The Network Layer. Antonio Carzaniga. November 24, Faculty of Informatics Università della Svizzera italiana
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1 The Network Layer Antonio Carzaniga Faculty of Informatics Università della Svizzera italiana November 24, 2017
2 Outline Basic network-layer architecture of a datagram network Introduction to forwarding Introduction to routing General architecture of a router Switching fabric and queuing Internet network-layer protocol The Internet protocol(ip) Fragmentation
3 Application Level web browser web server
4 Application Level web browser web server
5 Application Level GET /carzaniga/ HTTP/1.1 Host: web browser web server
6 Application Level web browser web server HTTP/ OK... <html><head>... </head><body>...
7 Application Level GET /carzaniga/anto.png HTTP/1.1 Host: web browser web server
8 Application Level web browser web server HTTP/ OK......
9 Transport Level web browser web server
10 Transport Level web browser web server
11 Transport Level web browser web server
12 Network Layer web browser web server
13 Network Layer web browser web server
14 Network Layer web browser web server
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16
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18 Router
19 Fundamental component of the network layer Router
20 Router Fundamental component of the network layer Anodeinagraph
21 Router Fundamental component of the network layer Anodeinagraph A finite set of input/output(physical) connections a.k.a., interfaces or ports
22 Focus: Datagram Networks
23 Packet-switched network Focus: Datagram Networks
24 Focus: Datagram Networks Packet-switched network information is transmitted in discrete units called datagrams
25 Focus: Datagram Networks Packet-switched network information is transmitted in discrete units called datagrams Connectionless service
26 Focus: Datagram Networks Packet-switched network information is transmitted in discrete units called datagrams Connectionless service a datagram is a self-contained message treated independently by the network no connection setup/tear-down phase
27 Focus: Datagram Networks Packet-switched network information is transmitted in discrete units called datagrams Connectionless service a datagram is a self-contained message treated independently by the network no connection setup/tear-down phase Best-effort service
28 Focus: Datagram Networks Packet-switched network information is transmitted in discrete units called datagrams Connectionless service a datagram is a self-contained message treated independently by the network no connection setup/tear-down phase Best-effort service delivery guarantee: none
29 Focus: Datagram Networks Packet-switched network information is transmitted in discrete units called datagrams Connectionless service a datagram is a self-contained message treated independently by the network no connection setup/tear-down phase Best-effort service delivery guarantee: none maximum latency guarantee: none
30 Focus: Datagram Networks Packet-switched network information is transmitted in discrete units called datagrams Connectionless service a datagram is a self-contained message treated independently by the network no connection setup/tear-down phase Best-effort service delivery guarantee: none maximum latency guarantee: none bandwidth guarantee: none
31 Focus: Datagram Networks Packet-switched network information is transmitted in discrete units called datagrams Connectionless service a datagram is a self-contained message treated independently by the network no connection setup/tear-down phase Best-effort service delivery guarantee: none maximum latency guarantee: none bandwidth guarantee: none in-order delivery guarantee: none
32 Focus: Datagram Networks Packet-switched network information is transmitted in discrete units called datagrams Connectionless service a datagram is a self-contained message treated independently by the network no connection setup/tear-down phase Best-effort service delivery guarantee: none maximum latency guarantee: none bandwidth guarantee: none in-order delivery guarantee: none congestion indication: none
33 Datagram Network
34 Datagram Network
35 Datagram Network
36 Datagram Network
37 Datagram Network
38 Datagram Network
39 Datagram Network
40 Potentially multiple paths for the same source/destination Datagram Network
41 Potentially multiple paths for the same source/destination Datagram Network
42 Potentially multiple paths for the same source/destination Datagram Network
