Pengenalan kepada baikpulih dan senggaraan

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Annabella Ferguson
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1 Pengenalan kepada baikpulih dan senggaraan Power supply unit (PSU), menukar voltan AC ke DC PSU mengeluarkan 3 jenis voltan 3.3v 5v 12v 3.3 dan 5 volts digunakan untuk circuit, 12 volts biasanya digunakan untuk disk drives and fan Mengenal pasti sumber bagi voltan arus terus(dc) dan voltan arusulangalik(ac) 1

2 Komponen luaran seperti monitor, mouse, keyboard dan etc. Komponen dalaman seperti motherboard, processor, memory dan etc. Menerangkan komponen asas bagi komputer peribadi dan komputer riba Inside Computer 2

3 The largest and most important circuit board Also known as the main board or system board Contains the CPU, expansion slots, other devices All devices communicate with CPU on motherboard A peripheral device links to motherboard via cable Some motherboard ports outside of the case: Keyboard, mouse, parallel, USB ports, sound ports The Motherboard The Motherboard 3

4 Common IO Ports What form factor does the motherboard use? What CPU socket does the motherboard support? What type of BIOS does the motherboard use? Does the board fit the case you plan to use? Avoid board with too many embedded components, such boards do not easily accept add-on devices Selecting a Motherboard 4

5 Form factor Specifies size, shape, features of a hardware device Form factor for motherboard is chosen first Same form factor is used for case and power supply Using the same form factor assures you that: The motherboard fits the case The powers supply cords provide proper voltage Holes in the motherboard align with holes in the case Holes in the case align with ports off the motherboard Wires on the case match connections on motherboard Form Factor Casing 5

6 Expansion Slot Motherboard Bridge 6

7 Chipset, also called ROM BIOS chip Contains, CMOS setup program Startup BIOS that manages the startup process System BIOS that manages basic I/O functions Programs on BIOS may need upgrades. Flashingmeans to upgrade or refresh ROM BIOS firmware BIOS CMOS RAM Also called clock/nonvolatileram (RTC/NVRAM) Stores most configuration for the motherboard CMOS setup program Stored on ROM BIOS chip Access built-in program by pressing key during POST Menus: Main, Advanced, Power, Boot, and Exit CMOS 7

8 Battery power to CMOS RAM Enables CMOS to hold data after the PC is turned off Setup information is lost if battery fails or disconnects CMOS Battery CMOS Setup Program 8

9 Reset BIOS from failed updates and clear cmos password Jumper PROCESSOR 9

10 CPU: chip that performs most data processing Chipset: group of microchips controlling data flow Major manufacturers of CPUs and chipsets for PCs eg. Intel, AMD, VIA, SiS, and Cyrix CPU & Chipset Chipset 10

Connects the processor to the motherboard Motherboard type must match processor socket / slot Types of Sockets pin grid or land grid arrays Types of slots Packages fit

11 Connects the processor to the motherboard Motherboard type must match processor socket / slot Types of Sockets pin grid or land grid arrays Types of slots Packages fit into slots like expansion cards New processor packages use sockets, not slots Processor Sockets / Slots Pin Grid Array (PGA) Land Grid Array (LGA) Processor Sockets 11

12 STORAGE DEVICE Primary Storage: Temporary storage used by applicationeg: RAM (Random Access Memory) Secondary / Permanent Storage: Enables data to persist after the machine is turned off eg: hard drive, CD, floppy disk Storage Type 12

13 RAM (Random Access Memory): Device providing temporary storage Located on motherboard and on other circuit boards Volatile (data does not persist) Three types of RAM boards (memory modules): DIMM (Dual inline memory module) RIMM (Rambus inline memory module) SIMM (Single inline memory module) RAM RAM Type 13

14 Follow safety procedures when installing RAM eg: use a ground bracelet as you work Installing Memory Hard drive Case containing disks that rotate at high speeds An arm with a read/write head traverses the platter Hard drive / disk types: IDE ATA Serial ATA (SATA) SCSI Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) SSD Secondary Storage 14

15 SATA Hard Disk SATA / IDE Devices 15

16 Remove Hard drive Identify Hard drive type, IDE or SATA Check Jumper setting Install Hard drive Power-on and check CMOS setup Practice: PERIPHERALS 16

17 Interface between monitor and computer Also called graphics adapters Can be in-built unit or card unit Five ports for five methods of data transfer: RGB (red, green, blue) video using a VGA port DVI (Digital Visual Interface): used by LCD monitors Composite video: RGB mixed in the same signal S-Video (Super-Video): sends two signals over cable HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface) Display Video cards currently use AGP or PCI Express AGP Major AGP releases: AGP 1.0, AGP 2.0, AGP 3.0 PCI Express PCI Express x16 is twice as fast as AGP x8 Graphics accelerator is a video card that has a processor Display 17

