Historical GIS Workshop

Transcription

1 Historical GIS Workshop University of Toronto Libraries Toronto, ON July 24 and 25, 2008 Copyright 2008 Sponsored by NiCHE Network in Canadian History & Environment / Nouvelle initiative canadienne en histoire de l environnement and the University of Toronto Libraries

2 Historical GIS Workshop Location: University of Toronto Libraries Robarts Library, Room St. George Street Toronto, ON M5S 1A5 Dates: July 24 and 25, 2008 Modules presented and prepared by Marcel Fortin, GIS and Map Librarian University of Toronto Libraries Workshop web address: Sponsored by Network in Canadian History & Environment / Nouvelle initiative canadienne en histoire de l environnement and the University of Toronto Libraries For copies of this workshop and the datasets, contact marcel.fortin@utoronto.ca

3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Module 1 Getting to know ArcMap : using a pre-made map or project file...p. 1 Module 2 - Creating a printable map...p. 7 Module 3: Creating a map project in ArcGIS...p. 11 Module 4 - Creating a Map Project in Quantum GIS (QGIS)...p. 17 Module 5 Working with raster and vector data; datums and projections...p. 21 Module 6 - Working and Understanding Attribute Data...p. 28 Module 7 Understanding and Exploring Data...p. 32 Module 8 - An Introduction to Analysis and Thematic Mapping...p. 38 Module 9 - Georeferencing Large Scale Raster Images...p. 53 Module 10 - Georeferencing an Image with known Control Points...p. 58 Module 11 - Georeferencing using Quantum GIS (QGIS)...p. 66 Module 12 - Creating Data Point Features in ArcMap...p. 70 Module 13 - Creating Data Polygon Features...p. 88 Module 14 - Creating Data Line Features...p. 103 Module 15 - Automatic Data Creation using ArcScan...p. 112 Module 16 Web Mapping with Google Earth and Google Maps...p. 116

4 Module 1 Getting to know ArcMap : using a pre-made map or project file Objective of Module: Learn to use ArcMap GIS software, use a pre-made project file (map), zoom in/out of a map, experiment with scale, label map data, and get information from map data - Open ArcMap by selecting it from the Start menu - Once, in ArcMap, Click on or or use the File menu and select Open - Navigate to C:\user\documents\arcdata\Ontario\ highlight ontario.mxd (this is called an ArcMap project file), click on open. The map below will appear on screen. Table of Contents Data View - turn all layers off one at a time by clicking in the Table of Contents - turn all layers on one at a time by clicking - turn all layers off by right-clicking on Layers and selecting Turn All Layers Off 1

5 Module 1 Getting to know ArcMap : using a pre-made map or project file - turn all layers on by right-clicking on Layers again and selecting Turn All Layers On - Zoom in by selecting the tool and click in the center of the map area a few times - Zoom out by selecting the tool and click a few times in the center of the map area - Go back to the full-extent of the map area by clicking on the globe - Click hold the zoom-in tool ; draw a box around Southern Ontario as in the image below - Change to a specific scale by entering 1:2,000,000 in the scale box - View previously used and set scales by clicking on the scale box selection tool on the right of the box and select a different scale 2

6 Module 1 Getting to know ArcMap : using a pre-made map or project file - Right-click the oncoastline layer in the table of contents on the Table of Contents on left side of the screen and select Zoom to layer - You will notice that you have been sent to the only coastline Ontario has on Hudson s and James Bay - Highlight the oncoastline layer again by clicking on the highlighted part as shown in the image - Click once on the dotted line underneath the word oncoastline. - A symbol selector box will appear. Scroll down using the scrollbar and select the option Coastline. Select a colour for your line using the Color option on your right; and the Width option to select a line thickness at 2. click on OK once you have made a selection. 3

7 Module 1 Getting to know ArcMap : using a pre-made map or project file - You will notice that the colour and visibility of the coastline on the map is now quite different. - Go back to the full-extent of the map/data by clicking on the globe - Click on - As you move in the map view you will notice the coordinates of where the mouse is at the bottom right of the screen - Zoom to Southern Ontario again to where you think you could find Toronto Hint: - Try and find the approximate north and south coordinates for where you think the Toronto city centre is generally located. X(longitude) West, Y(latitude) North - Now bookmark your zoomed in area using the View menu and selecting Bookmarks and Create - Give your bookmark the name Toronto City Centre, click on OK. - Go back to the full-extent of the data/map by clicking on the globe - Go back to your bookmark by selecting it in the Bookmarks option of the View menu - Go to Algonquin Park by selecting the bookmark already created for you called Algonquin Park. 4

8 Module 1 Getting to know ArcMap : using a pre-made map or project file - Get information on a layer by clicking on. Select the Onparks Layer from the Identify from: box in the new Identify screen. Use your cursor and click on the park on the map (it is in green). Information about the area clicked will appear giving you information on the area. - Close the Identify Results box - Highlight the onparks layers by clicking on it in the Table of Contents on the left-hand side of the screen - Right-click on the layer and select Open Attribute Table - You will notice a table of attribute information. Notice the NAME column and the entries? You will now use this column to label your layer on the map. Close this table. - Right-click on the onparks layer again but now select Properties. Select the Labels tab. Under the Text String Label Field: option, select NAME. Click on OK. 5

9 Module 1 Getting to know ArcMap : using a pre-made map or project file - Right-click on the onparks layer again and select Label Features. - Click to maximize the Lines section of this project. - Click on the Roads Layer - Right-click on the layer and select Label Features - Click on the Find button to search for a location - In the search Find: box enter Edwin, select the Roads layer for the In: selection option - Click on In field: and select STREETNAME - Click on Find - Right-Click on the third entry down and select Zoom-to 6

10 Module 2 - Creating a Printable Map Objective of Module : use the layout view of ArcMap and create and export a printable map complete with scale bar, legend, and north arrow - Bring up the full-extent of the last module by clicking on - To start creating a printable map of your Ontario.mxd project use the View menu and select Layout view (NOTE: we will not be printing out any paper maps, only a digital one) - Highlight the map area as below by clicking once on the map, click on the box, move it, and stretch to a smaller portion of the page. - Using the main zoom tool, - pan and zoom to Southern Ontario (CAUTION: not the layout zoom tool ) - Under the Insert menu, select the Scale Bar option 7

11 - Highlight Scale Line 1 and press OK Module 2 - Creating a Printable Map - Place the scale bar in the bottom left corner of the map using the mouse - Double-Click on the scale bar and select Kilometers under the Division Units option. Press OK. - Using the Insert menu, select the North Arrow option 8

12 Module 2 - Creating a Printable Map - Highlight a North Arrow and click OK. Place the North Arrow in the bottom right corner of the map - Using the Insert menu, select the Legend option - In the Legend Wizard box, select Set the number of columns in your legend to 4 and click on Next - Replace the Legend Title with the legend name Ontario, or any title you want to give your map 9

13 Module 2 - Creating a Printable Map - Click on Next three more times until you reach a box that has the option Finish at the bottom. Click on Finish - Place your Legend above the North Arrow and the Scale Bar using your mouse cursor - Under the File menu, select Export Map - Navigate to where you want to save your digital map, starting in the directory: C:\user\documents\arcdata\ - Choose a name for your map and select the pdf or JPEG format. Click on Options, highlight the tab General, select 300 dots per inch (this is the resolution of your map) in the box. Click on Save. - Navigate to where you saved you file using Windows Explorer and double-click on your newly created PDF or JPEG exported map. 10

14 Module 3: Creating a map project in ArcGIS Objective: Learn to start and take advantage of a GIS project file - Return to ArcMap - Ensure that you are in Data View mode and not Layout View mode. To do so use the View menu and select Data View - Create a new project by clicking on - To begin creating your map project you will now load feature layers into ArcMap - Click on and navigate to data\historical_roads\ and load the historical roads shapefile GIS file for Toronto called Early_Toronto_1793_1871.shp - Right-click on the Early_Toronto_1793_1871 layer in the table of contents and select Open Attribute Table. A database table will appear. You will notice a number of columns with data entries. The column to focus on at this point is the one called Year. The data in this column represents the year this street was first built. - Right-click on Year and select Sort Ascending. You will notice that the year of the first record changes to Click on the last record option. You will notice that the last record was for a street built in You will now assign a colour to each road according to the year the road was built. Close the table for this layer. 11

15 Module 3: Creating a map project in ArcGIS - Right-click on the Early_Toronto_1793_1871 layer again and select Properties - Select the Symbology tab in the Layer Properties window - Click once on Categories and select Unique Values - In the Value Field, select the field called Year (represents the year the road first was built) - Click on Add All Values - Select a Colour Ramp (Color Ramp) for your roads and click on OK - Your roads should now appear in a colour unique to the Year the road was created - Click on OK - Right-click on the Early_Toronto_1793_1871 layer and select Properties - Click on Remove All what we want to accomplish now is display only the roads built in Toronto in the 18 th Century - Click on Add Values - In the Add Values pop-up, click on Complete List - Select the years 1793 through to 1799 (hint: CTRL-click or SHIFT-click) and click on OK 12

16 Module 3: Creating a map project in ArcGIS - Now click off the <all other values> option - Double-Click once on the line next to Select the colour red in the Color option in the Symbol Selector window - Select a width of 2.00 for the Width option - Repeat the last three steps for each of the roads from the 18 th Century choosing a different colour and width for each road - Click on OK - Your map should now look very bare with only a few roads on your map listed - Now let s display these early roads in perspective with all roads built until Rightclick on the Early_Toronto_1793_1871 layer and go to Properties - Click on the <all other values> option under the Symbology tab. - Double-click the line next to the tick box and select a gray colour for your line and width of Click on OK - Right-click on the Early_Toronto_1793_1871 layer and select Label Features 13

