The NeWS Book An Introduction to the Network/extensible Window System By James Gosling, David S.H. Rosenthal, and Michelle J.

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1 SUN TECHNICAL REFERENCE LIBRARY OTHER BOOKS IN THE LIBRARY: The NeWS Book An Introduction to the Network/extensible Window System By James Gosling, David S.H. Rosenthal, and Michelle J. Arden BOOKS IN PROGRESS: Sun Operating System RPC Programming Introduction to SPARC Technology CAD /CAM on Sun Workstations System Administrator's Guide to Sun Workstations Basic Networking on Sun Workstations Beginner's Guide to Sun Workstations

2 Mark Hall John Barry editors The SunTechnology Papers Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong

3 Mark Hall John Barry Sun Microsystems, Inc. Mountain View, CA 94043, 1990 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in conjunction with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hall,Mark The SunTechnology Papers / Mark Hall, John Barry. p. cm.--(sun technical reference library) Includes index. ISBN-13: Computer systems 2. Computer workstations I. Barry, John II. Title III. Series Sun Microsystems, Inc., has reviewed the contents of this book prior to final publication. The book does not necessarily represent the views, opinions, or product strategies of Sun or its subsidiaries. Neither Sun, V\\iterside Productions, Inc., nor Springer-Verlag are responsible for its contents or its accuracy, and therefore make no representations or warranties with respect to it. Sun, V\\iterside, and Springer-Verlag believe, however, that the book presents accurate and valuable information to the interested reader, as of the time of publication. Sun Microsystems and the Sun logo are registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. Catalyst, DVMA, NDE, NETdisk, NeWS, NFS, NSE, ONC, OpenFonts, Open Systems Network, OpenWindows, PC-NFS, Pixrect, SPARC, SPARCserver, SPARCstation, SPARCsystem, SPARCware, SPE, STTYTOOL, Sun-2, Sun-3, Sun-4, Sun386i, SunCGI, Sun Common Lisp, SunGuide, SunGKS, SunIPC, SunLink, SunNet, SunOS, SunPro, SunPHIGS, SunServer, SunTechnology, Sun View, Sun Windows, TAAC-l, and XView are trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. UNIX is a registered trademark of AT&T. OPEN LOOK is a trademark of AT&T. PostScript is a registered trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated. Adobe also owns copyrights related to the PostScript language and the PostScript interpreter. The trademark PostScript is used herein only to refer to material supplied by Adobe or to programs written in the PostScript language as defined by Adobe. X Window System is a product of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. All other products or services mentioned in this document are identified by the trademarks or service marks of their respective companies or organizations. The use of general descriptive names, trademarks, etc., in this publication, even if the former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trademarks and Merchandise Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone. Packaged by V\\iterside Productions, Inc., of Del Mar, CA Printed on acid free paper ISBN-13: DOI:IO.1007/ e-isbn-13:

4 Contents Acknowledgments vii The Technology of Sun M icrosystems ix SECTION I Software 1 The Open Network Computing Environment 3 Larry Garlick, Robert Lyon, Louis Delzompo, Brent Callaghan 2 SunOS on SPARC 13 Steve Kleiman, Dock Williams 3 NSE Highlights 29 William Courington, Jonathan Feiber, Masahiro Honda 4 Optimizing Compilers for SPARC 41 Steven S. Muchnick 5 Sun's Compiler Technology 69 Steven S. Muchnick, Richard Schell SECTION II Hardware 6 SPARC: Scalable Processor Architecture 75 Robert B. Garner 7 SPARCstation 1: Beyond the 3M Horizon 101 Andreas V. Bechtolsheim, Edward H. Frank 8 SCRAM Cache in the Sun-4/ Ed Kelly 9 DOS on the Sun386i 131 John Lazarus, Jim Lerner 10 Address Space in the Sun386i 141 John Lazarus

5 vi CONTENTS SECTION III Networking 11 A Framework for Network Security 147 Bradley Taylor 12 TOPS: An Introduction 153 Gary Stroud 13 Network Applications and NeWS 163 James Gosling, David Rosenthal, Michelle Arden 14 Network Bootstrap Loading 177 Robert E. Gilligan 15 Network Programming Made Simple 187 Bradley Taylor SECTION IV Window Systems and the User Interface 16 OPEN LOOK: Industry Outlook/Overview 195 Jon Kannegaard 17 OPEN LOOK Toolkits 205 Richard Probst 18 SunLink CG3270: A NeWS Application Implementation 225 Grant Tegtmeier 19 Painter: A Simple NeWS Program 237 David La Vallee Index 239