43 Potentially multiple paths for the same source/destination Datagram Network
44 Potentially multiple paths for the same source/destination Datagram Network
45 Potentially multiple paths for the same source/destination Datagram Network
46 Potentially multiple paths for the same source/destination Datagram Network
47 Potentially multiple paths for the same source/destination Datagram Network
48 Datagram Network Potentially multiple paths for the same source/destination Potentially asymmetric paths
49 Datagram Network Potentially multiple paths for the same source/destination Potentially asymmetric paths
50 Datagram Network Potentially multiple paths for the same source/destination Potentially asymmetric paths
51 Datagram Network Potentially multiple paths for the same source/destination Potentially asymmetric paths
52 Datagram Network Potentially multiple paths for the same source/destination Potentially asymmetric paths
53 Datagram Network Potentially multiple paths for the same source/destination Potentially asymmetric paths
54 Forwarding
55 Forwarding c d j A k h i g B e f AsendsadatagramtoB
56 Forwarding c d j A to:b... k h i g B e f AsendsadatagramtoB The datagram is forwarded towards B
57 Forwarding A to:b... k c h d i j g B e f AsendsadatagramtoB The datagram is forwarded towards B
58 Forwarding c to:b... d j A k h i g B e f
59 Forwarding c d j A k h to:b... i g B e f
60 Forwarding j c d A k h 3 2 e to:b i f g B forwarding table dest. output B port
61 Forwarding c d j A k h 3 2 e 1 4 to:b... i f g B forwarding table dest. output B port
62 Forwarding c d j A k h 3 2 e 1 4 i f to:b... g B forwarding table dest. output B port
63 Forwarding c d j A k h 3 2 e 1 4 i f g to:b... B forwarding table dest. output B port
64 Input: datagram destination Forwarding
65 Forwarding Input: datagram destination Output: output port
66 Forwarding Input: datagram destination Output: output port Simple design: forwarding table
67 Forwarding Input: datagram destination Output: output port Simple design: forwarding table Issues
68 Forwarding Input: datagram destination Output: output port Simple design: forwarding table Issues howbigistheforwardingtable?
69 Forwarding Input: datagram destination Output: output port Simple design: forwarding table Issues howbigistheforwardingtable? howfastdoestherouterhavetoforwarddatagrams?
70 Forwarding Input: datagram destination Output: output port Simple design: forwarding table Issues howbigistheforwardingtable? howfastdoestherouterhavetoforwarddatagrams? how does the router build and maintain the forwarding table?
71 Routing
72 Routing A k c h e d j g i f B
73 Routing A B k c d e f g h i j router k A 2 B 1...
74 Router Functions
75 Router Functions communications with neighbors: routing protocol routing routing table
76 Router Functions communications with neighbors: routing protocol routing routing table forwarding table
77 Router Functions communications with neighbors: routing protocol routing routing table forwarding table input packets from input ports forwarding output packets to output ports
78 Anatomy of a Router
79 Anatomy of a Router routing processor input port input port... input port switch fabric output port output port... output port
80 Anatomy of a Router routing processor input port input port... input port switch fabric output port output port... output port data link processing lookup forwarding queuing
81 Anatomy of a Router routing processor input port input port... input port switch fabric output port output port... output port
82 Anatomy of a Router routing processor input port input port... input port switch fabric output port output port... output port queuing data link processing
83 Where does queuing occur? Queuing
84 Queuing Where does queuing occur? Input ports queuingmayoccurhereiftheswitchingfabricisslowerthantheaggregatespeed ofalltheinputlines.i.e.,r S <nr in
85 Queuing Where does queuing occur? Input ports queuingmayoccurhereiftheswitchingfabricisslowerthantheaggregatespeed ofalltheinputlines.i.e.,r S <nr in Output ports queuingmayoccurherebecauseofthelimitedthroughputoftheoutputlink.i.e., R out <min(r S,nR in )
86 Whathappenswhenpacketsqueueupinarouter? Queuing
87 Queuing Whathappenswhenpacketsqueueupinarouter? Scheduling: deciding which packets to process
88 Queuing Whathappenswhenpacketsqueueupinarouter? Scheduling: deciding which packets to process first-come-first-served
89 Queuing Whathappenswhenpacketsqueueupinarouter? Scheduling: deciding which packets to process first-come-first-served weightedfairqueuing:theroutertriestobebalancetrafficevenlyamongthe different end-to-end connections. Essential to implement quality-of-service guarantees
