend lost packets Forwards packets hop by hop encapsulates network layer packet inside data link layer frame different framing on different underlying network types receive from one link, forward to another link There can be many hops from source to destination CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 35 Layer 3 3: Network layer (e.g. IP) Makes routing decisions how can the packet be sent closer to its destination? forwarding and routing tables embody knowledge of network topology routers can talk to each other to exchange information about network topology CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 36 Note 8

19 Layer 2 2: Data Link layer Provides reliable transit of data across a physical network link bundles bits into frames and moves frames between hosts on the same link a frame has a definite start, end, size often also a definite source and destination linklayer address (e.g. Ethernet MAC address) some link layers detect corrupted frames while other layers re-send corrupted frames CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 37 Layer : Physical layer moves bits using voltage, light, radio, etc. no concept of bytes or frames bits are defined by voltage levels, or similar physical properties CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 38 Note 9

20 OSI vs TCP/IP 7 Application 6 Presentation Application Mail, Web, etc. 5 Session 4 Transport Transport TCP/UDP end to end reliability 3 Network Network IP - Forwarding (best-effort) 2 Data Link Data Link & Framing, delivery Physical Physical Raw signal OSI TCP/IP CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 39 Internet Protocol Layers The Internet connection can be simplified into a four-layer model. Each layer only talks to the layers immediately above and below it. Layers model reduces complexity and increase modularity. Application Layer Application Layer Transport Layer (TCP, UDP) Internet Layer (IP) logical path Transport Layer (TCP, UDP) Internet Layer (IP) Host-to-Network Layer (Ethernet, LocalTalk, etc.) CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 40 Note 20

21 Layer Interaction: OSI Application Application End to end Presentation Session Transport Presentation Session Transport Hop by hop Network Link Physical Network Network Link Link Link Link Physical Network Link Physical Host Router Router Host CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 4 Layer Interaction: TCP/IP End to end Hop by hop No session or presentation layers in TCP/IP model Application TCP or UDP IP IP IP Application TCP or UDP IP Link Link Link Link Link Link Physical Physical Physical Host Router Router Host CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 42 Note 2

22 TCP/IP Layers Layers Message Application Messages (UDP) or Streams (TCP) Transport Internet Network interface UDP or TCP packets IP datagrams Network-specific frames Underlying network CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 43 Encapsulation in TCP/IP Application message TCP header port IP header TCP Ethernet header IP Ethernet frame CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 44 Note 22

23 The Host-to-Network Layer = physical layer + data link layer The actual wires used to connect different computers make up the physical layer. How packets of electricity map into bits and bytes. Digital-to-analog conversion (sending end) Analog-to-digital conversion (receiving end) Error correction and redundancy are done in the data link layer. (Ethernet) A specific data link layer requires specialized hardware. Bridges: convert information from one type to another. For Java distributed programming, we don t need to worry about either of the two layers. CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 45 The Internet Layer A protocol defines how bits and bytes are organized into packets, and the addressing scheme by which different machines find each other. The Internet Protocol (IP) is the most popular protocol in the world. Others: IPX(Netware), AppleTalk(Macintoshes) Internet layer protocols are hardwareindependent. Data is sent in packets called datagrams. Each IP datagram contains a header (20 ~ 60 bytes) and a payload (up to 6555 bytes). The header contains the protocol version no. and the addresses of the sending and receiving hosts. CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 46 Note 23

24 The Transport Layer Datagrams may not be delivered or arrived orderly. Responsible for ensuring that packets are received in the order sent and that no data is lost. Lost packets must be retransmitted. Two primary protocols: TCP and UDP. The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a reliable protocol that guarantees the order of packets and no data lost, but with higher overhead. The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is an unreliable protocol that does not guarantee correct delivery of packets, but is often much faster. CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 47 The Application Layer Deliver data to and from the application processes. Lower layers define how data is transferred. The application layer decides what to do with that data and when it s transferred. Example: HTTP makes sure that your browser knows to display an image as a picture, not a long stream of numbers. Examples: SMTP and POP for , FTP for file transfer, NNTP for news, The way these four layers work together is called encapsulation. CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 48 Note 24