6 Acknowledgments The authors of the many articles in this collection are the most significant and obvious contributors to this book. In addition to them, an excellent, if unheralded, team has been involved in the production of this book and of the entire Sun Technical Reference Library. Our editor at Springer-Verlag, Gerhard Rossbach, has been of invaluable assistance. During the start-up phase of this project, he remained calm, pleasant, and insightful through periods of considerable frustration. His demeanor contrasted nicely with the enthusiasm of Bill Gladstone of Waterside Productions, who has been an avid participant in this book's publication. The book would not exist were it not for the original work done for the Sun Technology journal. For that we are deeply in debt to Andrea Bryck, Carol Mellentin-Kupec, Kathy Webster, and Sandy Meltzer. Piper Cole expertly guided us through the complexities of contracts, assuring fairness and security for all parties involved. Peter Tucker designed the cover. His aesthetic sense and eye for detail have been vital to the development of the Sun Technical Reference Library. We'd also like to thank Ed Zander and Jean Richardson for their continuing support of our publishing plans. In particular, our former technical advisor, Bernie Lacroute, deserves our sincere gratitude for providing the wherewithal to achieve our goals. Our new advisor, Bill Joy, is also high on the list of people we want to thank for advice and encouragement. The design and production team at Online Press and the folks at Applied Graphics Technologies have demonstrated that they can produce quality work, despite our demand for exceptionally fast turnaround. Many other people contributed at various points along the way, including Rich Wyckoff, Midori Chan, Cari Towne, Carl Swirsding, and Nancy Brown. To these people and others, the editors of this book are grateful.

7 Introduction The Technology of Sun M icrosystems Two years ago, Sun Microsystems began publishing a quarterly technical journal, Sun Technology: The Journal for Sun Users. Since then, its pages have explored in detail diverse technology and products relating to Sun. The journal's technically sophisticated readers are likely to apply the information published in the journal to their work. Sun Technology has been written by technologists for technologists. In the pages of The Sun Technology Papers, you will find an extensive selection of those articles. No other single volume offers you such a broad view of Sun-related technology and products. Yet this sweeping embrace of subjects does not diminish the level of detail in this collection. Short of Sun's 40 pounds or so of documentation, no other single source provides as deep and broad an understanding of Sun technology as this book does. Because Sun is a key developer in so many areas of computer technology, the book comprises four general sections. The first, "Software," includes chapters on Open Network Computing, Sun's compilers, SunOS and SPARC, and the Network Software Environment. The "Hardware" section covers SPARC in great detail and includes the most in-depth examination of the popular SPARCstation 1. This section also contains chapters on the Sun386i workstation. The "Networking" section examines five distinct issues: network security, PC-to-workstation networks, window systems and networks, network administration, and network programming. The concluding section addresses the interfaces and window systems. This section delineates the technical and historical issues involved in these areas of technology as well as practical applications and examples. The Sun Technology Papers is a snapshot of the ongoing technical development occurring at Sun. Like any good portrait, the work has enough detail and substance to interest technically inclined, critical-minded readers. But like a photograph, it is inevitably incomplete. Even if panoramic in scope, it has borders. Time also puts boundaries on such a book. Development does not stand still at Sun.

8 x Introduction Some of these chapters are important because they are the final word on key technology. Some are provocative because they deal with controversial ideas or products. A few chapters may be crucial to anyone evaluating a major purchase of workstations. Some chapters may give you just that right amount of information to solve a problem. Together, this collection is the ultimate, concise statement on Sun technology. For those of you who find the articles in this book of value and want to receive the magazine from which they came, please contact the editors at Mark Hall, John Barry SunTechnology 2550 Garcia Avenue, MS/6-14 Mountain View, CA 94043

Index. ex 112 I/O driver ll4 integer unit layered 185 micro-77 NDE toolkit 221 Open Boot PROM ll4

Index. ex 112 I/O driver ll4 integer unit layered 185 micro-77 NDE toolkit 221 Open Boot PROM ll4 Index A Ada 41, 50 Address space 35 Addressing models 43-44 Aggregate return value 46 Algorithm, general-purpose division 90 Algorithms general purpose 90 graphic III high-performance 132 Andrew toolkit