17 Module 3: Creating a map project in ArcGIS - All roads are now labelled. Let s label only the roads from the 18 th Century. Double-click on the Early_Toronto_1793_1871 layer. Click on the Labels tab in the Layer Properties window - You will now change the field to create the labels from using the Label Field: option. Change the field from STREETNAME to Year. Change the Font and size of the font using the Text Symbol options. Click on OK - Now your streets will be labelled using the year built as a label - Let s label the streets with the year they were built return to the Layer Properties window by double-clicking on the Early_Toronto_1793_1871 layer. Make sure you are in the Labels tab. - Click on the Expression option...a Layer Expression box will appear - In the Expression Area, type in the following text: [STREETNAME] + " (" + [Year] + ")" - Click on OK to close the Expression box and click on OK to close the Layer Properties window - Your streets should now be labelled with both the street s name and the year - Now let s label only the streets from the 18 th Century return to the Layer Properties window by double-clicking on the Early_Toronto_1793_1871 layer. Make sure you are in the Labels tab click on Expression once again 14

18 Module 3: Creating a map project in ArcGIS - Clear the Expression box from all text and click the Advanced box on - Click the Parser: option to VBScript - In the Expression box, enter the following script text: Function FindLabel ( [STREETNAME], [Year] ) if ([Year] < 1800) then FindLabel = [STREETNAME] & " (" & [Year] & ")" end if End Function - This script asks the database to find all entries that have a Year field less then Once it finds these, it then tells the software to label them with both the STREETNAME and the Year fields. - Click on the Save option to save this text somewhere safe in case you need to use it again. Click on OK to close the Label Expression window and OK again to close the Layer Properties window - Now your map should include all streets as before but only the streets built before 1800 will be labelled. If some do not seem to show up properly, zoom in to the centre of the streets that are in colour. - Let s save this layer as formatted in a layer file which will allow you to use this format of this layer complete with the options you ve just created for it. Right-click on the Earl_Toronto_1793_1871 layer and select the Save as Layer File option. Save the layer file as data\historical_roads\early_toronto_1793_1871.lyr - Let s test how this works. Start a new map again by clicking on. Do not save the map when prompted (Click on No). - Add the new layer file you just created by clicking on and navigating to the area you saved the file - The layer, as you last formatted it should now appear. Note that a *.lyr file is simply a formatting file and does not modify our original GIS layer. - Now let s add new layers to our map click on and select the layers called \data\toronto_wards\wards_1834_1846.shp and water.shp (same location) 15

19 Module 3: Creating a map project in ArcGIS - Zoom to the full extent of your map by clicking on - Click once on the box below the water layer in the Table of Contents (rectangle below the name). Change the Fill Color: option to blue, click on OK - Right-click on the wards_1834_1846 and select Label Features - Right-click again on this layer and select Properties - Click on the Symbology tab, click on the Categories option on the left and select Unique Values. In the value field select Wards. Click on Add All Values and then OK - The six wards for this period show now be showing up in different colours. - To save this map, click on, give it a name with an.mxd extension. - Click on to exit this ArcMap document - Click on and open up the document you just saved. The map should have the same display as when you left it. 16

20 Module 4 - Creating a Map Project in Quantum GIS Objective: Learn to start and take advantage of a GIS project file but in QGIS - Open QGIS - Click on the Add Vector Layer icon and select the Early_Toronto_1793_1871.shp layer as in the previous module - Your map should look like the following display - Use all the tools in this toolbar one by one to zoom in and out on the map layer. Finish by using the Zoom full button to return to the full view of the map - Right-click on the Early_Toronto_1793_1871 layer and select Open attribute table. Note that you can also double-click on the layer s name to obtain the same result) 17

21 Module 4 - Creating a Map Project in Quantum GIS - To sort the layer by year left-click once on the Year Column header - Highlight the first row of the database by clicking on the 1 on the top left Hit CTRL-LEFT or click on to zoom to that entry. To view the zoomed in location, move or minimize the Attribute table - Click on to see an overview of the full map at the bottom left - Click on the Zoom Full button to return to the full view of the map - Right-Click again on the Early_Toronto_1793_1871 layer and select Properties 18

22 Module 4 - Creating a Map Project in Quantum GIS - In the Layer Properties window, select the Symbology tab. Select the Legend type: Unique Value; set the Classification Field: to Year and click on Classify, click on Save Style and save this style. Click on OK - Your map should now have a variety of colours representing the different years the roads were built - Click on the New Project button Do not save when prompted. - Click on the Add Vector Layer button and select the Early_Toronto_1793_1871 layer - Click on Load Style and select the style saved previously; click on OK - Double-click on the Early_Toronto_1793_1871 layer file in the Table of Contents - Click on the Symbology tab - In the Classify box, delete the streets from 1812 to 1871 by using the Delete class button - Click on OK - Your map should have the same look as before you discarded your project earlier - Click on the Add Vector Layer button and add the wards_1834_1846.shp layer - Go to the properties for this file by double-clicking on it in the Table of Contents - Click on the Symbology tab, select the legend type to be Unique Value and the Classification Field to be WARDS. - Click on the Classify button and click on OK - Click and drag the Early_Toronto_1793_1871 layer in the Table of Contents above the wards_1834_1846 layer - Double click on the wards layer to open the Layer Properties window. 19

23 Module 4 - Creating a Map Project in Quantum GIS - Click on the Labels tab - Click the Display labels box on and select the WARDS field to label - Click on OK - Double click on the streets layer to open the Layer Properties window. - Click on the Labels tab, click on the Display labels box and select the Year field to label - Click on OK Click on the New Project button - Save you project (select a name and location) - Click on open a project button and find and open the project you just created 20

24 Module 5 - Working with raster and vector data; datums and projections Module 5 Working with raster 1 and vector 2 data; datums 3 and projections 4 Objective: Manipulate data files to fit with one another and to get comfortable with combining and moving around layers in the Table of Contents. - Make sure you are in Data view by using the View menu and selecting Data View - Create a new project by clicking on - Click on Yes to Save changes to Ontario.mxd? pop up box. It is important to ensure, when working with GIS projects like these, to save often and to save changes made to views and additions of data files, labels, etc. - Open a new map layer by clicking on - Navigate to \data\arcdata\toronto\ - Select the layer file tostreets.shp, click on Add. Note that a file with an extension.shp refers to what is called a shapefile in GIS parlance. (Note that a shapefile is actually made up of several files up to about 13 of them in fact. The tostreets.shp file is actually made up of six files but only the tostreets.shp is seen by the ArcMap interface). - Add layer/shapefile tocensus.shp (same as step 4) 1 Data source that uses a grid (equally sized square cells arranged in rows and columns) structure to store geographic information such as longitude and latitude. 2 Coordinate-based data structure used to represent linear geographic features. 3 Parameters and control points used to accurately define the three-dimensional shape of the earth. It defines part of a geographic coordinate system. 4 Mathematical formula that transforms locations between the earth s curved surface and a map s flat surface. Projections cause distortions in spatial properties. 21

25 Module 5 - Working with raster and vector data; datums and projections - A Warning box will appear telling you that two different coordinate systems were used for the two different files. Vector files can be transformed on the fly by clicking on Close. Click on Close now. Your map should look like the following - In the data view, note the coordinates in the bottom of the screen. How close were you in module 1 to finding the coordinates for Toronto? - Click-hold the tocensus layer and move it above the other layer like in the image below using your mouse. This is the method used to overlay one dataset over another. You will notice that the streets disappear. Move them back to the top using this same method - Using, add the low-resolution air photo toronto99.tif - The following message box should appear telling you that the data does not have any spatial reference information attached to it; click on OK. - You will notice that no air photo appears in the map screen. This is because the image has a different coordinate system and projection from our shapefile (vector layers). Raster images cannot have their projection and coordinate systems changed on the fly, unlike vector data. 22

26 Module 5 - Working with raster and vector data; datums and projections - Ensure the Display option is selected at the bottom left of your Table of Contents - Click-hold the image layer toronto99.tif and move it above the other layers like in the above steps. Unlike previously, you will note that you are still not able to see the image just loaded. - Right-click on Layers and select Properties. - In order to be able to view and use the image with these datasets, the coordinate system will have to be changed to match that of the image s coordinate system. In the Data Frame Properties box that appears (see below) select the Coordinate System tab. you will notice in the box below that the current coordinate system we are using is GCS_Assumed_Geographic (degrees, minutes, seconds) and that the datum is North American The air photo datum, however, is North American 1983 and its projection is UTM Zone Select Predefined by highlighting, and select UTM 23

27 Module 5 - Working with raster and vector data; datums and projections - Next select, Nad 1983->NAD 1983 UTM Zone 17N - Click on OK, and YES to the Warning box again - You will notice that the map is now projected differently and that the air photo now appears on the map screen. - Right-click on the toronto99.tif filename and select Properties - Select the Symbology tab, tick the Display Background Value: box and enter 255 in the three (R,G,B) boxes. Select the colour selection drop down menu and select No Color. Click on OK. This will make the image colour 255 (outer image) transparent. 24

28 Module 5 - Working with raster and vector data; datums and projections - You will now notice that the air photo does not have extraneous white pixels outside of its boundaries - Add the air photo layer \data\arcdata\toronto\uoft99.tif - Right-click on this layer and click on Zoom to Layer - You will notice the difference in resolution between the two images by the pixels on the outer edges of the screen. - Using the tool zoom in closer and closer into this image. - Click-hold the tostreets layer and drag it above the other two layers 25

29 Module 5 - Working with raster and vector data; datums and projections - Zoom into the center of the uoft99 image. Notice how the streets in this layer align with the streets on the image. - Click-hold the tocensus layer and drag it to just below tostreets (make sure this layer is clicked on) - You will notice that the air photo images now disappear. This is because the tocensus layer is a polygon feature, which allows for adding different colours to areas (polygons). Let s change that option to no colour and let s change the outline of each polygon. - Click once on the colour box below the tocensus layer. - In the symbol select box click on the Fill Color: option and select No Color 26

30 Module 5 - Working with raster and vector data; datums and projections - Change the Outline Width to 2 and the Outline Color to green - Move the image uoft99.tif to the top of the list. All layers underneath should disappear. - Right-click on the taskbar at the top and make sure the Effects option is clicked on - Select uoft99.tif from the list in the Layer: menu bar - Right-click on the uoft99.tif layer and select Zoom to Layer - Using the little jug on the Effects task bar, select a transparency of about 49%. Now look at the image. Play around with a variety of transparency percentages. 27

