Network Overview, Network Utilities
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1 CS/ECE 438: Communications Networks Fall 2006 Problem Set 1 Solutions Network Overview, Network Utilities 1. (a) A single DVD provides: 4.7GB/24 hours = bits/( seconds) = 467, 276bps. Dividing 155 Mbps by 467 Kbps, we get 331.7, so Sprint would need to ship 332 DVDs. (b) The propagation delay over the OC-3 link is 20, 000km/( m/s) = 1/10s. The bandwidthdelay product is 155Mbps 1/10s = 15.5Mbit 1.85MB. For the DVD channel, the bandwidth is the same 155 Mbps but the delay is 24 hours. So the product is 155Mbps ( seconds) = Tbit 1.522TB. (terabit and terabyte respectively). 2. (a) No. This would violate the principle of separation of layers. To layer (N 1), the N-level PDU is simply data. The (N 1) entity does not know about the internal format of the N-level PDU. It breaks that PDU into fragments and reassembles them in the proper order. (b) Each N-level PDU must retain its own header, for the same reason given in (a). (c) Since the Application sits on top of the n-layer protocol stack, each of the n layers adds h bytes to the message it receives from the layer (or application) on top. Hence, the total number of header bytes per message is nh. So, the relative space wasted on headers is nh/(m + nh). 3. (a) The time to send the 2346-byte packet from A to the switch will consist of transmission time and propagation delay. The transmission time is 2346 bytes/11mbps = /( ) seconds = 1706µs. So the switch will receive the last bit of the packet after = 1726µs. The switch will then transmit the packet and B will receive the last bit after another 1726µs, for a total transfer time of 3452µs. (b) The intermediate switch does not decrease the long term effective data rate because as soon as A is finished transmitting one packet, it will immediately start transmitting the next one. Therefore, the bandwidth is therefore the link speed of 11 Mbps times the overhead factor of ( )/2346 = (for every 2346 bytes transmitted on the link, bytes of useful data are sent.) The effective bandwidth is 11Mbps = 10.79Mbps. (c) As found in part (a), the latency for a single packet is 3452µs. Similarly, the latency for a 100-byte acknowledgment is 2 (8 100/( )s + 20µs) = 185µs. Therefore, the total time to send a packet and receive an acknowledgment is 3637µs. Therefore, ( ) 8 = 18, 416 bits of data can be sent every 3637µs, so the effective bandwidth is 18, 416/( ) = 5.064Mbps. 4. (a) Bandwidth x delay = 100Mbps 35µs = 3500 bits. (b) In this case, one can treat the switch as another link that has a delay of (1518 8)bits/10Mbps = 1.214ms. The total delay is therefore 1.214ms + 5 2µs = 1.224ms. The bandwidth-delay product in this case is bps s = bits. (c) Bandwidth x delay = 622Mbps 88ms = 54, 736, 000bits. (d) The propagation delay to the satellite is 35, 900km/( m/s) = 120ms. There is another 120ms spent on the way back down, for a total delay of 240ms. Bandwidth x delay = 500Kbps 240ms = 120, 000 bits. 1
2 5. (a) i. > whois uiuc.edu Whois Server Version 1.3 Domain names in the.com and.net domains can now be registered with many different competing registrars. Go to for detailed information. Domain Name: UIUC.EDU Registrar: EDUCAUSE Whois Server: whois.educause.net Referral URL: Name Server: DNS2.CSO.UIUC.EDU Name Server: DNS1.CSO.UIUC.EDU Name Server: DNS1.IU.EDU Status: ACTIVE Updated Date: 19-jul-2006 Creation Date: 18-jul-1985 Expiration Date: 18-jul-2007 > whois -h whois.educause.net uiuc.edu This Registry database contains ONLY.EDU domains Domain Name: UIUC.EDU Registrant: University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign CITES 1120 Digital Computer Laboratory 1304 West Springfield Avenue Urbana, IL UNITED STATES Administrative Contact: Michael G. Gardner University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign CITES 1120 Digital Computer Laboratory 1304 West Springfield Avenue Urbana, IL UNITED STATES 2
