Trends in Computer System Capabilities

Transcription

1 Trends in Computer System Capabilities First Generation Second Generation Third Generation Fourth Generation Fifth Generation Trend: Toward Smaller, Faster, More Reliable, and Less Costly Vacuum Tubes Solid-State Integrated Circuits LSI, VLSI Microprocessors Greater Power, Smaller Footprint Trend: Toward Easy to Purchase, and Easy to Maintain

2 First Generation Computers First prototype was called the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) built in Nov ft. long, 10 ft. high and weighed 30 tons. Consumed 174,000 watts power. A computer called the UNIVAC is considered the first commercial computer completed in Dimensions 14.5 ft. long, 7.5 ft. high and 9 ft. wide. Read data at 7200 characters per second. Completed 2.25m instruction per second Did not have an operating System; each program included instructions to handle every computing job including input, output and processing activities.

3 Second Generation Computers Started after the invention of the transistors. Computer manufacturers such as IBM developed operating systems that provided standardized routines for IO, memory management and other resource management activities. Programming language compilers that allowed programmers to write instructions using English-like commands rather than machine language. High level languages like COBOL and FORTRAN became available.

4 Third Generation Computers Third generation computers ( ) began using integrated circuits consisting of thousands of transistors and other circuit elements etched on tiny chips of silicon allowing for increased memory and processing speeds of several millions of instructions per second(mips). Minicomputers were introduced like the DEC PDP-8;smaller and less powerful than mainframe computers while maintaining the capability torunmultipleprogramsformultipleuserstogether. Today demand for minicomputers is satisfied by high-end personal computers and servers and the term minicomputer has generally fallen intodisuse.

5 Fourth Generation Computers Fourth generation computers use large scale integration (LSI) and very large scale integration (VLSI) that cram hundreds of thousands or millionsoftransistorsandothercircuitelementsoneachchip. The Intel 4004 developed in 1971 was The first general purpose microprocessorthatmatched thepoweroftheeniac. Had the equivalent of 2300 transistors and was able to perform 60,000 instructionspersec.intelfollowedbythe8008andthen8080. Microprocessors are akey component today of all types of computers rangingfromsmartphonestosupercomputers.

6 Fifth Generation Computers The next generation of computers should continue the trend toward more power, more speed, smaller size, and longer terms of service. Fifth generation computers may use superconductor circuits or other developingtechnologiestoprocessandstoreinformation. Currently VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) packs millions of components on a single chip. It is used for CPUs, GPUs and controllers. It integrates cellular technology,wi-fi and sound into allpurpose chips that power smartphones and tablet computers. Whether VLSIrepresentsthefifthgenerationisyettobeseen.

7 Computer Basics a computer is a multipurpose device that accepts input, processes data, stores data, and produces output, all according to a series of stored instructions

8 Traditional Computer System Categories Mainframe Computers Midrange Computers Micro Computers 18

9 Types of Computer Systems 1. Mainframe Enterprise systems Superservers Transaction processors Supercomputers 2. Midrange Network servers Minicomputers Web servers Multi-user systems 19

10 3. Microcomputers Personal Computer (PC) Desktop Systems Laptops Networks Information Appliances Workstation Computers Network Servers Network computers PDA Computer terminals 20