31 Module 6 - Working and Understanding Attribute Data Objective: Understand the functions of attribute information by creating a small database (text file) and loading GPS coordinates from a text file - Using Windows explorer, navigate to \data\arcdata\census\ - Open the text file census.txt by double-clicking on it. - Add the following three lines at the bottom of the file (exactly as you seen them below): Yukon Territory,28674,14445,14235 Northwest Territories,37360,19115,18245 Nunavut,26745,13840, The source for this data is the Census of Canada, 2001 ( - Once you have typed the information for the territories, exit and save the file to \data\arcdata\census.txt. (NOTE: Make sure you are saving the data as a text file and not anything else such as a Microsoft Word document if using Word as your editor). - In ArcMap, create a new project by clicking on. Add the \data\arcdata\canada\provinces.shp layer and the text file you just edited census.txt. - Right-click on your census.txt file and select Open - Your file is considered a database file by Arcmap and should look like one, complete with field names (first line of your comma-separated text file). - Join the provinces layer and your new database like you did in module 3 - Now create a new map with the provinces labeled with the total population for each province by double-clicking on the provinces layer and selecting population as the Label Field: 28

32 Module 6 - Working and Understanding Attribute Data - Now create a new thematic map showing graduated colours for the total population, then the female population Adding X,Y Location Points - In ArcMap, open the project \data\arcdata\ontario\ontario.mxd, you do not need to save the last project. - Go to the Algonquin Park bookmark - Add the text file called \data\arcdata\gps\gpspoints.txt (these points were downloaded from my Global Positioning System (GPS) unit. - Open this file s attribute table by right-clicking on it and selecting Open - You will notice that the file has two fields representing the data s longitude and latitude. These points can be mapped according to these coordinates combined together. Close this window. - Using the Tools menu select Add XY Data or right-click on the layer and select Display XY Data 29

33 Module 6 - Working and Understanding Attribute Data - If the table does not automatically open use the selection tab (circled below) to navigate to the database of GPS points \data\arcdata\gps\gpspoints.txt. If not selected automatically, under the X Field: select longitude and under the Y Field: select latitude Click on OK. - You will notice that you now have a new layer with the same name as the gps points database but it will have the word Events next to it. - Click on the dot below the gpspoints.txt Events layer - Select the triangle as a new shape, change the color to red and the size to and click on OK. - The map should now look something like this - Using the information tool, click on the - point inside Algonquin park. 30

34 Module 6 - Working and Understanding Attribute Data - Add the layer \data\arcdata\on\lakes.shp - What lake is this point on? 31

35 Module 7 Understanding & Exploring Data Objective: Explore how Raster and Vector files are created to fit geographically in GIS software - Open the project file called Data.mxd in the ProjectFiles folder - You will see an image that looks like the following: Raster Data - This is a Digital Elevation Model image file. It holds elevation information for locations at the pixel level. Raster images are used to represent continuous data, they do not conform to boundaries or have defined shapes. Other examples of continuous data include precipitation, ground cover, etc. - zoom into the image using the zoom tool - Keep zooming until you can actually see the pixels. Try and zoom to an area that has both the green and purple areas Pixels - You will start to notice the pixels appearing (squares) - Click on the information tool - Click on one of the green pixels - An Identify box will appear 32

36 Module 7 Understanding & Exploring Data - You will see a pixel value of This is the measurement in metres of the elevation at that location (that pixel) - Repeat this last step in a few locations from right to left, you will notice that the elevation numbers will start to decrease - In ArcMap, double-click on the DTMmerge.TIF layer in the Table of Contents - Symbology Tools for Raster Images - In the resulting Layer Properties box you ll notice that the Highest value for our elevation numbers is metres and our lowest is metres - Click on Use hillshade effect to turn it on, click on Apply - Choose other colour ramps and click on Apply to view the results - Choose one you like and click on OK - Save this view of your DTMmerge.TIF image as a Layer file (right click and save as Layer file) (we will use this layer file in a 3d Project later on) - Click the layer ap2005clip.jpg on in the table of contents - Right-click on the layer and zoom to layer. You will notice an air photo in the middle of your screen - Click on the Identify tool 33

37 Module 7 Understanding & Exploring Data - In the Identify popup window, select the ap2005clip.jpg image in the Identify from: selection area. Click anywhere in the image. You will notice that the information that comes up is only referencing the RGB (Red, Green, Blue) colours that make up the pixel - - Using a zoom in tool, select a small area on the air photo - In the Identify box, change the Identify from area to select the DTMmerge.TIF image. - Using the Identify tool you can now see the elevation of land features (not buildings or trees though) by clicking in the air photo. Repeat in several locations - Close the Identify popup box - Click off the DMTmerge.TIF image - Minimize the Raster Group in the Table of Contents by clicking on the minimize symbol Vector Data Points, Lines, and Polygons - Maximize the Points layers by clicking on the plus symbol - Click on Points to activate this group of layers and click on the DTMmerge layer (this will take a long time to load). This layer is a database of all the elevation points in our area. It functions in much the same way as our vector file did except that instead of the elevation data being at the pixel level with a fixed pixel width, the elevation points in the shapefile layer are instead interspersed on a specific interval in a grid format. - Zoom into an area of the map until you see white space between the different points - Using the Identify tool, click on one of the points (make sure you have the DTMmerge point layer selected in the Identify from selection area - You will see that each entry has several fields, unlike a raster image and that each entry has a specific field for the elevation for that point. - click off the DTMmerge point layer and turn on the Gardens layer which contains Community and Allotment Garden Information - Using the Selection menu, go to the Set Selectable Layers option - Click on Select All - Click on Close - Right-Click on the ap2005clip.jpg image and select Zoom to layer - You will notice a community garden (green dot) in the top left corner Editing Vector Data - Points - Right-click in the toolbars area and select the Editor toolbar 34

38 Module 7 Understanding & Exploring Data - Using the Editor toolbar select Start Editing (ignore the message telling you that one of your layers has a different coordinate system by clicking on Start Editing) - Right-click on the Gardens layer in the table of Contents again and select Open Attribute Table - Highlight the Perth Dupont Community Garden entry in the table - One key component to attribute data that makes it different from raster information is the ability to edit it. Not only can you edit the - Right-click on the entry on the gray box to the left and select Zoom to Selected - Close the Attribute to Gardens window - The garden will now be highlighted - Zoom into the point - You will notice the garden is actually positioned in the road - In the Editor toolbox select Task: to be Modify Feature and the Target: to be Gardens - If the point gets unselected, reselect it using the Edit tool - Right-click on the point - Select properties 35

39 Module 7 Understanding & Exploring Data - In the Edit Sketch Properties window that pops up you will notice that a new table will pop up showing you the exact coordinates where the points are in real life. (these coordinates are actually kept in a database that is separate from the attribute information but linked via a unique field that is not editable. The coordinates in this window, however, are editable to move the image. - Edit the X axis from being to being and the Y axis from being to Click on Finish Sketch - You will notice the point move above the air photo. If you can t see it, zoom out of the current view - Select the point again but this time move it into the park just north of the tennis courts - Click your Points layers off Vector Data Editing Lines - Maximize the Lines layers to view the layers available - Click on the walk_short layer - Ensure that your editor toolbar target is set to walk_short - Click to select the line anywhere in the data view - You ll notice that your lines are now made up of a number of points (called nodes) - right-click anywhere on the line and in the Edit Sketch Properties popup window is the list of all the geographic locations of all the nodes that make up this line (note that you could edit the coordinates here just like you did for the point layer) - Close the Edit Sketch Properties window - now select one of the nodes (any node) and move it. - Click anywhere in the data view to complete the move of the node - Repeat these last few steps with the other Lines layers and the Polygon layers under the Polygons group. You will notice that of course the polygons are also made up of a number of nodes. - Stop Editing and save your edit using the Editor toolbar - Using Windows explorer, navigate to the HGISWorkshop\Data\ folder (hint, use the Start menu by right-clicking on it and selecting explore) - Examine the files in this folder. You ll notice that all the files that you were using in this module are actually made up of several files - Find the ap2005clip.jpg file and double-click on it. - You ll notice that the image is like any other image - Close this application - Now double click on the ap2005clip.jpw (world file) file. You ll see the following information: (pixel size in the x-direction in the map unit) (rotation of the y-axis) (rotation of the x-axis) (pixel size in the y-direction in the map unit) (x-coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel) (y-coordinate of the center of the upper left pixel) - --The GIS software reads the world file and positions the top-left most pixel s center according to this information - close this file - You ll also notice that each image file such as a TIF or JPG also has a rrd file. This is called a pyramid file and it allows your software (including photoshop etc.) to load and use the associated images more efficiently. You can think of them as cache files in some 36

40 Module 7 Understanding & Exploring Data ways. They do come at a price when you consider that in a lot of cases the pyramid file is actually larger than the image itself. - Now look for the shapefile called Rte.shp (road network file) - You will notice that there are a total of seven files that make up this shapefile. Shapefiles can in fact be made up of up to thirteen files. When loading it in ArcGIS, you only saw the Rte.shp file however. - The physical Rte.shp file contains the primary geographic reference data. It contains all the feature information - The Rte.dbf file holds the attribute information table - The Rte.prj file holds the projection/coordinate system information (double click to view the file) - You will notice that some of the layers also have an XML file attached to them. The XML file is where the metadata for the layers are stored. Double-click on any of the XML files. The XML file is formatted using specific tags that are meant to be read through interpreters. ArcMap has a built-in interpreter that allows the formatting of this information in a variety of ways. - Return to ArcMap - Right-click on the Rte layer, select Data and then select View Metadata - This is what the XML file looks like interpreted in FGDC format. Read some of the information provided. - At the top of the window, select ISO format try other formats - In ArcMap, select the following icon to open ArcCatalog - In the Table of Contents now navigate to the same folder containing your datasets - Highlight one layer at a time and click on the Contents, Preview, and Metadata tabs to see their functionality - Right-click on the TTC.shp layer and select rename it to TTCtest.shp - Go back to Windows explore and now look for the TTC.* files. You ll notice that all the TTC.* files have been renamed TTCtest.* You could also move your shapefiles or delete them from here. In fact, this is the preferred way to manage your GIS files 37

