Allalaadimiseks. Virtuaalmasinad. Slaidid
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1 1 Allalaadimiseks Virtuaalmasinad Slaidid
2 ARVUTIVÕRGUD - ALUSED Indrek Rokk Indrek.Rokk@itcollege.ee
3 3 Meeldetuletuseks (1) Milline võrguseade on switch (kommutaator) ja milline ruuter (marsruuter)?
4 4 Meeldetuletuseks (2) Mida tähistavad antud read (ff:66:2a:bb:4e:11; 67:f3:5a:22:00:e3; ) Aadresse mille põhjal ruuter otsuseid vastu võtab Seadmete füüsilisi aadresse 16 kümnend koodis esitatud infot Mitu biti sisaldab endas antud aadress 6e:2f:ee:ff:00:11? IP aadressid jaotatakse A, B ja C klassiks aga kas ka D ja E ks? Mida on võimalik antud IP aadressi /24 kohta öelda? Kas /24 on sama mis ? Mille poolest on antud IP eriline
5 5 Meeldetuletuseks (3) Millist transpordi protokolli kasutab IP? Milline on IP ja milline UDP päis (ingl. header)? A) B)
6 6 ISO-OSI mudel It breaks network communication into smaller, more manageable parts. It standardizes network components to allow multiple vendor development and support. It allows different types of network hardware and software to communicate with each other. It prevents changes in one layer from affecting other layers. It divides network communication into smaller parts to make learning it easier to understand.
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9 Erinevad aadressid
10 IP Operation
11 11 Seadmed ja nende kihid Hosts and servers operate at Layers 2-7; they perform the encapsulation process. Routers: Layers 1 through 3, make decisions at layer 3 Switches and NICs: Layers 1 and 2, make decisions at layer 2 Hubs and transceivers: Layer 1, no decisions to make
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15 15 Paketi moodustamine Pakett (kanalikihis) on bittide rivi, igal bitil või bittide grupil oma tähendus Iga alaneva kihi jaoks on paketi sisu andmed andmed
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19 19 IP over Avian Carriers Standard RFC1149 Reaalselt rakendati 28. aprill 2001 Allikas:
20 20 Bongo drums Allikas:
21 21 Wireshark Vabavaraline paketianalüsaator Installeerime endale arvutitesse Root kasutaja õigustes kasutamine paha idee Google otsisõna wireshark capture privileges Käsurealt käsk setcap 'CAP_NET_RAW+eip CAP_NET_ADMIN+eip' /usr/bin/dumpcap Veel piiranguid/soovitusi Vaatame pakettidele sisse
22 22 Wireshark filtrid Capture filtrid tcpdump süntaks tcpdump süntaksi eripärad -n ei lahenda nimesid -nn ei lahenda nimesid ja pordi numbreid -s 0 kogu paketid pikkus -w faili kirjutamine -i liides ülakoma, ( ja ) käsu sisse panemiseks, alternatiiv on \(
23 23 Veebilehe vaatamine käsitsi telnet rasi.lr.ttu.ee 80 GET / HTTP/1.1 Host: rasi.lr.ttu.ee
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25 25
26 Three Way Handshake: State Diagram
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28 28 Netstat Vaatame millised ühendused meie arvutist on netstat -i netstat -unpt netstat -l
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38 38 Marsruutimis tabel netstat -r Marsruutimistabeli vaatamine route -n Marsruutimistabeli tühjendamine route delete Marsruudi lisamine route add default gw eth0 route add -net netmask dev eth0
39 39 Paketi tee teada saamine traceroute linux traceroute omad eripärad mtr mtr -r
40 40 Background Radiation Valesti konfigureerimine /8 27. jaanuar 2010 võrgud /24, /24, /22 ja /16
41 41 Liiklus /8 võrku Allikas:
42 42 Mõned huvitavad tähelepanekud Halvasti konfigureeritud IP-telefoni keskjaamad Liiklus võrkudesse , , Tegelikult aadressidele , , Tarkvaraline viga x.1
43 IPv4 aadressid 43
