Recap. Requirements of Networks. Overview of the lecture LAN. Types of Networks. Lecture 03: Networking
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1 Lecture : Networking istributed Systems ehzad ordbar School of omputer Science, University of irmingham, UK Recap rchitecture, what? and why? Tiered rchitecture Various software layer: middleware client/server rchitecture Multiple servers, Proxy servers, Peer processes esign requirements of S: Performance, QoS, ependability Lecture Lecture Overview of the lecture Requirements for networks Various types of networks How does it work? network principles Mode of transformation Protocols, what is a protocol? OSI Routing and RIP Requirements of Networks design and implementation performance Scalability Reliability Security Mobility Multicast Lecture Lecture Types of Networks PN (Personal rea Network) LNs (Local rea Networks) WNs (Wide rea Networks) MNs (Metropolitan rea Networks) WPN (Wireless PN) WLN (Wireless LN) WMN (Wireless MN) WWN (Wireless WN) LN messages are carried in high speed between connected nodes by a single communication medium Suitable for home office, radius of - km High bandwidth -Mbps (total amount of data per unit of time) Low latency - ms (time taken for a bit to reach destination) Technology: predominantly thernet Lecture Lecture
2 LN example: the old SoS ampus router file server compute servers casper web server felix subn et wallace gromit ata Staff subnet hub desktop computers perky switch hub router/ firewall pinky switch Student subnet file server/ gateway tinky-winky other servers laa-laa po The Simpsons The Muppets ata printers Mbps thernet Mbps thernet switch: thernet switch Lecture 7 WN overs Worldwide, Low bandwidth.- Mbps, high latency (- ms) Satellite/wire/cable, use of routers which also introduce delays MN Wire/cable, uses igital Subscriber Line (SL) and cable modem Range of technologies (TM, thernet) Lecture 8 Wireless networks WLNs (Wireless Local rea Networks) to replace wired LNs WaveLN technology (I 8.) WPNs (Wireless Personal rea Networks) variety of technologies GSM, infra-red, luetooth low-power radio WP (Wireless pplications Protocol) Network comparison Range andwidth (Mbps) Latency (ms) LN - kms - - WN worldwide.- - MN - kms - Wireless LN.-. km - - Wireless WN worldwide.- - Internet worldwide.- - Lecture 9 Lecture Mode of transmission Switching schemes Protocol suites Routing ongestion control Network principles Mode of transmission Packet Transmission messages divided into packets. xample: packets queued in buffers before sent onto link QoS not guaranteed ata streaming links guarantee QoS (rate of delivery) for multimedia traffic higher bandwidth Lecture Lecture
3 Switching schemes roadcasts (thernet, wireless) send messages to all nodes nodes listen for own messages (carrier sensing) ircuit switching (phone networks) Packet switching (TP/IP) store-and-forward unpredictable delays Frame/cell relay (TM) bandwith & latency guaranteed (virtual path) small, fixed size packets (padded if necessary) avoids error checking at nodes (use reliable links) Protocol well-known set of rules and formats to be used for communication between processes to perform a given task Two parts: specification of sequence of messagegs that must be exchanged specification of the format of the data in each message Lecture Lecture Protocols (OSI view) Message encapsulation HTTP, FTP,... Layer n Message sent Message received TP, UP xternal data representation., encryption pplication-layer message Failure detection and recovery Presentation header Session header Layer Layer Sender ommunication medium Recipient IP, TM Transport header Network header efinition: set of rules and formats for exchanging data, arranged into layers called protocol suite/stack. Lecture Headers appended/unpacked by each layer. Lecture OSI protocol summary Layer escription xample pplication Protocols for specific applications. HTTP, FTP, SMTP Presentation Protocols for independent data representation and encryption if required. Secure Sockets, OR R Session Protocols for failure detection and recovery. Transport Network ata link Physical Message-level communication between ports attached to processes. onnection-oriented or connectionless. Packet-level transmission on a given network. Requires routing in WNs and Internet. Packet-level transmission between nodes connected by a physical link. transmit sequence of binary data using Signalling, various mediums ISN TP, UP IP, TM thernet M, TM cell transfer Routing Necessary in non-broadcast networks (cf Internet) istance-vector algorithm: each node stores table of state & cost info of links, cost infinity for faulty links determines route taken by packet (the next hop) periodically updates the table and sends to neighbours may converge slowly [ellman-ford] RIP- for Internet similar except use default routes, plus multicast and authentication better convergence Lecture 7 Lecture 8
4 Routings from Hosts or networks Routing example Links Routings from Lecture 9 Routers Routings from Routing tables Routings from Routings from Routings from Routings from Lecture RIP routing algorithm Update: ach seconds or when table changes, send update on each non-faulty outgoing link. Propagation:When router X finds that router Y has a shorter and faster path to router Z, then it will update its table to indicate this fact. ny faster path is quickly propagated to neighbouring rotes through the Update process. Shown to converge by mathematicians (ertsekas). See next slide for details. Lecture RIP routing algorithm Variables: Tl table, Tr table received. Send: ach t seconds or when Tl changes, send Tl on each non-faulty outgoing link. Receive: Whenever a routing table Tr is received on link n: for all rows Rr in Tr { if (Rr.link!= n) { Rr.cost = Rr.cost + ; Rr.link = n; if (Rr.destination is not in Tl) add Rr to Tl; // add new destination to Tl else for all rows Rl in Tl { if (Rr.destination = Rl.destination and (Rr.cost < Rl.cost or Rl.link = n)) Rl = Rr; // Rr.cost < Rl.cost : remote node has better route // Rl.link = n : remote node is more authoritative Lecture Sample routes Summary Send from to : to link, arrive at to link, arrive at Send from to if table modified to: to link, arrive at to link, arrive at to link, arrive at N extra hop. Routings from default - Various types of Networks (LN, WN, ) Switching Schemes OSI layers and protocol Routing and RIP algorithm Further reading: page -9 Lecture Lecture
5 xercises: will be included in the next lecture Lecture
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