CSE 461: Introduction. Outline
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1 CSE 461: Introduction Arvind Krishnamurthy Outline Administrative trivia Today: a brief introduction to the Internet: past and present Goals of the course How to study networks?
2 Administrative Details Everything you need is on the course web page 61 Your TODO list: Join the mailing list Teaching Assistants Stef Schoenmackers: runs the sessions Safeer Jiwan: Fishnet Project coordinator Office hours: TBA
3 Model of a Network Links carry information (bits) Wire, wireless, fiber optic, smoke signals May be point-to-point or broadcast Switches move bits between links Routers, gateways,bridges, CATV headend, PABXs, Hosts are the communication endpoints PC, PDA, cell phone, tank, toaster, Hosts have names Much other terminology: channels, nodes, intermediate systems, end systems, and much more. A Brief History of the Internet: Packet Switching and ARPANET 1957 USSR launched Sputnik; US DoD formed Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) 1961 First paper by Len Kleinrock on packet switching theory 1964 Paul Baran from RAND on design of packet switching networks ARPANET plan 3 independent implementation Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc. (BBN), a small company, was awarded Packet Switch contract to build Interface Message Processors (IMPs). US Senator Edward Kennedy congratulates BBN for getting contract to build interfaith message processors
4 Initial ARPANET 1969: ARPANET commissioned: 4 nodes, 50kbps First packets sent by Charley Kline at UCLA as he tried logging into SRI. The first attempt resulted in the system crashing as the letter G of LOGIN was entered. (October 29) Initial Expansion of the ARPANET Dec July 1970 Mar Apr Sept RFC 527: ARPAWOCKY; RFC 602: The Stockings Were Hung by the Chimney with Care
5 The Internet Becomes a Network of Networks 1970: ALOHAnet, the first packet radio network, developed by Norman Abramson, Univ of Hawaii, becomes operational 1973: Bob Kahn poses Internet problem---how to connect ARPANET, packet radio network, and satellite network 1974: Vint Cerf, Bob Kahn publish initial design of Internet protocols (including TCP) to connect multiple networks Christmas Day Lockup - Harvard IMP hardware problem leads it to broadcast zero-length hops to any ARPANET destination, causing all other IMPs to send their traffic to Harvard 1978: TCP (NCP) split to TCP/IP New applications kept the process going forward Growth of the Internet 1980: ARPANET grinds to a complete halt on 27 October because of an accidentally-propagated status-message virus 1981: BITNET (Because It s Time NETwork) between CUNY and Yale. Store and forward network for : Name server developed at Univ of Wisconsin, no longer requiring users to know the exact path to other systems 1986: NSF builds NSFNET as backbone, links 6 supercomputer centers, 56 kbps; this allows an explosion of connections, especially from universities 1987: 10,000 hosts 1988: NSFNET backbone upgrades to 1.5Mbps Internet worm burrows through the Net, affecting : 100,000 hosts
6 Web and Commercialization of the Internet 1990: ARPANET ceases to exist 1991: NSF lifts restrictions on the commercial use of the Net; Berners-Lee of European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) released World Wide Web 1992: 1 million hosts (RFC 1300: Remembrances of Things Past) 1994: NSF reverts back to research network (vbns); the backbone of the Internet consists of multiple private backbones Today: backbones run at 10Gbps, 400s millions computers in 150 countries For more on Internet history, please see Growth of the Internet in Terms of Number of Hosts Number of Hosts on the Internet: Aug Oct ,024 Dec ,174 Oct ,000 Jul ,776,000 Jul ,540,000 Jul ,218,000 Jul ,139,000 Jan ,646,000 Jul ,284,000 CAIDA router level view
7 Goal of this Course You will understand how to design and build large, distributed computer networks. Fundamental problems in building networks Design principles of proven value Common implementation technologies This is a systems course, not queuing theory, signals, or hardware design. We focus on networks, rather than applications or services that run on top of them (distributed systems). Distributed Systems (Applications And Services) You Are Here Signals The networks we study We are interested in networks that are: Large scale Intrinisically Unreliable Distributed Heterogeneous
8 Intrinsic Unreliability Information sent from a first place to a second May not arrive May arrive more than once May arrive in garbled fashion May arrive out of order May be read by others May be modified by others Why build intrinsically unreliable networks? Distributed A distributed system is a system in which I can t do my work because some computer has failed that I ve never even heard of. Lamport (Hopefully) independent failure modes Exposed and hidden dependencies Independent administrative controls Leads to
9 Heterogeneous Networks Heterogeneous: Made up of different kinds of stuff Homogeneous: Made up of the same kind of stuff Principles Homogeneous networks are easier to deal with Heterogeneous networks lead to greater innovation and scale Consider telephone network vs. Internet How to study networks? Networks in general, and Internet in particular, are complex beasts Question: how do we begin to understand Internet s workings?