90 Queuing Whathappenswhenpacketsqueueupinarouter? Scheduling: deciding which packets to process first-come-first-served weightedfairqueuing:theroutertriestobebalancetrafficevenlyamongthe different end-to-end connections. Essential to implement quality-of-service guarantees Deciding when to drop packets, and which packets to drop
91 Queuing Whathappenswhenpacketsqueueupinarouter? Scheduling: deciding which packets to process first-come-first-served weightedfairqueuing:theroutertriestobebalancetrafficevenlyamongthe different end-to-end connections. Essential to implement quality-of-service guarantees Deciding when to drop packets, and which packets to drop drop tail: drop arriving packets when queues are full
92 Queuing Whathappenswhenpacketsqueueupinarouter? Scheduling: deciding which packets to process first-come-first-served weightedfairqueuing:theroutertriestobebalancetrafficevenlyamongthe different end-to-end connections. Essential to implement quality-of-service guarantees Deciding when to drop packets, and which packets to drop drop tail: drop arriving packets when queues are full activequeuemanagement:asetofpoliciesandalgorithmstodecidewhenandhow todropormarkpacketsintheattempttopreventcongestion
93 Internet Network Layer
94 Routing: defining paths and compiling forwarding tables Internet Network Layer
95 Internet Network Layer Routing: defining paths and compiling forwarding tables RIP OSPF BGP
96 Internet Network Layer Routing: defining paths and compiling forwarding tables RIP OSPF BGP IP
97 Internet Network Layer Routing: defining paths and compiling forwarding tables RIP OSPF BGP IP addressing datagram format fragmentation and packet handling
98 Internet Network Layer Routing: defining paths and compiling forwarding tables RIP OSPF BGP IP addressing datagram format fragmentation and packet handling ICMP
99 Internet Network Layer Routing: defining paths and compiling forwarding tables RIP OSPF BGP IP addressing datagram format fragmentation and packet handling ICMP error reporting signaling
100 IPv4 Datagram Format 0 31
101 IPv4 Datagram Format 0 31 vers.
102 IPv4 Datagram Format 0 31 vers. hlen
103 IPv4 Datagram Format 0 31 vers. hlen type of service
104 IPv4 Datagram Format 0 31 vers. hlen type of service datagram length
105 IPv4 Datagram Format 0 31 vers. hlen type of service identifier datagram length flags fragmentation offset
106 IPv4 Datagram Format 0 31 vers. hlen type of service time-to-live identifier datagram length flags fragmentation offset
107 IPv4 Datagram Format 0 31 vers. hlen type of service identifier time-to-live protocol datagram length flags fragmentation offset
108 IPv4 Datagram Format 0 31 vers. hlen type of service identifier time-to-live protocol datagram length flags fragmentation offset header checksum
109 IPv4 Datagram Format 0 31 vers. hlen type of service datagram length identifier flags fragmentation offset time-to-live protocol header checksum source address destination address
110 IPv4 Datagram Format 0 31 vers. hlen type of service datagram length identifier flags fragmentation offset time-to-live protocol header checksum source address destination address options(if any)
111 IPv4 Datagram Format 0 31 vers. hlen type of service datagram length identifier flags fragmentation offset time-to-live protocol header checksum source address destination address options(if any) data
112 Fragmentation
113 Fragmentation routing processor input port input port... input port switch fabric output port output port... output port
114 Fragmentation routing processor input port input port... input port switch fabric output port output port... output port
115 Fragmentation routing processor input port input port... input port switch fabric output port output port... output port
116 Fragmentation routing processor input port input port... input port switch fabric output port output port... output port
117 Fragmentation MTU =1500b size =1000b input port input port... input port routing processor switch fabric output port output port... output port
118 Fragmentation MTU =1500b size =1000b input port input port... input port routing processor switch fabric output port output port... output port MTU =512b
119 Fragmentation MTU =1500b size =1000b input port input port... input port routing processor switch fabric output port output port... output port MTU =512b Howdoestherouterhandlecaseswherethesizeofaninputdatagramexceeds the maximum transmission unit(mtu) of the output link?