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56 56 IPv4 aadressruumi kokkuhoiuks VLSM & CIDR notatsioon (1993, RFC 1519) Network Address Translation (1994, RFC 1631) Private Addressing (1996, RFC 1918)
57 57 Classless IP Addressing Classless Inter-domain Routing (CIDR RFC 1517) CIDR eelised: IPv4 aadresside efektiivsem kasutamine Marsruutide summeerimine Variable Length Subnet Masking (VLSM) Võrkudel on alamvõrgud Marsruutimisprefiksite agregeerimine
58 Agregeerimine 58
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64 Võrgumask /CIDR Kasutatavaid aadresse / / / / / / / / / / / / /
65 Allikas: 65
66 66 Näide Eraldatud võrguaadress /28 Võrguaadress: Aadresse selles võrgus: 32 (IP aadressi pikkus) 28 (võrgumaski pikkus) = 4 (bitti) 2 4 = 16 Aadresse, mida jagada arvutitele: 16 2 = 14
67 67 Näide (2) Üldlevi aadress aadressruumi viimane aadress. Leidmiseks (aadresse võrgus) 1 = 127 Üldleviaadress: Aadressid mida jagada arvutitele: Esimene = Viimane (arvutitele jagatavaid aadresse) = Aadressruum graafiliselt:
68 68 IP aadressi kalkulaator jodies.de/ipcalc
69 Alamvõrkudeks jagamine - kokkuvõtteks 69 /24 /25 /25 /26 /26 /26 /26 /27 /27 /27 /27 /27 /27 /27... By adding one bit to the netmask, we subdivide the network into two smaller networks. This is subnetting. i.e.: If one has a /26 network (32 26 = 6 => 2^6 => 64 addresses), that network can be subdivided into two subnets, using a /27 netmask, where the state of the last bit will determine which network we are addressing (32 27 = 5 => 2^5 => 32 addresses). This can be done recursively (/27 => 2 x /28 or 4 x /29, etc...). Example: /25 ( ) can be subnetted into / 26 and / 26 /27
70 70 Supernetting /26 /26 /26 /26 /26 /26 /26 /26 /25 /24 /25 /23 /25 /24 /25 Inversely, if two networks can be joined together under the same netmask, which encompasses both networks, then we are supernetting. Example: Networks /24 and /24 can be joined together into one network expressed: /23. Note: for this to be possible, the networks must be contiguous, i.e. it is not possible to supernet /24 and /
71 71 ICMP Ping ping -c 5 rasi.lr.ttu.ee ping -t 1 rasi.lr.ttu.ee ping -i 5 rasi.lr.ttu.ee ping -s 100 rasi.lr.ttu.ee ping -s f earl.itcollege.ee
72 72 Ping ülesanne Serveri rsti.amit.ee ühenduse ribalaius on hästi kitsas. Kontrollida ühenduse kvaliteeti pingides seda serverit kaheksa (8) 512 baidise paketiga, nii et iga pakett saadetaks 300 ms järel
73 73 Millal ping ei sobi Tulemüüris ära keelatud kuskil Ping paketile madalam prioriteet Eriti oluline QoS sõltuva liikluse korral Teenuse toimimise mõõtmiseks ühendus vastavasse porti Näide HPING3 hping3 -p 80 -c 2 -S
74 74 ICMP protokolli tüübid TYPE Description 0 Echo Reply 3 Destination Unreachable 4 Source Quench 5 Redirect Message 8 Echo Request 11 Time Exceeded 12 Parameter Problem
75 75 Destination Unreachable Koodid (1) Value Description 0 Network Unreachable 1 Host Unreachable 2 Protocol Unreachable 3 Port Unreachable 4 Fragmentation needed and DF (Don't Fragment) set 5 Source route failed 6 Destination Network unknown 7 Destination Host unknown 8 Source Host isolated Ei kasutata enam
76 76 Destination Unreachable Koodid (2) Value Description 9 Communication with Destination Network Administratively Prohibited Used by U.S military agencies 10 Communication with Destination Host Administratively Prohibited Used by U.S military agencies 11 Network Unreachable for Type Of Service 12 Host Unreachable for Type Of Service 13 Communication Administratively Prohibited by Filtering 14 Host Precedence Violation 15 Precedence Cutoff in Effect
77 ICMP Message Formats
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IRT0030 ANDMESIDE LOENG 4. Indrek Rokk
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