41 Module 8 - An Introduction to Analysis and Thematic Mapping Objective: Develop a basic understanding and skills in using spatial analysis tools - Click on to create a new map file - Add data to the new map layer by clicking on - Add the layer \data\arcdata\toronto\tocensus.shp - Right-click on the tocensus layer and select Open Attribute Table - You will notice that there is some attribute data in this database, but no variables that can be mapped thematically. We are looking for numbers/statistics associated to each polygon in order to map a specific theme. Joining Attribute Data - Using, add the census database file \data\arcdata\toronto\tolanguage.dbf (this file was extracted from a Statistics Canada database at - You will notice that nothing is drawn on the screen. This is because this is simply a database and not a GIS file. - Right-click on the tolanguage file and select Open. - Compare the database fields for both files (hint, look at the GEOGRAPHY field). Do you notice any similarities between the two databases? If not, right-click on the CTNAME field in the tocensus shapefile layer and select Sort Ascending - You will notice now that the first record in the CTNAME field is the same record in the GEOGRAPHY field in the tolanguage database 38

42 Module 8 - An Introduction to Analysis and Thematic Mapping - Close both database windows by clicking on the in the top right corner of both tables - Now we will join the two tables together to be able to map the data in the census table. Right-click on the tocensus layer, select Joins and Relates -> Join - Select Join attributes from a table, and in option 1 select the field CTNAME, in option 2, choose tolanguage as the table to link the data from, click on the box Show the attribute tables of layers in this list, and in option 3, select the field GEOGRAPHY as the field in the database to link to. - Notice that nothing different occurs on the screen - Open the attribute table once again. Notice anything new in the table? Scroll to the right of the table. You should now see the data from our database incorporated into our map layer. Close this window. 39

43 Module 8 - An Introduction to Analysis and Thematic Mapping - Double-click on the layer tocensus. Click on the Symbology tab. Click on Quantities on the left and then Graduated colors. In the Fields Value: option, select Value: tolanguage.total_popu. Under Classification, select 6 Classes. Click on the Show class ranges using feature values option. Click on OK. Your map should look like the image on the right. Population Density - To calculate the population density, we first need to calculate the land area for each Census Tract. Open the Attribute table to the tocensus layer. - Navigate to the left (you need to be able to see the first field called tocensus.fid - Using the Options menu, select Add Field - Add a new field called Land_area, select the type of field to be Float and the field properties to be of precision: 7 and scale: 2 click on OK - In the attribute table, locate your new field and right-click on the field header 40

44 Module 8 - An Introduction to Analysis and Thematic Mapping - Select Calculate Geometry select yes in the Popup window telling you about editing outside an editing session - You will notice that the option to calculate the Property Area is disabled. This is due to the fact that we are using a geographic projection - Click on Cancel - Using the View menu, select Data Frame Properties. Change the coordinate system to NAD83 UTM Zone 17 North. Because UTM uses metres as a unit of measurement, this system will allow us to calculate land area in Square Metres/Kilometres - In the attribute table, right-click on the Land_area field again and select Calculate Geometry Click on Yes again - Select under Property: Area and click on the Use coordinate system of the data frame: Under the Units: option select Square Kilometers [sq km]. Click on OK - To calculate the population density, double-click on the tocensus layer. Click on the Symbology tab. Click on Quantities on the left and then Graduated colors. In the Fields Value: option, select Value: tolanguage.total_popu. Under Classification, select 6 Classes. Click on the Show class ranges using feature values option and normalize the display with the field tocensus.land_area 41

45 Module 8 - An Introduction to Analysis and Thematic Mapping - Repeat the last step but this time use Graduated symbols and use the same option as in the image below. - Repeat again but this time use the Dot Density option and use the variables as in the image below. Highlight tolanguage.total_popu in the Field Selection box and click on to select this field. Select the Dot Size to be 1 and Dot Value as 50, click on OK. 42

46 Module 8 - An Introduction to Analysis and Thematic Mapping Structured Query Language (SQL) - Using the project from the previous module, right-click on the tocensus layer and select Data->Export Data to create a new shapefile incorporating the previous census shapefile and the census database into one editable layer/file. - Export the file as shown in the image below using the default values (make sure the Export: option is set at All features in the pop-up box, save the file in the directory \data\arcdata\census\. Click on OK. - If the system asks for you to overwrite the previous shapefile called Export_Output.shp, click on Yes. - Answer Yes to the next box to add the data to your current project. - Right-click on the original tocensus layer and select remove. Repeat for the file tolanguage - Right-click on your new Export_Output shapefile and select Open Attribute Table You will notice by scrolling the entire length of the table that all your attribute data from your linked database is now part of this new layer. 43

47 Module 8 - An Introduction to Analysis and Thematic Mapping - We now want to add a new field to store our calculated population density. Click on Options at the bottom of the table and select Add Field - Give your field the name density, select the type as Short Integer, and in the Precision option type in 10 for the size of the field. - Click on Options in the table menu at the bottom, and select Select By Attributes 44

48 Module 8 - An Introduction to Analysis and Thematic Mapping - In order to populate our field with our calculation, without incurring errors, we need to perform a search for all entries with values greater than 0 (a few census areas have no official populations attached to them and remove any null values). Double-click on the field TOTAL_POPU, then click once on > and type in 0 (zero) to end up with the expression SELECT * FROM Export_Output WHERE: TOTAL_POPU > 0 click on Apply. - Click on Selected. This will list only the areas found with the previous operation and take out the areas with no population numbers or null values for our next calculation. - Right-click in the tool bars area at the top of the software and make sure the Editor option is on. 45

49 Module 8 - An Introduction to Analysis and Thematic Mapping - Using the Editor menu select Start Editing - Right-click on the density field (where the field is listed as density ) in the database and select Field Calculator - Calculate the population density in Toronto by double-clicking on the field TOTAL_POPU then click once on / and double-click on the field LAND_AREA click on OK. Now explore the density field, you will see that you have just filled it with data by applying the population density equation of Population divided by land area. - Using the Editor option, select Stop Editing. Answer yes to the pop-up box asking if you want to save your edits. 46

50 Module 8 - An Introduction to Analysis and Thematic Mapping - Double-click on the layer Export_Output. Click on Quantities on the left. In the Fields Value: option, select density. Under Classification, select 6 Classes. Click on the Show class ranges using feature values option. - Select a Color Ramp of your choice - Click once on the first Range. Enter 0 to display population densities with no numeric values. - Double-click on the Symbol box and select for Fill Color: No Color. Click on OK. - Zoom into the downtown area of Toronto. You can easily see the highest density area and the areas where there is no data (in white). 47

51 Module 8 - An Introduction to Analysis and Thematic Mapping - To find the highest density area in Toronto, right-click on the Export_Output layer and select Open Attribute Table - Scroll right to your density field, right-click on it, and select Sort Descending - Highlight the top record by clicking on the box on the left of the record. Right-click in the same area and select Zoom to - Right-click on the Export_Output layer, go to the Selection option and click on Zoom to Selected Features. - Your map should now look like this. - Add the layer \data\arcdata\toronto\tostreets.shp. 48

52 Module 8 - An Introduction to Analysis and Thematic Mapping - Right-click the tostreets layer and select Label Features. What are the streets that make up the boundaries for this most densely populated area of the Greater Toronto Area?,,, Spatial Analysis: Buffers and Spatial Joins - Start a new map by clicking on - You do not need to save your previous work in a project - Add the data\homicides\2007homicides.shp and GrowOps2007.shp layers. These contain, respectively, homicides in the city of Toronto and Marijuana Grow Operations in the Greater Toronto Area in Let s try and see if there is a possible spatial correlation or relationship between Grow operations and homicides - Click on the ArcToolBox icon - Click on the following options Analysis Tools Proximity Buffer. Double Click on Buffer - In the Buffer popup select the Input Features to be the layer GrowOps2007 (layer to create a buffer around). Select a name for the new buffer layer to be created. Select the Linear unit option to be 500 meters and select to dissolve by ALL in the Dissolve Type option. - Zoom in an out to a number of the hotspots you can see. - This visually represents that a number of murders have occurred within 500 metres of a grow op but now let s try and quantify this idea - Right-click on the GrowOps_Buffer and select Joins and Relates Join - Select Join data from another layer based on spatial location in the area asking What do you want to join to this layer? 49

53 Module 8 - An Introduction to Analysis and Thematic Mapping - In area 1, select 2007Homicides as the layer to join to the Buffer, in 2, select Each polygon will be given a summary of the numeric attributes of the point. And click on Sum - A new layer will be created, give it a name and click on OK - Open the attribute table to the new joint layer - You will see a field called Count_. This says that there are a total of 23 murders that have occurred within this buffer and remember the buffer (ie. 23 of the 84 murders were within 500 metres of a grow op) - Another method of accomplishing the same task would be to simply create a selection Under the selection menu, click on Select by Location. Select features from 2007 Homicides that within a distance of the GroOps2007 layer and Apply a buffer of 500 metres. Click on OK 50

54 Module 8 - An Introduction to Analysis and Thematic Mapping - Right-click on the 2007Homicides layer and select Open Attribute Table, and you should see at the bottom of the table, Records (23 out 84 Selected) - Let s see which Census Tracts these fall into - Right-click on the 2007Homicides layer and select Data Export Data - Make sure you are exporting Selected Features and give your new layer the name: homicidesneargrowops.shp. Click on OK - Answer yes to add the new layer to your map - Turn off your 2007Homicides, buffer, and GrowOps2007 layers - Add the Arcdata\Toronto\tocensus.shp layer to your map - Right-click on the tocensus layer and join spatially this layer to your homicidesneargrowops layer - Select to join the layer based on a spatial location - Choose the homicidesneargrowops Layer as the layer to join to - Select Each polygon will be given a Summary option and click on Sum - Give your new joined layer a name - Click on OK 51

55 Module 8 - An Introduction to Analysis and Thematic Mapping - Double-click on your new joined layer - Select the symbology tab Quantities Graduated colors - Select the field Count_ (number of murders) and click on OK - You now have a map of census tracts with murders that have occurred within a distance of 500 metres of a grow operation colour coded by the number of such murders 52