25 Common Internet Protocols IPv4 (Internet Protocol, version 4, 32-bit addresses) IPv6 (Internet Protocol, version 6, 28-bit addresses) TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) UDP (User Datagram Protocol) ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) is used with multicasting. ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol) ICMPv6 (Internet Control Message Protocol, version 6) combines the functionality of ICMPv4, IGMP, and ARP. BPF (BSD Packet Filter) is a data link layer interface for Berkeleybased kernels. DLPI (Data Link Provider Interface) is a datalink layer interface for SVR4-based kernels. CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 49 Some Internet Applications OSPF (routing) - Open Shortest Path First RIP (routing) - Routing Information Protocol BGP (routing) Border Gateway Protocol SMTP ( ) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol POP ( ) Post Office Protocol Telnet (remote login) SSH (remote login) Secure Shell FTP (file transfer) File Transfer Protocl HTTP (web) HyperText Transfer Protocol NNTP (netnews) - Network News Transfer Protocol NTP (time) Network Time Protocol DNS (name service) Domain Name Service NFS (distributed file system) Network File System Sun RPC (remote procedure call) DCE RPC (remote procedure call) CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 50 Note 25

26 Programmer s View of TCP/IP Internet Application TCP Application UDP IP CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 5 Internet Address Classes 7 24 Class A: 0 Network ID Host ID 4 6 Class B: 0 Network ID Host ID 2 8 Class C: 0 Network ID Host ID Max Hosts 6M 64K 254 Class D (multicast): 0 28 Multicast address N/A Class E (reserved): 0 27 unused N/A CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 52 Note 26

27 Internet Address in Decimal octet octet 2 octet 3 Range of addresses Network ID Class A: to 27 Host ID 0 to to to to Network ID Host ID Class B: 28 to 9 0 to to to 255 Network ID Host ID Class C: 92 to to to 255 to 254 Multicast address Class D (multicast): 224 to to to 255 to to to to Class E (reserved): 240 to to to 255 to to CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 53 IP Packet Layout header IP address of source IP address of destination up to 64 kilobytes data CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 54 Note 27

28 NAT-based Home Network NAT(Network Address Translation) allows devices to have non globally unique IP addresses. CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 55 MobileIP Routing Address of FA returned to sender Sender Subsequent IP packets tunnelled to FA Mobile host MH First IP packet addressed to MH Internet Foreign agent FA Home agent First IP packet tunnelled to FA HA(Home Agent) is responsible for keeping up-to-date info of mobile host s current location. FA(Foreign Agent) allocates care-of address to mobile host. CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 56 Note 28

29 Firewall Configurations a) Filtering router Router/ filter Protected intranet Internet web/ftp server b) Filtering router and bastion R/filter Bastion Internet web/ftp server c) Screened subnet for bastion R/filter Bastion R/filter Internet web/ftp server CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 57 IEEE 802 Network Standards IEEE No. Name Title Reference Ethernet CSMA/CD Networks (Ethernet) [IEEE 985a] Token Bus Networks [IEEE 985b] Token Ring Networks [IEEE 985c] Metropolitan Area Networks [IEEE 994] 802. WiFi Wireless Local Area Networks [IEEE 999] Bluetooth Wireless Personal Area Networks [IEEE 2002] ZigBee Wireless Sensor Networks [IEEE 2003] WiMAX Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks [IEEE 2004a] CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 58 Note 29

30 Ethernet Types CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 59 Wireless LAN Configuration Laptops A B C radio obstruction Palmtop D E Wireless LAN Server Base station/ access point LAN CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 60 Note 30

31 Levels of Communication Interprocess Communication request/reply (RPC and RMI) message passing (MOM) transaction data stream Network Operating System transport connection Communication Network packet switching CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 6 Middleware Protocols An adapted reference model for networked communication. 2-5 CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 62 Note 3

32 Middleware Layers Applications, services RMI and RPC request-reply protocol marshalling and external data representation Middleware layers UDP and TCP CSIE52400 Distributed Systems Networking & Internetworking 63 Note 32