3 (217) Technical Contact: Charles Kline University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign CITES 1120 Digital Computer Laboratory 1304 West Springfield Avenue Urbana, IL UNITED STATES (217) Name Servers: DNS1.CSO.UIUC.EDU DNS2.CSO.UIUC.EDU DNS1.IU.EDU ii. Domain record activated: 18-Jul-1985 Domain record last updated: 01-Jun-2006 Domain expires: 31-Jul-2007 Answer: Charles Kline > whois disney.com Whois Server Version 1.3 Domain names in the.com and.net domains can now be registered with many different competing registrars. Go to for detailed information. Domain Name: DISNEY.COM Registrar: NETWORK SOLUTIONS, LLC. Whois Server: whois.networksolutions.com Referral URL: Name Server: HUEY.DISNEY.COM Name Server: SENS01.DIG.COM Name Server: SENS02.DIG.COM Name Server: HUEY11.DISNEY.COM Status: REGISTRAR-LOCK Updated Date: 26-jun-2006 Creation Date: 21-mar-1990 Expiration Date: 22-mar
4 > whois -h whois.networksolutions.com disney.com Registrant: Disney Enterprises, Inc. 500 S. Buena Vista Street Burbank, CA US Domain Name: DISNEY.COM Administrative Contact: Nolda, Kathy 500 S. Buena Vista Street Burbank, CA US (818) Technical Contact: dns ops 506 2nd Ave., Suite 2100 Seattle, WA US Record expires on 22-Mar Record created on 21-Mar Database last updated on 29-Aug :34:35 EDT. Domain servers in listed order: HUEY.DISNEY.COM HUEY11.DISNEY.COM SENS01.DIG.COM SENS02.DIG.COM (b) Answer: HUEY.DISNEY.COM , HUEY11.DISNEY.COM , SENS01.DIG.COM , SENS02.DIG.COM > whois uiuc.edu Whois Server Version 1.3 4
5 Domain names in the.com and.net domains can now be registered with many different competing registrars. Go to for detailed information. Domain Name: UIUC.EDU Registrar: EDUCAUSE Whois Server: whois.educause.net Referral URL: Name Server: DNS2.CSO.UIUC.EDU Name Server: DNS1.CSO.UIUC.EDU Name Server: DNS1.IU.EDU Status: ACTIVE Updated Date: 19-jul-2006 Creation Date: 18-jul-1985 Expiration Date: 18-jul-2007 > ping 56 5 dns2.cso.uiuc.edu ece438 [remsun2:~]> ping -s dns2.cso.uiuc.edu 56 5 PING dns2.cso.uiuc.edu: 56 data bytes 64 bytes from dns2.cso.uiuc.edu ( ): icmp_seq=0. time=0. ms 64 bytes from dns2.cso.uiuc.edu ( ): icmp_seq=1. time=0. ms 64 bytes from dns2.cso.uiuc.edu ( ): icmp_seq=2. time=0. ms 64 bytes from dns2.cso.uiuc.edu ( ): icmp_seq=3. time=0. ms 64 bytes from dns2.cso.uiuc.edu ( ): icmp_seq=4. time=0. ms ----dns2.cso.uiuc.edu PING Statistics packets transmitted, 5 packets received, 0% packet loss round-trip (ms) min/avg/max = 0/0/0 > whois stanford.edu Whois Server Version 1.3 Domain names in the.com and.net domains can now be registered with many different competing registrars. Go to for detailed information. Domain Name: STANFORD.EDU Registrar: EDUCAUSE Whois Server: whois.educause.net Referral URL: Name Server: AVALLONE.STANFORD.EDU Name Server: ATALANTE.STANFORD.EDU 5