56 Module 9 - Georeferencing Large Scale Raster Images Objective: learn the principles of georeferencing using Historical Images (Scanned Maps) without known Ground Control Points (coordinates) - In ArcMap, open the project C:\user\documents\arcdata\Toronto\georeference.mxd - Make sure that the georeferencing extension is on by right-clicking in the task bar area and selecting Georeferencing - Using the Georeferencing tool, select Layer: 004.jpg and under the menu Georeferencing, select Fit to Display and make sure that Auto Adjust is clicked on. - You will notice that the image 004.jpg now appears. This map is a 1910 Charles E. Goad Fire Insurance Plan. This is not a georeferenced image, but simply a scanned image of a paper map. - Select the Rotate tool and manipulate the image using your mouse so that the roads on the image are parallel to the roads in your GIS. 53

57 Module 9 - Georeferencing Large Scale Raster Images - Your screen should look something like this image below. - Select the Control Points tool - Select the middle of the intersection of Avenue and Davenport on the image (not the vector file) and click once. Drag the mouse to the same location on the vector file at the intersection of Avenue and Davenport. - You will notice the image has now moved over slightly. Repeat this operation for the Bedford Road and Bernard Street intersection and then the Elgin and Bedford intersection. 54

58 Module 9 - Georeferencing Large Scale Raster Images - As the last point, you should choose the Avenue Road and Elgin intersection. Your image should now be completely georeferenced! - If your image is not matching the streets as you would like, you can eliminate some points by selecting the View Link Table icon: - If you need to delete a point, highlight it and press the delete key. Click on OK when done and resume adding control points to your image. - You will notice the column in this window a residual error column. As you add points, your error rates will change, with a Total RMS Error reading at the bottom right. As you georeference images, the idea is to remove control points which have higher residual error rates. In the case of the image below, there is almost no error to be found on the map s georeferencing information - Click on Save and save your Ground Control Points (GCP) in a text file. - This allows you to return to this image in many other projects or to now georeference another image. - Click on 55

59 Module 9 - Georeferencing Large Scale Raster Images - Don t save the project but open up the C:\user\documents\arcdata\Toronto\georeference.mxd project again - Click on the View Link Table icon - In the Link Table click on Load and load the text file you just saved. You ll see all the GCPs once again. Click on OK. Your image should now reappear in the location you ve just left it in - You can also update the Georeferencing, which will save the information to a AUX file file and allow you to georeference other images while still viewing the first one. The drawback of this process is that the aux file is an ESRI file and so the image georeferencing information would not be available to be used in other software such as QGIS. In the Georeferencing toolbar, select Update Georeferencing - Exit out of the project - Return to the project and you ll see that the image has remained in place - Once you are content with your image fit in your GIS, use the Georeferencing menu to select Rectifiy - In the pop-up box that will appear, make sure you save the new rectified image in the C:\user\documents\arcdata\Toronto\ folder. You can give your new image any name you wish. Leave the other option at the default options. Click on OK. - Remove the image 004.jpg by right-clicking On it and selecting Remove - Now insert your new rectified image into your workspace using the Add Data tool C:\user\documents\arcdata\Toronto\Rectify004.tif - Click on the new project tool again (do not save the project) and open QGIS - Click the Add Raster Layer tool and open the original image 004.tif 56

60 Module 9 - Georeferencing Large Scale Raster Images - Click the Add Vector Layer tool and open the road layer c:\user\documents\arcdata\georefstreets.shp - Using the Add Raster Layer tool again, add the newly rectified image. Your image should now appear in your map georectified 57

61 Module 10 - Georeferencing an Image with known Control Points Objective: Same as Module 9 but using maps with known Control Points (coordinates) - Start a new ArcMap Project if you have not already done so by clicking on - Add the Canadian National Topographic Database layers data/nts/30m11/030m11_road_l and 030m11_railway_l (same location) - Also add the following scanned map data/nts_historical/34(toronto)_1909.jpg - Change the symbol of the railway lines to reflect that they are different from the roads - Using the Georeferencing toolbar select the image 34(Toronto)_1909.jpg in the Layer: box (this should be done automatically since it is the only image - Fit the image to the display using the Fit To Display option under the Georeferencing toolbar 58

62 Module 10 - Georeferencing an Image with known Control Points - Zoom into the bottom left corner of the map until you can see the coordinates of the map in the corner - In order to use these coordinates as Ground Control Points, we need to convert them to Decimal Degrees. 43 degrees 30 minutes is 43.5 decimal degrees and 79 degrees 30 minutes is decimal degrees. For more complicated entries, you could convert them yourself using the following method (minutes / 60) or you can convert them using the following service zoom in again closer to the corner until you can actually see the pixels 59

63 Module 10 - Georeferencing an Image with known Control Points - Take the Add Control Points cursor and click once in the middle of the pixel intersecting both darkest lines on the X and Y axes. - Right-click anywhere and select Input X and Y in the popup window - The Enter Coordinates popup box will appear. In the X: box enter and in the Y: box enter Repeat for the Northwest corner, the Northeast corner - Open the Link Table using the icon - Examine the Residual Errors for each entry and the Total RMS Error. Everything is at 0! - Zoom into the central part of the city of Toronto until you can see the streets on the scanned map - Change the width of your road layer to 2.00 by clicking on the line underneath the 030M11_road_l layer - In the Symbol Selector change the width to

64 Module 10 - Georeferencing an Image with known Control Points - The image is actually a bit off despite the very precise coordinates. More GCPs need to be added. - Now try to georeference the Southeast corner and examine the Link Table again - The Residual errors and Total Error rates are now higher - Zoom back to the part of the city you were in before using the icon - Add more control points (scattered across the map) (10 or so GCPs) until you are satisfied you have gotten as close as possible to matching the map - Examine your errors again and delete the GCPs with the largest errors in them - - Continue to add another 5 or so other GCPs - Remove any large errored GCPs - Save your GCPs in a text table - Zoom out of the image to scale of about 1:20,000 - In the Link Table, change the transformation to 2 nd Order Polynomial and then to 3 rd Order Polynomial, adjust, and Spline. Choose the best settings. 61

65 Module 10 - Georeferencing an Image with known Control Points - Zoom out to the full extent of your workspace by clicking on - Now zoom into the text at the bottom left corner of the map - The crucial part of the text for this part of the exercise is the wording about the Projection. This map actually has a set projection: Polyconic Projection. The problem we have is that our geographic information on this map is in Degrees and minutes. The polyconic projection system actually uses metres as a geographic unit. Now that we have our GCPs set for geographic because of the layers we used and because of the grid information from the map, we can now actually reproject our map to use the polyconic projection to examine our results. - Under the view menu, select Data Frame Properties - Click on the Coordinate System tab - Select the Predefined option - Select World; and Polyconic (world) 62

66 Module 10 - Georeferencing an Image with known Control Points - Your map will now look dramatically different - The closer you zoom into the image the more you will see that the image is very warped - Modern versions of this map are actually in metres as well but in Universal Transverse Mercator and are available in raster format from under the title CanMatrix - The modern version of this map has the same geographic extent. Now let s try and georeference the image using the CanMatrix raster - Start and New Map File by clicking on - Add the layer 30m11\CanMatrix\030m11_1_1.tif - Now add the NTS_historical\34(Toronto)_1909.jpg image - Using the georeferencing toolbar, select the 34(Toronto)_1909.jpg image and Fit to Display - Using the georeferencing toolbar again, deselect Auto Adjust - Using the Shift tool move the image to the side as in the following image 63

67 Module 10 - Georeferencing an Image with known Control Points - Zoom into the top left or bottom left corner and link the two maps together using the X = and Y = ; and the X = 43.5 and Y = common corners - - Click on Auto-Adjust in the Georeferencing toolbar - zoom to the full extent of the map - Right-click anywhere in the blank toolbar space and select the Effects toolbar - In the effects toolbar select the 34(Toronto)_1909.jpg layer - Select the blue and white jug and change the transparency to about 25% 64

68 Module 10 - Georeferencing an Image with known Control Points - Zoom to the top-right corner of the maps - Return to using the Georeferencing tool and link the two remaining corners - Add the layer 030M11_road_l - Continue to georeference the image as before - Open the Link Table; you will notice that the coordinates in the table are now in metres - Change the transformation trying all options available choosing the one that fits the image geographically the best - Using the Georeferencing toolbar select Update Georeferencing 65

69 Module 11 - Georeferencing using Quantum GIS Objective: Learn how to georeference raster images in QGIS - In QGIS, open the vector layer data/nts/030m11_road_l - Using the Plugins menu select Georeferencer - Two popup windows will appear; In the Georeference window click the Raster file selection area - Select the file 34(Toronto)_1923.jpg - In the Layer Projection Selector window that now appears, click on OK to select the current project s projection as the projection to use to georeference this image 66

70 Module 11 - Georeferencing using Quantum GIS -In the Georeferencer popup window, select Arrange plugin windows in order to setup your workspace in an efficient manner - Zoom into the bottom left corner of the map in the Reference points window - Click on the Add point icon and select the corner grid mark at -79 degrees 30 minutes longitude and 43 degrees and 30 minutes latitude - Click on OK - Zoom out and select all four corners as in ArcMap and continue adding the coordinates to the appropriate pixels on the scanned map - If you make a mistake, you can click on Delete Point - Zoom to the full extent of the image using the Zoom to Layer icon 67

71 Module 11 - Georeferencing using Quantum GIS - Zoom to the Center of the map and close enough to distinguish features - click on the feature on the image using the Add Point tool - In the Enter map Coordinates box, click on the from map canvas option - In the main map area of QGIS, locate the same feature and click on the feature - the coordinates should appear automatically in the Enter Map coordinates box X: and Y: fields 68

72 Module 11 - Georeferencing using Quantum GIS - There is no option to save your GCPs, they are automatically saved by the software - When done with adding GCPs, click on Create and load layer; the software will now create a world file for your image and load it in the map view; the QGIS world file in this case ends with the extension.wld as opposed to jpw in most software - The image will now be transferred into the map view with the vector layer (roads) - If you can t see the roads on top of the image, ensure that the roads layer is on top of the image by dragging it in the table of contents below the roads layer 69

