Operating Systems Introduction. Mathieu Delalandre (PhD) University of Tours, Tours city, France

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1 Operating Systems Introduction Mathieu Delalandre (PhD) University of Tours, Tours city, France 1

2 Operating Systems Introduction 1. Definition of OS 2. A brief history 3. Taxonomy of OS 4. Lecture goals and keynotes 2

3 Definition of OS (1) Middle view: the general definition User User User Users: could share a same computer (through session / terminal). Layers Applications Operating System (OS) Application: designed to help the user to perform a singular or multiple related specific tasks (e.g. office, programming toolkit, web browser, etc.). Operating system: interface between the hardware and the user, responsible for the management and coordination of activities and the sharing of resources, that acts as a host for running applications on the machine. Hardware Hardware: physical electronic components and mechanical parts that make up a piece of computer equipment (keyboard, disk drive, CPU, motherboard, etc.). Rq. This layer separation is quite subjective Application / OS e.g. firewall, tactile pattern recognition, voice command device, image indexing, etc. Hardware / OS e.g. virtual memory, synchronization primitives, bitcounting, networking primitives, DMA, GPU, etc. 3

4 Definition of OS (2) User view (OS as an extended machine): the OS is designed mostly for ease of use, with some attention to performance and none attention to resource utilization (i.e. the user do not take care of hardware). Case one to many i.e. a virtual machine e.g. The VM/370 operating system (1971) Case many to one i.e. a distributed system e.g. ARPANET (1970) Virtual machine User 1 Hardware Operating System Hardware Operating System Virtual machine User 2 Hardware Operating System Middleware User Virtual machine User 3 Hardware Operating System dependent to the hardware independent from the hardware dependent to the hardware independent from the hardware 4

5 Definition of OS (3) System view (OS as hardware manager): from the computer point of view, the OS is the program most intimately involved with the hardware management and the resource allocation. Virtual machine User 1 CPU Operating System Virtual machine User 2 Memory Devices (mouse, screen, keyboard Virtual machine User 3 Hardware resources (CPU, Memory, etc.) must be shared in two ways: Time sharing Space sharing dependent to hardware independent from hardware 5

6 Operating Systems Introduction 1. Definition of OS 2. A brief history 3. Taxonomy of OS 4. Lecture goals and keynotes 6

1965-1980 3 rd 1980-today 4 th in the queue 1 st ge

7 A brief history (1) 7 Generation Batch Compatibility Multi-prog Parallelism Microcomputer IHM Network st sd rd 1980-today 4 th in the queue 1 st generation e.g. ENIAC Task definition Programming on panel Execute Printing Human operators ENIAC ENIAC

programmer Card(s) to tape drive(s) Execute

Multi-prog Parallelism Microcomputer IHM

1965-1980 3 rd 1980-today 4 th in the queue

8 A brief history (2) Generation Task definition Edit punched card Human programmer Card(s) to tape drive(s) Execute from tape drive(s) Batch Compatibility Multi-prog Parallelism Microcomputer IHM Network st sd rd 1980-today 4 th in the queue 2 sd generation e.g. IBM 1401 & Print Punched card

9 Generation Batch Compatibility Multi-prog Parallelism Microcomputer IHM Network st sd rd 1980-today 4 th in the queue A brief history (3) 3 rd generation e.g. IBM system/360 a game of compatible computer 360/(A-L) implement multi-programming and spooling Multiprogramming is the allocation of a computer system and its resources to more than one concurrent application / job Job 3 Job3 Job 2 Job 1 Memory partitioning Job2 CPU schedule OS Job1 Private memory area If a job is blocked, go to next one 9

10 Generation Batch Compatibility Multi-prog Parallelism Microcomputer IHM Network st sd rd 1980-today 4 th in the queue A brief history (4) 3 rd generation e.g. IBM system/360 a game of compatible computer 360/(A-L) implement multi-programming and spooling Spooling (simultaneous peripheral operation on-line) refers to a process of transferring data by placing it in a temporary working area where another program may access it for processing at a later point in time. Tape Read Execute Print Without spooling Job Tape Read Printer Print Buffer Execute With spooling Spooler Job 10