6 Name Server: ARGUS.STANFORD.EDU Status: ACTIVE Updated Date: 05-oct-2005 Creation Date: 04-oct-1985 Expiration Date: 04-oct-2006 > ping -s avallone.stanford.edu 56 5 PING avallone.stanford.edu: 56 data bytes 64 bytes from Avallone.Stanford.EDU ( ): icmp_seq=0. time=68. ms 64 bytes from Avallone.Stanford.EDU ( ): icmp_seq=1. time=68. ms 64 bytes from Avallone.Stanford.EDU ( ): icmp_seq=2. time=67. ms 64 bytes from Avallone.Stanford.EDU ( ): icmp_seq=3. time=68. ms 64 bytes from Avallone.Stanford.EDU ( ): icmp_seq=4. time=68. ms ----avallone.stanford.edu PING Statistics packets transmitted, 5 packets received, 0% packet loss round-trip (ms) min/avg/max = 67/67/68 Answer: 0 ms and 67 ms respectively. (c) > traceroute traceroute to www4.stanford.edu ( ), 30 hops max, 40 byte packets 1 uiuc-ewsl-vlan1.gw.uiuc.edu ( ) ms ms ms ( ) ms ms ms 3 * * * 4 t-fwb.gw.uiuc.edu ( ) ms ms ms 5 uiuc-exite-fw-net.gw.uiuc.edu ( ) ms ms ms 6 t-dmzo.gw.uiuc.edu ( ) ms ms ms ( ) ms ms ms 8 chin-mren-ge.abilene.ucaid.edu ( ) ms ms ms 9 iplsng-chinng.abilene.ucaid.edu ( ) ms ms ms 10 kscyng-iplsng.abilene.ucaid.edu ( ) ms ms ms 11 dnvrng-kscyng.abilene.ucaid.edu ( ) ms ms ms 12 snvang-dnvrng.abilene.ucaid.edu ( ) ms ms ms 13 losang-snvang.abilene.ucaid.edu ( ) ms ms ms 14 hpr-lax-gsr1--abilene-la-10ge.cenic.net ( ) ms ms ms 15 svl-hpr--lax-hpr-10ge.cenic.net ( ) ms ms ms 16 hpr-stan-ge--svl-hpr.cenic.net ( ) ms ms ms 17 bbr2-rtr.stanford.edu ( ) ms ms ms 18 www4.stanford.edu ( ) ms ms ms > > ping -s PING : 56 data bytes 64 bytes from iplsng-chinng.abilene.ucaid.edu ( ): icmp_seq=0. time=10. ms 64 bytes from iplsng-chinng.abilene.ucaid.edu ( ): icmp_seq=1. time=8. ms 64 bytes from iplsng-chinng.abilene.ucaid.edu ( ): icmp_seq=2. time=12. ms 64 bytes from iplsng-chinng.abilene.ucaid.edu ( ): icmp_seq=3. time=7. ms 64 bytes from iplsng-chinng.abilene.ucaid.edu ( ): icmp_seq=4. time=7. ms 6
7 ^C PING Statistics packets transmitted, 5 packets received, 0% packet loss round-trip (ms) min/avg/max = 7/8/12 Answer: and, yes, the times reported are similar (in the same range). (d) > traceroute traceroute to ( ), 30 hops max, 40 byte packets 1 uiuc-ewsl-vlan1.gw.uiuc.edu ( ) ms ms ms ( ) ms ms ms 3 * * * 4 t-fwb.gw.uiuc.edu ( ) ms ms ms 5 uiuc-exite-fw-net.gw.uiuc.edu ( ) ms ms ms 6 t-dmzo.gw.uiuc.edu ( ) ms ms ms 7 t-dmzb.gw.uiuc.edu ( ) ms ms ms 8 champaign.illinois.net ( ) ms ms ms ( ) ms ms ms 10 POS NapSOB2-CHI-P2-7-Iron-CHM-P2.lincon.net ( ) ms ms p6-3.hsa1.chi1.bbnplanet.net ( ) ms ms ms 12 ae-2-54.bbr2.chicago1.level3.net ( ) ms ms ms 13 ae-0-0.bbr1.washington1.level3.net ( ) ms as-2-0.bbr2.washington1.level3.net ( ) ms ms 14 ae car4.washington1.level3.net ( ) ms ae car4.washington1.level3.net ( ) ms ae car4.washington1.level3.net ( ) ms 15 0.so BR1.DCA5.ALTER.NET ( ) ms mci-level3-oc48.washington1.level3.net ( ) ms 0.so BR1.DCA5.ALTER.NET ( ) ms 16 0.so XL1.DCA5.ALTER.NET ( ) ms 0.so XL2.DCA5.ALTER.NET ( ) ms 0.so XL1.DCA5.ALTER.NET ( ) ms 17 0.so XL2.LAX1.ALTER.NET ( ) ms 0.so XL1.LAX1.ALTER.NET ( ) ms ms 18 POS7-0.GW1.LAX1.ALTER.NET ( ) ms POS6-0.GW1.LAX1.ALTER.NET ( ) ms POS7-0.GW1.LAX1.ALTER.NET ( ) ms 19 telstraclear-gw.customer.alter.net ( ) ms ms ms 20 at xcore1.acld.telstraclear.net ( ) ms ms ge jcore2.acld.clix.net.nz ( ) ms ms ms 22 g9-927.u12.brh.telstraclear.net ( ) ms ms ms ( ) ms ms ms ( ) ms ms ms > The transoceanic link is between routers 19 and and You can tell due to the large jump in the round-trip times (140 ms). This link is likely using an undersea 7
8 cable. A satellite link has a round-trip latency of around 240 ms, as calculated in 4.d. The oneway latency of this link is 70 ms, which suggests a 14,000 km cable using the m/s speed of light in a cable, a plausible length for an undersea cable between Los Angeles to New Zealand. Notice how for hops different routers are used for successive probe packets. 8
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