73 Module 12 - Creating Data Point Features in ArcMap Objective: Learn how to create a GIS point layer from a georeferenced map and from tabular information found on the Internet - Open the project called data\projectfiles\dams.mxd - Using the View menu select Bookmarks and the Legend bookmark - You will see that there are five types of dams on this map: Power dams represented with a black line; Conservation dams with a red donut; Ontario Government dams with a red circle; and Government of Canada dams with a blue circle - To begin creating a GIS layer of these dams, open ArcCatalog using the ArcCatalog icon in ArcMap - In the table of contents on the left, navigate to the data\dams folder and maximize it 70

74 Module 12 - Creating Data Point Features in ArcMap - Highlight the dams folder, select New and Shapefile - In the Create New Shapefile window give your new layer the name Ondams; the feature type to be Point - Click on Edit - Select a coordinate system in the popup Spatial Referenc Properties Window - Click on Select in the Spatial Reference Properties - Select Geographic Coordinate Systems - Select North America; and then North American Datum 1983.prj 71

75 Module 12 - Creating Data Point Features in ArcMap - In ArcCatalog right-click on the Ondams.shp layer and select Properties - In the Shapefile Properties window, click on the Fields Tab - Add a new field by clicking in the row below the Id field; enter the word DamType and select the Data Type to be Short Integer - Right-click on the dams folder again and select dbase Table 72

76 Module 12 - Creating Data Point Features in ArcMap - On the right side of the screen rename the table dams.dbf - Right-click on the dams.dbf file and select Properties - In the DBASE Table Properties window select the Fields Tab and add the same field (DamType) and type as in the Ondams.shp; also add a text field called TypeName and click on OK - In ArcMap add the Ondams.shp and dams.dbf files to the map - Right-click in the main toolbar area of ArcMap and make sure the Editor tool is clicked on - Using the Editor toolbox select start editing 73

77 Module 12 - Creating Data Point Features in ArcMap - In the popup Start Editing window, select the dams folder and click on OK - Right-click on the dams database file and select Open - Start entering the types of dams - Click in the first row of the DamType table and add the number one, tab over to the TypeName field and enter Power Dams, etc. as in the map legend - One all five types have been entered, using the Editor toolbar, click on Save Edits - In the Selection menu, click on the Set Selectable Layers option 74

78 - Click on Clear All - Select Ondams only Module 12 - Creating Data Point Features in ArcMap - Click on Close - In the Editor toolbar specify that the Task: be to Create New Feature and the the Target: to be Ondams - Click on the sketch tool; your cursor will now take on the shape of a cross with a circle in the middle - Click once on one of the blue dots on the raster image with your cursor - You will see a large blue dot appear on the raster s point - Repeat on the other blue dot to the west - Your dot on the first dot will now change to a small black dot - Using the selection tool in the Editor toolbar, select the first point you put down - Right-click on the selection and select Attributes - In the DamType field, type 4 (for Government of Canada Dams) - Close the window - Repeat for the second blue point - Using the Sketch tool, now add a point for all the red points on the raster 75

79 Module 12 - Creating Data Point Features in ArcMap - Once they have all been added select all the red points using the Edit Tool - Right-click on the Ondams layer and select Open Attribute Table - In the Attribute of Ondams window, click on the Selected tab 76

80 Module 12 - Creating Data Point Features in ArcMap - Right-click on the DamType column header and select Field Calculator to populate the table for all these entries that are the same at once - In the DamType = box enter 2 for Ontario Government Dams ; click on OK - Now add points to the Crystal Falls and Sturgeon Falls Power Dams - Add the attributes for the two points in the same fashion as above (either method) using the number 1 - Clear your selection using the Clear Selected Features icon - Save your edits using the Editor Save Edits option 77

81 Module 12 - Creating Data Point Features in ArcMap - Right-click on the Ondams layer, select Joins and Relates Join - In the Join Data popup window select Join attributes from a table in the What do you want to join to this layer? option - Select DamType in box 1; dams in box 2; and DamType in box 3; click on OK - Click on Yes to index the table - Double-click on the Ondams layer in the Table of Contents - In the Layer Properties window, select the Symbology tab 78

82 Module 12 - Creating Data Point Features in ArcMap - Click on Categories on the left and select Unique Values - In the Value Field option, select dams.typename; click on Add All Values - Change the size of the points to size 18 and change the icons for each to a triangle - Click on OK - Save your project (choose a name for it) - Using a web browser, go to the following web address: Read about National Water Data Archive under the link Canada s national archive for water quantity data - Go back to the orginal page and now click on the link Hydrometric Station Reference Index - On the Station Reference Index web page, click on the Reference Index [CSV (1MB)] link - You will notice that a large text file appears with all the hydrographic monitoring stations in Canada. Most interesting however is the sixth and seventh fields Latitude and longitude - Save this file to your work area as Reference_Index_e.csv - In ArcMap load the Reference_Index_e.csv file you should get an error and the file should not show up in your map - Navigate to where you saved the Reference_Index_e.csv file and double-click on it to open the file in Excel (if that fails, find excel in the programs list on your computer and open this file). - Examine closely the Latitude and Longitude columns. They are not formatted properly. As well, the names of the fields are too long. ArcMap does not allow long field names or spaces in the field names. Close the file without saving it. - Return to the data\hydat folder and change the name of the Reference_Index_e.csv file to stations.txt - Go back to ArcMap - We need to reformat this file to make it usable we ll do this using a bit of a trick - I have written a perl script that will allow you to read in the comma separated file and take the longitude and latitude fields and separate them out, compute the degrees minutes and seconds into decimal degrees in order to plot them out - In the data\hydat\ folder right-click (do not double-click) on the stations.pl file and select open with Wordpad - Read through each line of the script 79

83 Module 12 - Creating Data Point Features in ArcMap - Exit out of the script and now double click on the script file; a new csv file called stations_lat_long.csv is now created - Open this file in ArcMap - Right click on the database in the table of contents and click on open. The CSV file is now read properly examine the Y and X columns - Close the Attribute table - Right-click on the stations_lat_long.csv file and select Display XY Data - Select the X field and the Y field in the appropriate areas and click on OK - Click on OK to the warning message about the Object-ID field - A new stations_lat_long.csv Events points layer will now appear - Change the size, shape, and colour of the point Events Layer - Right-click on the events layer and select zoom to layer - Right-click on the events layer again and select Data Export Data 80

84 - in the Export Data window, select All features to Export - for the coordinate system option, select the data frame - for the output shapefile name, save it as stations.shp Module 12 - Creating Data Point Features in ArcMap - Remove the Events layer - Your data is of course for all of Canada but we only need Ontario - Click on the ArcToolBox icon - Select the Analysis tool Extract Clip - Double-click on Clip - In the Input Features option select the stations layer - In the Clip Features option select Ontario - Giver your new clipped layer the name stations_clip Click on OK - Click on Close on the Clip popup window when the processing has been completed - Add the new layer to your map - Right-click on the new stations_clip layer just created and select zoom to layer click off the stations layer 81

85 Module 12 - Creating Data Point Features in ArcMap - Now let s select our stations that are even more specific to our study area by joining our dams with the nearest monitoring station - Right-click on the Ondams layer and select Joins and Relates Join.. - In the Join Data window, select Join Data from another layer based on spatial location from the What do you want to join to this layer? option - In option 1 select stations_clip as the layer to join with; in option 2 select Each point will be given all the attributes of the point ; and in option 3 give your new joined file the name data\hydat\join_output.shp; click on OK 82

86 Module 12 - Creating Data Point Features in ArcMap Obtaining a list of stations to look up for further historical data - Turn off the Ondams layer and the stations_clip layer and zoom to the join_output layer - Right-click on the new layer and open the attribute table - Right-click on the station column and select Summarize - In the specify output table: select the browse button - give your table the name sum_output and select Text file in the Save as type option dropdown 83

87 Module 12 - Creating Data Point Features in ArcMap - Click on Save and then click on OK - Click on No, you don t want the table added to the project - Navigate to where you saved your file - Double-click on the text file - You now have a list of stations that you can now download further information from the online archives of water flow data - Edit the file so that all your stations are on one line without quotation marks and separated by commas; your file should now look like the following: 02DC001,02DD017,02DD019,02DD020,02DD022,02EA008,02EA021 - Highlight all the station numbers - Go to the following web page: - Select the List of Station Numbers option; in the box right-click and paste your station numbers - Select All as the Select data type option; Enter 1800 to 2007 as the data ranges; Click on Next 84

88 Module 12 - Creating Data Point Features in ArcMap - Select the Report Data Type to be Monthly; the Report Output type to be In Current Browser (Graphical); click on Obtain Report - You should obtain the following graphic for one of the stations - Go back one screen - Now select your Output Type to be COMMA SEPARATED VALUES - Click on OBTAIN REPORT again 85

89 Module 12 - Creating Data Point Features in ArcMap - In the web page that appears, click on Click here to download the file - Save the file in your Hydat folder as monthlyflow.csv - Navigate to this file and open it in Wordpad - At the top of the page, delete the second line (if it is blank); Go to the last line in the file and delete the disclaimer line - Save the file and open it up in ArcMap - Right-click on the monthlyflow.csv file to the Join_output shapefile (use the ID field from the monthlyflow.csv file and the station field in the Join_Output layer; click on OK - Right-click on the monthlyflow.csv layer and select Display XY Data - Select the join_output.x and join_output.y fields as your coordinate fields - Click on OK - You now have a new historical flow data layer for your dams on your map 86

90 Module 12 - Creating Data Point Features in ArcMap - Click on any of the points using the information button. You will see that there is now a point for your dam for each year data is available - Right-click on the monthlyflow_csv_join_output Events layer and select Open Attribute Table - Click on Options Select by Attributes and SELECT * FROM OIDTABLE1 WHERE: [Year_] < Click on Apply and in the Attributes window click on Selected - You will now see all the entries for your dams/stations prior to

91 Module 13 - Creating Data Polygon Features Objective: Learn to create Polygon files using existing current and accurate datasets Part I - Open the project called parcel.mxd from the ProjectFiles folder - You will see a 1950 s era georeferenced map of the town of Huntsville - Examine the map at a scale of about 1: Pan to the bottom right corner and examine the information available - In this corner is the information about the original registered plans for the city from the 19 th and early 20 th Centuries. - Navigate to the data\parcels\ folder and double-click on the file called plans.jpg - In ArcMap turn on the layers lots_huntsville and Concessions - Right-click on the Huntsville.TIF image and select Zoom to Layer - You will now see in blue the lot lines and in orange the concession lines 88