1965-1980 3 rd 1980-today 4 th in the queue A brief history

PC Doug Engelbart proposed IHM in the early 60s, implemented

11 Generation Batch Compatibility Multi-prog Parallelism Microcomputer IHM Network st sd rd 1980-today 4 th in the queue A brief history (5) 4 th generation e.g. Personal Computer LSI (Large Scale Integration) made possible PC Doug Engelbart proposed IHM in the early 60s, implemented in the first Apple computer in 1984 Since end of 80s, Internet becomes part of the computer world First IBM PC to laptop First keyboard and mouse Internet host computers 11

12 In the queue. A brief history (6) Generation Batch Compatibility Multi-prog Parallelism Microcomputer IHM Network st sd rd 1980-today 4 th in the queue Gesture based interaction Voice recognition 12

13 Eye tracker A brief history (7) Brain computer interface 13 Generation Batch Compatibility Multi-prog Parallelism Microcomputer IHM Network st sd rd 1980-today 4 th in the queue In the queue.

14 Generation st Batch sd Compatibility 3D screen Multi-prog Parallelism rd Microcomputer IHM Network 1980-today 4 th in the queue In the queue. A brief history (8) Electronic paper real virtuality Augmented reality and tagging the real world 14

15 A brief history (9) 15 Generation Batch Compatibility Multi-prog Parallelism Microcomputer IHM Network st sd rd 1980-today 4 th in the queue In the queue.

16 Generation Batch Compatibility Multi-prog Parallelism Microcomputer IHM Network st sd rd 1980-today 4 th in the queue In the queue. A brief history (10) is a post-desktop model of human-computer interaction in which information processing has been thoroughly integrated into the everyday objects and activities. More formally, ubiquitous computing is defined as machines that fit the human environment instead of forcing humans to enter theirs. 16

17 Operating Systems Introduction 1. Definition of OS 2. A brief history 3. Taxonomy of OS 4. Lecture goals and keynotes 17

18 Taxonomy of OS OS depends of computer application Mainframes are powerful computers used mainly by large organizations for critical applications, typically bulk data processing such as census, industry and consumer statistics, etc. Server computers link other computers or electronic devices together. They often provide essential services across a network, either to private users inside a large organization or to public users via the Internet. Multicomputers offer a major-league computer power by connecting multiple CPUs together (e.g. GPU workstation). They need a special OS support for communication, connectivity and consistency. Personal Computers (PC) are any general-purpose computers whose sizes, capabilities, and original sale prices make them useful for individuals, and which is intended to be operated directly by an end user with no intervening computer operator. Real Time Systems (RTS) implement hardware and software components that are subject to real-time constraints i.e. operational deadlines from events to system responses. Embedded systems are designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions often with real-time computing constraints. They are embedded as part of a complete device often including hardware and mechanical parts. include personal digital assistants (PDA) or cellular telephones, many of which use special purpose embedded systems. Ergonomics Communication Robustness Optimization Mainframes Servers Multicomputers PC RTS Embedded systems a major feature of concerned OS 18

19 Operating Systems Introduction 1. Definition of OS 2. A brief history 3. Taxonomy of OS 4. Lecture goals and keynotes 19

20 Lecture goals and keynotes Lecture goals: to introduce concepts, techniques and algorithms employed to design OS i.e. it deals with the model level only, no technical aspects here. Keynotes: Hardware/software co-design: over the years, hardware and software have been developed collaboratively to design OS e.g. Memory Management Unit, Direct Memory Access, Transaction look-aside buffer, SSE-based synchronization, vectorization, etc. Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny: over the years, concepts become popular or move to trash. However, extinction is sometimes for a few year in computer science e.g. Virtual Machine OS/360 (1970) vs. Java (1995). 20

1.1 Introduction. Fig.1.1 Abstract view of the components of a computer system.

1.1 Introduction. Fig.1.1 Abstract view of the components of a computer system. 1.1 Introduction An operating system is a program that manages the computer hardware. It also provides a basis for application programs and acts as an intermediary between a user of a computer and the