10 Explore, read, tinker, break, build Internet s connectivity Protocol layering Fundamental algorithms Internet Physical Infrastructure Residential access Modem DSL Cable modem Wireless ISP Backbone ISP ISP Campus access Ethernet FDDI Wireless The Internet is a network of networks Each individually administrated network is called an Autonomous System (AS) We can roughly divide the networks into access networks and transit networks
11 A Connectivity Exploration Tool Traceroute: Run traceroute host-name on unix machines tracert host-name on windows Sends three probes to each intermediate node on the path to the final destination (more details later) Reports the IP address, a more readable name, and the round-trip latencies for the probes Traceroute to an East Coast College -bash-3.1$ traceroute planetx.scs.cs.nyu.edu traceroute to planetx.scs.cs.nyu.edu ( ), 30 hops max, 40 byte packets 1 acar-hsh-01-vlan75.cac.washington.edu ( ) ms ms ms 2 uwcr-hsh-01-vlan3904.cac.washington.edu ( ) ms ms ms 3 uwcr-hsh-01-vlan1901.cac.washington.edu ( ) ms ms ms 4 uwbr-ads-01-vlan1902.cac.washington.edu ( ) ms ms ms 5 hnsp2-wes-ge pnw-gigapop.net ( ) ms ms ms 6 abilene-pnw.pnw-gigapop.net ( ) ms ms ms 7 dnvrng-sttlng.abilene.ucaid.edu ( ) ms ms ms 8 kscyng-dnvrng.abilene.ucaid.edu ( ) ms ms ms 9 iplsng-kscyng.abilene.ucaid.edu ( ) ms ms ms 10 chinng-iplsng.abilene.ucaid.edu ( ) ms ms ms 11 buf-7600-abilene-chin.nysernet.net ( ) ms ms ms 12 nyc-gsr-buf-7600.nysernet.net ( ) ms ms ms 13 nyu-nyc-gsr.nysernet.net ( ) ms ms ms 14 WWLABGW.NYU.NET ( ) ms ms ms 15 delancy.scs.cs.nyu.edu ( ) ms ms ms 16 planetx.scs.cs.nyu.edu ( ) ms ms ms
12 Abilene I2 Backbone Traceroute to a commercial webserver -bash-3.1$ traceroute traceroute to ( ), 30 hops max, 40 byte packets 1 acar-hsh-01-vlan75.cac.washington.edu ( ) ms ms ms 2 uwcr-hsh-01-vlan3904.cac.washington.edu ( ) ms ms ms 3 uwcr-hsh-01-vlan1901.cac.washington.edu ( ) ms ms ms 4 uwbr-ads-01-vlan1902.cac.washington.edu ( ) ms ms ms 5 cnsp1-wes-ge pnw-gigapop.net ( ) ms ms ms ( ) ms ms ms 7 xe r20.sttlwa01.us.bb.gin.ntt.net ( ) ms ms ms 8 ae-0.r21.sttlwa01.us.bb.gin.ntt.net ( ) ms ms ms 9 p r20.nycmny01.us.bb.gin.ntt.net ( ) ms ms ms 10 xe-4-1.r02.nycmny01.us.bb.gin.ntt.net ( ) ms ms ms 11 ge-1-1.a00.nycmny01.us.da.verio.net ( ) ms ms ms 12 * * * 13 * * * 14 * * *
13 A Commercial backbone: NTT Traceroute to another commercial webserver -bash-3.1$ traceroute traceroute to ( ), 30 hops max, 40 byte packets 1 acar-hsh-01-vlan75.cac.washington.edu ( ) ms ms ms 2 uwcr-hsh-01-vlan3904.cac.washington.edu ( ) ms ms ms 3 uwcr-hsh-01-vlan1901.cac.washington.edu ( ) ms ms ms 4 uwbr-ads-01-vlan1902.cac.washington.edu ( ) ms ms ms 5 ccar1-ads-ge pnw-gigapop.net ( ) ms ms ms 6 a deploy.akamaitechnologies.com in-addr.arpa ( ) ms ms ms -bash-3.1$ nslookup Name: a789.g.akamai.net Address: Name: a789.g.akamai.net Address: What is going on?
14 Points to note Multi-homed Certain routers don t respond Variability in response times Geography not apparent Geography does not dictate paths Sometimes paths are horribly inflated. Why? Content distribution networks operate by returning a nearby cache site Reverse engineering is fun!
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