92 Module 13 - Creating Data Polygon Features - Zoom into lots 13 and 14 - Zoom in close enough to see the Plan Numbers (note that I have accentuated the plan numbers since you do not have the benefit of using the paper map as well in this case) - To make sure you can see the plan numbers; use the bookmark Plan Numbers in order to find the location I am referring to - What we would like to do now is recreate the land ownership for Huntsville in the 19 th Century. There are a few ways of doing this. One would be to simply draw the plans one by one but there are a few issues with this that we will discuss. The most efficient and precise way is to take the Lot polygons to build our plans from - Right-click on the lots_huntsville layer and export to a new shapefile layer called plans_huntsville.shp using the Data Export Data.. option and select the data frame s coordinate system to export with the new layer - Click on yes that you would like to add this layer to the current map - Click once on the coloured box underneath the new layer and change the Fill color to no colour 89

93 Module 13 - Creating Data Polygon Features - Turn off the lots_huntsville layer - Right-click on the plans_huntsville layer and open attribute table - At the bottom of the table, select Add Field - Add a field as in the image below for the - number of the plan - Create a plandate field as in image a) below, but also create one for both the month and year as in images b) and c) below - b) c) 90

94 Module 13 - Creating Data Polygon Features - Also add a text field called filedby that will contain the information about who filed the plan and another text field for the name of the surveyor - Using the Editor Task Bar, click on Start Editing - Select the new plans_hunstville layer to edit - Using the Editor Task bar again, select Snapping (Snapping allows new features to snap to other features already created. This allows for smoother and more accurate data creation.) - In the Snapping window, select the Vertex, Edge and End - of the following features as in the image below: 91

95 Module 13 - Creating Data Polygon Features - In the snapping window at the bottom, select the types of snapping to be done as in the image below. Most important in this option is the ability to snap to the raster image pixels - Zoom into the bottom of lot 13 - Using the Editor task bar, click on the selection tool; make sure your task is set to Cut Polygon Features and that your targe is your new layer - - Using this tool, select the new layer just created 92

96 Module 13 - Creating Data Polygon Features - Using the Sketch Tool, cut the polygon as in the image below starting by clicking once to the left of the highlighted feature (you do not need to hold down the mouse button once you have clicked the first point and you can zoom in and out using regular tools) - Drag your line along the line as in the image below making sure to cross to the other side of the feature on the right. Double-click your next point - Your feature will now split in two is in the image below 93

97 Module 13 - Creating Data Polygon Features - Repeat for the line just above this last one (next three images) - Using the Clear Selected Features tool, select the new feature you just created then right click inside that feature and select Attributes 94

98 Module 13 - Creating Data Polygon Features - Locate Plan 8 information from the image with the information on it for the Plans - In the Attributes window, start by entering the date in the plandate field. - - You will get an error since the database wants the date format to have both a month and day information, which we don t have. As an alternative, create two separate year (numeric) and month (numeric) fields. (Note that sometimes your database is not entirely complete until you start entering your data) - Now enter the year and the month (numerically) in the attributes window 95

99 Module 13 - Creating Data Polygon Features - You ll notice as well as there is some important information that cannot be added in our current fields. Instead of fitting it in, now add a Notes (text) field. Enter this textual information in the notes field - - There is also a need for us to know which Plans have been dealt with and which ones have not. Create a field as in the image below for a status field. - - In the attributes window, type in a 1 indicating that the status has being done for this Plan area. (zeros and nulls automatically indicate that your other features have not been touched - 96

100 Module 13 - Creating Data Polygon Features - To display which features have been updated as you add their attribute information, go to the Layer Properties and under the Symbology tab, select Categories Unique Values and select eh Value Field to be status. All All Values and change the color for entries with 0 to have no colour and leave 1 as is. Click on OK and OK again to close the Layer Properties window - - Using the selection tool in the Editor task bar, select the feature above the newly created one in the plans_huntsville layer - - Since this plans seems to be dissected by a street, as opposed to a surveyed feature, you will need to make sure your roads layer is on. Select the Sketch tool and click your first point to the left of the selected Feature and click on the road as it curves on FLORENCE ST. 97

101 Module 13 - Creating Data Polygon Features - Add the attribute information for your new Plan area - - Plan area 23 you will see is not as straightforward to create because Cora Street does not dissect the plan completely - - Start on the right side of the plan area and dissect it as below from right to left - Once your reach the intersection of Cora and Lorne street, create a vertex (point) on the intersecting lines. - for your next point, move your mouse to the area that curves at the leftern most area of FLORENCE street 98

102 Module 13 - Creating Data Polygon Features - Right-click on the street (vector) and select Parallel - - Continue moving your mouse but do not finish the cut because you will notice that it would dissect a parcel Hit the ESCAPE key - - Right click on the Cora street (vector centerline) and select Parallel again and this time complete the cut. Add the attributes to Plan 23 99

103 Module 13 - Creating Data Polygon Features - When creating plan area 22, there is no junction common point to snap to. In this case, snap to the closest area and then change the length of the segment by rightclicking on the segment and selecting Change Length - You may now want to label your plan areas. Right click on the layer and label by the PlanNu field - You will notice that Plans 11 and 12 and split horizontally in the next section. Simply cut the bigger polygon first, then the smaller two 100

104 Module 13 - Creating Data Polygon Features - Once you have completed a number of plan areas, symbolize the plans by the year they were created, remove the colour with the heading 0 - Once you get above Susan street West you will notice that plan area 12 is listed in - Cut out the second area as per the method above - Shift Click on both of the polygons for plan Under the Editor Task Bar, select Merge 101

105 Module 13 - Creating Data Polygon Features - If you click on the features one at a time, you will see that the feature will flicker in the map view. Choose the feature that has attributes created for it already to avoid deleting the information and to avoid having to add them a second time. - - Save your edits and stop editing - Turn off all layers except your plans_huntsville layer - Save your project 102

106 Module 14 - Creating Data Line Features Objective: Creating Historical Line data using both existing current and accurate data and only geographic information seen on historic maps - Open the Shoreline.mxd project in the ProjectFiles folder. In the map that is displayed, you will see all the parts that made up Toronto from 1834 to 1914 with the shapes they were made up of when first annexed to the City of Toronto. The object of this first exercise is to create the historic streets for some of the annexed areas. You will remember our historic roads layer that went up to We will now load a 1878 map to now create the roads in existence for that year. - Turn on the Roads layer (layer containing all the current roads in the city of Toronto) and turn off the Early_Toronto_1793_1871 layer - What we need to start with now is a road layer for the entire annexed areas of Toronto - Click on the ArcToolBox icon and navigate to the Analysis Tools Extract Clip - The idea is to create a new layer of roads that will help identify the historic roads that follow our first period that went to 1871 and to expand it to To do this, we will clip all the roads for the Greater Toronto area to only fit within the geographic area of our area of study, in this case it s the Annexation part of the city of Toronto. 103

107 Module 14 - Creating Data Line Features - In the Clip window, select as an input feature the Roads (layer to be clipped) and select annexation_1834_1914 as the feature to clip from (cookie cutter). Select a new Output Featuer Class to be called annexation_streets.shp. Click on OK - Add the new layer and turn off the Roads layer. Zoom to the full extent of your new layer - Now go to the Add/Edit Streets bookmark - Change your Early_Toronto_1793_1871 layer to red and change its size to 2 change the new annexation_streets layer to blue - Turn off the annexation_1834_1914 polygon layer and turn on the York County Atlas 1878 image - Start Editing and select annexation_streets as your target to edit - Using the selection tool select a number of streets near the word CITY on the screen and above where the end of the streets are. Select streets that are not appearing on the map that will need to be deleted to create the layer according to what s on the map. (Hint: remember that you can shift-click to select several features but not ctrl click) 104

108 Module 14 - Creating Data Line Features - Once you have selected a number of features, or if you feel more comfortable erasing features one by one, hit delete on your keyboard - The idea is to clear the screen to be able to see clearly what streets can be added to be coded for Once you have cleared a large area, stop editing (making sure to save your edits) - Create a new text field in your Early_Toronto_1793_1871 layer called Name Start editing again but this time edit the Early_Toronto_1793_1871 layer. - Using the Editor task bar, select Snapping - Select your features to snap to the Vertex, Edge, and End to the Roads, annexation_streets and the Early_Toronto_1793 layers. Also, at the bottom of the snapping window, select the following options - Using the Editor Task Bar, select the Task to be Create 2-Point Line Features and the Target to be your Early_Toronto_1793_1871 layer - - Click on the Sketch tool (Note that you could use the Create New Feature option instead of the Create 2-Point option which would allow you to draw all the lines at once, but you would then have to use the Split feature to go to every intersection and create the 2 point lines manually) 105

109 Module 14 - Creating Data Line Features - Place your mouse cursor on the western most vertex of the current street - Drag your mouse to the next street intersection and click once to add a vertex at this intersection(note: do not put a vertex at an intersection to a street that did not exist in Continue along Bloor until you reach the city limits at Dufferin and double-click when you reach the last vertex to add at Dufferin - Make sure your new road segments are still selected, if not, using the Edit tool in the Editor task bar, select your new road segments - Right click on the segment and select Attributes. - Add the name of the street, its name in 1878 and the year as being 1878 that it was noted on a map for each of the new street segments added - Repeat these steps for Gladstone just east of Dufferin street and then do Dufferin street heading south until you reach where Dufferin ended in Do the remainder of the little streets North of Queen street - Save your edits and stop editing - Part II - In ArcCatalog create a new polyline layer called HRail - Click on Edit and select the Geographic Projection called North American Datum 1983 under North America 106