18 Fan on Graphics Processor (GPU) Video Card / Adapter Video Card Slot 18

19 Operations performed on sound: Basic: recording, storing, and replaying Advanced: editing and mixing Types of ports Output ports: used by speakers Input ports: used by microphone, CD player, others Can be in-built unit or card unit Sound Onboard 19

20 Sound Card Jelaskan fungsi atau peranan peralatan bagi kerja-kerja baikpulih komputer Menentukan peralatan yang digunakan di dalam kerja baikpulih dan senggaraan komputer 20

21 Support Tools Recovery CD 21

22 Ground Bracelet Visual Bunyi Pengunaan perisian Cara mengenal pasti masalah-masalah komputer 22

23 Teknik yang selalu digunakan ialah process of elimination Keluaran satu demi satu komponen komputer dan power on untuk menghidupkan komputer Sekiranya komputer dapat dihidupkan selepas komponen dikeluarkan, maka komponen tersebut bermasalah Menerangkan teori yang sesuai untuk teknik baikpulih berdasarkan masalah Backup sistem (sekiranya boleh) Semak manual Buat catitan untuk semua langkah yang diambil Ambil gambar sebelum membuka atau menangalkan komponen dan wayar Menyediakan perancangan bagi penyelesaian masalah 23

24 Baikpulih dan senggaraan perkakasan Komputer peribadi 24

25 Kelajuan CPU pada tahap yang lebih daripada yang sebenarnya, biasanya ke satu atau dua tahap dari kelajuan CPU yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kelajuan CPU tanpa memerlukan perbelanjaan yang banyak. Berguna untuk menaikkan clock speed / meningkatkan kapasiti RAM, video card untuk kelancaran/peningkatan kualiti komputer anda. Keburukan : dapat meyebabkan perkakasan menjadi sangat panas dan boleh menyebabkan kerosakan Untuk langkah pencegahan, memberikan pendingin/cooler untuk menghindari panas yang berlebihan. Overclocking Perkakasan menjadi sangat panas dan boleh menyebabkan kerosakan di sebabkan oleh tiada pengudaraan yang cukup, overclock, terlalu banyak habuk Untuk langkah pencegahan: memberikan pendingin/cooler untuk menghindari panas yang berlebihan Membersihkan habuk Tidak meletakkan komputer di tempat yang sempit Hindari meletakkan komputer di tempat yang mempunyai tahap kepanasan yang tinggi Kepanasan(Overheating) 25

26 Panas Sistem crash tanpa sebab Prestasi perisian yang lembab Menjelaskan simptom berkaitan kepanasan sistem (excessive heat) Bau bakar? Power supply yang terlampau panas akibat stressed menyebabkan kebakaran komponen dalaman Menerangkan simptom berkaitan bau (odor) 26

27 Bunyi kipas yang kuat Power supply failing atau tidak menyalurkan tenaga secara consisten Peningkatan haba dalam komputer Kipas cpu atau casing rosak Hard disk failing atau mengalami kerosakkan Menerangkansimptomberkaitanbunyibising(noise) Selalunya perkaitan dengan power, pasti sumber kuasa berfungi Sekiranya komputer dapat dihudupkan, led indicator rosak Menerangkansimptomberkaitanpenunjuklampu(Light Indicator) 27

28 Kerosakkan dalaman komponen komputer, seperti chipset short, hard disk bad sector, battery hilang kuasa, tarikh dan masa sistem selalu lari dan etc. Jangka hayat komponen hampir luput Voltage spike Menerangkan simptom berkaitan kerosakan yang tidak kelihatan(non-visible damage) Gunakan voltage meter atau tester untuk memastikan voltage DC dalam lingkungan yang sepatutnya Mengesan dan baikpulih kerosakan bekalan kuasa 28

29 Selepas melalui process of elimination dan komputer masih tidak dapat dihidupkan, tukar motherboard yang baru. Sekiranya motherboard yang rosak masih dalam warranty, semak dengan pembekal Mengesan dan baikpulih kerosakan papan induk Field replaceable units (FRUs) on old motherboards CPU, RAM, RAM cache, ROM BIOS, CMOS battery FRU components on newer motherboards: CPU, RAM, CMOS battery, and motherboard itself A good tactic: replace a bad device with a new one Caveat: check voltage from power supply first If voltage is excessive, new part may be damaged Troubleshooting Motherboard 29