120 Fragmentation MTU =1500b size =1000b input port input port... input port routing processor switch fabric output port output port... output port MTU =512b Howdoestherouterhandlecaseswherethesizeofaninputdatagramexceeds the maximum transmission unit(mtu) of the output link? The datagram is fragmented
121 Fragmentation header input datagram
122 Fragmentation MTU header input datagram
123 Fragmentation MTU header header + header input datagram fragment 1 fragment 2
124 Fragmentation MTU header header + header input datagram fragment 1 fragment 2 The destination reassembles fragmented datagrams
125 Fragmentation MTU header header + header input datagram fragment 1 fragment 2 The destination reassembles fragmented datagrams pushcomplexityoutofthenetwork adatagrammayhavetobefragmentedfurtheralongthepath
126 Fragmentation MTU header header + header input datagram fragment 1 fragment 2 The destination reassembles fragmented datagrams pushcomplexityoutofthenetwork adatagrammayhavetobefragmentedfurtheralongthepath Requirements destination must recognize two fragments of the same original datagram destinationmustseeifandwhenallthefragmentshavebeenreceived intermediate routers must be able to fragment a datagram to whatever level necessary
127 Fragmentation
128 Initial(non-fragmented) datagram format(datasize = 1000) Fragmentation
129 Fragmentation Initial(non-fragmented) datagram format(datasize = 1000) sender host assigns a 16-bit identifier to the datagram(e.g., 789)
130 Fragmentation Initial(non-fragmented) datagram format(datasize = 1000) sender host assigns a 16-bit identifier to the datagram(e.g., 789) thefragmentoffsetissetto0,indicatingthatthispacketcontainsdatastartingat position 0 of the original datagram fragmentoffsetisactuallytheoffsetinunitsof8bytes(rememberit sonly13bits...)
131 Fragmentation Initial(non-fragmented) datagram format(datasize = 1000) sender host assigns a 16-bit identifier to the datagram(e.g., 789) thefragmentoffsetissetto0,indicatingthatthispacketcontainsdatastartingat position 0 of the original datagram fragmentoffsetisactuallytheoffsetinunitsof8bytes(rememberit sonly13bits...) the morefragments flagissetto0,indicatingthatno(more)fragmentshavebeen sent
132 Fragmentation Initial(non-fragmented) datagram format(datasize = 1000) sender host assigns a 16-bit identifier to the datagram(e.g., 789) thefragmentoffsetissetto0,indicatingthatthispacketcontainsdatastartingat position 0 of the original datagram fragmentoffsetisactuallytheoffsetinunitsof8bytes(rememberit sonly13bits...) the morefragments flagissetto0,indicatingthatno(more)fragmentshavebeen sent identifier fragment more header total offset fragments length length
133 Fragmentation
134 FragmentationtoanMTUof512 Fragmentation
135 Fragmentation FragmentationtoanMTUof512 sender must split the datagram into 3 fragments:
136 Fragmentation FragmentationtoanMTUof512 sender must split the datagram into 3 fragments: identifier fragment more header total offset fragments length length
137 Fragmentation FragmentationtoanMTUof512 sender must split the datagram into 3 fragments: identifier fragment more header total offset fragments length length identifier fragment more header total offset fragments length length
138 Fragmentation FragmentationtoanMTUof512 sender must split the datagram into 3 fragments: identifier fragment more header total offset fragments length length identifier fragment more header total offset fragments length length identifier fragment more header total offset fragments length length
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