110 Module 14 - Creating Data Line Features - Click on Add and click on OK - Load this new layer into the ArcMap project - Start Editing the layer - Snap your editing session as in the images below - Ensure that your NTS Toronto 1909 layer is turned on - Using the Editor toolbar, select the Arc Tool click one point at the intersection of the rail lines at the bottom of the map near the lakeshore (bookmark Grand Trunk Old Beltline). Halfway along the curve click one and move your cursor up the curve towards the end of it. Click again once you have reached the end of the curve. - Now select the regular Sketch tool and continue creating your new rail line 107

111 Module 14 - Creating Data Line Features - Double-click to end your edit once you have reached the word Line on the map. Doubleclicking ensures your edits are registered but does not save them. - Stop editing and save your edits. Start editing again, click on Modify Feature in the Editor task bar and select the line you just created - Click again on the Sketch tool in the Editor Task Bar to edit your line again. - Continue creating your rail line until you get to the most northern part of the line (it should curve towards the east at its apex) - You will notice on the map that there is also another rail line the does not presently exist that is on the map. It is an electric rail line (it used to go all the way to Guelph). Turn on the Transmission_lines(DMTI) layer to see if the line is still used as a transmission line (yes, it still does and you will now see a red line where the rail line used to be - Highlight the red line using the selection tool - Once the segment is selected, hight CTRL-C to copy the segment - Ensure that the Editor toolbar is set to Create New Feature and that it is still pointing to the Target layer as HRail - Hit CTRL-V to paste the segment into the HRail layer - Turn off the Transmission_lines(DMTI) layer and you will now see your new segment in your new layer - Using the Editor toolbar stop editing and save your edits - Right click on the HRail layer and select Open Attribute Table - Add a new field for the name of the railway, a field for the date of the map (to indicate that it was present at this time in one function or another), a field for the status of the railway (in use or not), and a field for the type (electric, other, etc.) of railway line - Once the fields have been created, enter the data for both line segments 108

112 Module 14 - Creating Data Line Features Part III (Creating a line feature in Quantum GIS) - In Quantum GIS, open the project file Garrison\GarrisonCreek.qgs - If the software asks for projection information, select WGS 84 and click on OK in the Layer Projection Selector - You will notice the 1860 York County Map again - Create a new vector layer by clicking on the New Vector Layer tool - Select the Line option in the New Vector Layer window; click on the Add Attributes button; Add a field name called LostRiver and select String as the type of field to create, click on OK to add the variable and OK again to start editing - In the Save As box, give your - layer the name LostRivers.shp - When asked for projection information - select WGS 84 once again and click on - OK - Using the Settings menu, select Project Properties - Click on Snapping options 109

113 Module 14 - Creating Data Line Features - In the Snapping options window you ll see that there is no snapping available to nonvector (raster) layers - Since we can t use a vector layer in this project, click on cancel and cancel again the Project Properties Window - Click on the Toggle Edit tool to start editing - Select the Capture Line tool and start drawing vertices along Garrison Creek on the raster image - Once you have created your first line for the river and are satisfied with its position, right-click on the last vertex 110

114 Module 14 - Creating Data Line Features - In the Enter Attribute Values window, type in Garrison Creek in the Value box and click on OK - Exit out of Quantum GIS and in ArcMap, now open the LostRivers.shp in your Shoreline.mxd project - Click On Toggle Editing again and save your changes 111

115 Module 15 - Automatic Data Creation using ArcScan Objective: learn how vector layers can be created automatically using ArcScan - Open the BOutline.mxd project in the ProjectFiles folder - You will see the roads, rail, and parcels for a part of Toronto called the Junction - Go to the bookmark called Parcel Changes - You will notice that there was a tremendous amount of change in the Toronto parcel fabric in this location, particularly where there was a factory. Toggle the 1990 s Parcels image on and off to see the difference - We could create our parcels by editing the current parcels and adapting them from the image but there is also a batch tool that has several functions that allows for much faster digitizing when you have an image with two colours and two colours only. The tool is part of ArcGIS and it is called ArcScan. Other tools exist that do the same thing including WinTopo (which has a free academic license) - Turn off the Junction_Parcels layer - In ArcCatalog, create two new shapefile layers. One a polygon layer called parcels_r and one a polyline layer called parcels_l both with UTM NAD 83 Zone 17 North projection systems - Add these two layers to the map project in ArcMap - Right-click in the main task bar and turn on ArcScan - Using the Editor toolbar, start editing the parcels_l and - parcels_r layers - Double-click on the 1990 s Parcels layer - In the Layer Properties window, select the Symbology tab - Clicked on Classified and click on OK (this is to display our image into two and only two colours in order for ArcScan to be able to read and right) - Your ArcScan taskbar should now turn on 112

116 Module 15 - Automatic Data Creation using ArcScan - Using the Editor task bar, select Snapping - Click the Vertex, Edge, and End of the, parcels_l, parcels_r, and Junction_Parcels layers. Also, click on the Edit Sketch, Raster, Topology Elements and Miscellaneous options - In the ArcScan task bar, click on the raster line width tool - Click on black lines on the raster image. This will give you an idea of the width of the lines - Now click on the Edit Raster Snapping Options tool - Select the Maximum width of the Raster Line Width to 4 pixels - Using the Vectorization Trace Between Points tool start drawing the large parcel numbered 96 - Click once on the north-east corner of the parcel and then to the eastern most part of the same line - The line draws itself and creates a number of vertices now continue south along the parcel to the next intersection of pixels - Continue to the Southern most pixel intersection - The Warning box that pops up is telling you that there are a few issues with the pixel formations in this image - The issue is that there are holes in some of the lines (pixels missing) - Go to the bookmark pixel hole to view the issue - Go back to the last extent and try creating the line again but this time - hold the S key while tracing the line all the way to the bottom of the pixel 113

117 Module 15 - Automatic Data Creation using ArcScan - Finish the parcel so that it looks like this image.remember to double-click on the last vertex - Delete this parcel - Repeat the creation of the parcel, but this time use the Vectorization Trace tool Complete the parcel but delete it again once finished - Using the Raster Cleanup menu in the ArcScan task bar, select - Start Cleanup - Then select the Raster Painting Toolbar in the same menu - Select the smallest pixel size - Click on the brush tool - Go back again to the Pixel Hole bookmark and start filling the gaps in the pixels by clicking the brush between pixels - Continue to the bottom of the line all the way to the corner - Using either of the ArcScan tracing tools, try tracing over the parcel again - Delete the parcel once again - This time, using the Vectorization menu in the ArcScan task bar, select Vectorization Settings. - Again, using the Vectorization menu, select Show Preview - Play around with the settings (any and all of them) and watch the different types of vectors being created in the preview 114

118 Module 15 - Automatic Data Creation using ArcScan - Using the Vectorization menu, click on Options - In the Vectorization Options window, select Outline and click on OK. Using this option, you ll see that basically all small gaps between pixels now become polygons - Open the Vectorization Options window again and return to Centerline. Click on OK - In the Vectorization Settings window, set the options to the following specifications - Click on Apply and then Close - Using the Vectorization menu again, select Generate Features. Ensure that lines are going to be created in the parcels_l layer and that polygons are going to be created in the parcels_r layer click on OK - Once all the vectors have been created, stop editing and save your edits. - Turn off all layers except the parcels_l and parcels_r layers and the 1990 s Parcels image - Examine closely both the polygon and polyline layers and their attribute tables 115

119 Module 16 Web Mapping with Google Earth and Google Maps Objective: Learn to create KML files for loading your HGIS data to Google Earth and Google Maps Georeferencing an Image in Google Earth - Load Google Earth - In the Search box type in Davenport Road and Avenue Road, Toronto, Ontario and hit Enter - Using the Add menu, select Image Overlay - Add the data\arcdata\toronto\004.jpg image, give the image a name, click on Browse to locate the image and click on OK 116

120 Module 16 Web Mapping with Google Earth and Google Maps - Right-click on the image overlay in the Table of Contents and select Properties - Change the opacity of your image by sliding the Transparency tool a bit to the left of its initial position - Using the diamond shaped tool to the left of the image, rotate the image to counterclockwise a bit - Using the centre crossed lines, drag the image to the center of where you wish to position it (Hint: Tranby and Avenue fit very nicely in the middle right) - Using the Top Left Corner bordering lines, resize the image as best you can to place the image properly. - Use all four corners to position closer and closer until you feel satisfied your image is positioned properly 117

121 Module 16 Web Mapping with Google Earth and Google Maps - Click on OK when done - In the Table of Contents, right-click on the image name. You ll notice a Share button. Unfortunately, our install is not setup for sharing. Loading individual GIS layers in Google Earth - In ArcMap, open the parcel.mxd project - Click on the Arctoolbox icon - Click on the Data Interoperability tool Quick Export - Select the plans_huntsville layer in the Input Layer box - Select as the output format Google Earth Data Exchange Format (KML) - Give your layer a name and select the geographic projection North American NAD 83 - Click on OK and OK again - Click on Close in the results popup window - Go back to Google Earth and click on the menu File Open - Locate your new *.kmz file, highlight it and click Open - Google Earth will now zoom to Huntsville and show you your layer in Google Earth - Zoom in a little closer to properly view your plans - You ll notice that the colours are not very distinguishable - In the table of contents, right click on plans_huntsville and click on Properties - Click on the Style, Color tab and click on Share Style - Pick a different colour for your Lines and make them Width 1.5 click on OK 118

122 Module 16 Web Mapping with Google Earth and Google Maps - Zoom in to the area you built using the historic map - In Arctoolbox, select the toolbox 3D Analyst Tools Conversion To KML Layer to KML (Map to KML takes your entire map *.mxd file with all the layers and exports them to a KML file) - In the Layer to KML popup window, select the Huntsville.TIF file and give it a KMZ filename (Huntsville.kmz for instance), in the Layer Output Scale enter 1, In the Output Image Properties, specify resolution 300 DPI, click on OK - Repeat this section for the Shoreline.mxd project exporting one of the images of Toronto and the LostRivers layer 119

123 Module 16 Web Mapping with Google Earth and Google Maps Web Mapping : Google Maps and GIS layers - In your web browser, go to and sign in using your previously created account - Go to Maps and click on the My Maps tab - Click on Create new map - Give your map a new name and description and click on Unlisted (you can chose any of the maps you had created in KMZ format before to describe) - Click on Import - Select the lost rivers kmz file you created previously and click on Upload from File 120