30 If CPU was added to working motherboard, check: Thermal paste between CPU and heat sink Fastening between cooler and motherboard frame Pins or lands on the socket and processor Things to check if new motherboard is not working: Whether the front cover of the case is installed Whether the power switch on back of the case is on Incorrect connections Installation of CPU, thermal compound, and cooler Installation of all motherboard drivers on the CD Troubleshooting (continued) No Beeps Beep Code Description No Power, Loose Card, or Short. 1 Short Beep Normal POST, computer is ok. 2 Short Beep POST error, review screen for error code. Continuous Beep Repeating Short Beep One Long and one Short Beep One Long and Two Short Beeps One Long and Three Short Beeps. Three Long Beeps One Beep, Blank or Incorrect Display No Power, Loose Card, or Short. No Power, Loose Card, or Short. Motherboard issue. Video (Mono/CGA Display Circuitry) issue. Video (EGA) Display Circuitry. Keyboard or Keyboard card error. Video Display Circuitry. Troubleshooting (continued) 30

31 Beep Code 1 4 Beeps Memory 6 Beeps Keyboard 8 Beeps Video Card 10 Beeps CMOS Description Troubleshooting (continued) Overview of the replacement process 1. Verify that you have selected the right motherboard 2. Determine the power configuration settings 3. Remove components to reach the old motherboard 4. Set any jumpers or switches on the motherboard 5. Install the processor and processor cooler 6. Install RAM into appropriate slots on motherboard 7. Install the motherboard 8. Attach cabling (case switches, power supply, drives) 9. Install the video card on the motherboard Replacing (continued) 31

32 Overview of the replacement process (continued) 10. Plug in PC and then attach monitor and keyboard 11. Boot the system and enter CMOS setup 12. Make sure the settings are set to default 13. Observe POST and verify that no error occurs 14. Check for conflicts with system resources 15. Install the motherboard drives 16. Install any other expansion cards and drives 17. Verify the system is up and running Replacing (continued) Isi semula thermal paste Pastikan kipas cpu berfungsi Pasti cpu rapat dan dikunci pada socket motherboard Mengesan dan baikpulih pemproses 32

33 Gunakan aplikasi memory tester Sekiranya kesemua teknik troubleshooting gagal, tukar memory baru Mengesan dan baikpulih kerosakan memori Boot failure A system that hangs, freezes, or becomes unstable Intermittent application errors General Protection Fault (GPF) errors Troubleshooting Memory 33

34 Periksa untuk error dengan mengunakan Windows, sekiranya gagal, tukar yang baru. Semak dengan pembekal sekiranya hard disk masih dalam warranty Mengesan dan baikpulih kerosakan media simpanan Does your system BIOS recognize large drives? Is auto detection correctly configured in CMOS setup? Are the jumpers on the drive set correctly? Are the power cord and data cable connected? Hard Drive Problems 34

35 Pastikan kipas berfungsi dan tidak berbunyi kuat Pasti mengaliran udara yang baik Bersihkan habuk Isi semula cooling atau thermal paste Tukar heatsink Mengesan dan baikpulih kerosakan sistem penyejukan Pastikan pin dalam keadaan elok Pastikan socket dalam keadaan baik Bersihkan habuk Pasti wayar dalam keadaan baik Mengesan dan baikpulih kerosakan expansion card 35

36 Komputer riba Mengenal bentuk rupa komponen komponen dalam komputer riba Tidak seperti desktop, komputer riba mengandungi banyak screw dan komponen komponen yang kecil. Pastikan pengendalian dan susunan yang sistematik Komputer riba 36

Be organized and keep track of all the screws.

37 There are several types of small screws that are used throughout the laptop. Place these in small envelopes and write the component name on the envelope. Be organized and keep track of all the screws. Planning The location of the battery is not the same for every laptop. However, laptops consistently have a release latch for the process of removal Battery Removal 37

38 Laptop hard drives also have variations for removal. Compare the HP dv2700 and the HP ze5300 below. Hard Drive Removal The Memory Module compartment is usually located on the back of the laptop Memory Module Removal 38

39 The WLAN Module is consistently located on the back of the laptop. (Wireless Local Area Network) Wireless LAN Module To access many laptop components the keyboard must be removed. Often, the switchboard, keyboard cover, and other components must be removed to access the keyboard connections and screws Switchboard and Keyboard Removal 39

40 Switchboard and Keyboard Removal The CD/DVD Drive, also called the Optical Drive on some models, has variations for removal as shown below. The HP ze5300 requires the removal of the Switchboard Cover and Keyboard to access the screws for removal CD/DVD Drive removal 40

41 Removing the Display Assembly is one of the more intricate procedures when working on a laptop. The HP dv2700 requires the removal of many components beginning with the Wireless Antenna Cable located in the WLAN module compartment and also a screw that secures the Display Assembly to the computer The Keyboard and Switch cover also need to be removed Display Removal Display Removal 41

42 Display Removal Pastikan adapter tidak mengalami kerosakkan atau tidak kembung Gunakan tester Mengesan danbaikpulihkerosakanadapter 42

43 Pastikan screen tidak pecah atau calar Pastikan wayar dalam keadaan elok Sambungkan vga out dengan monitor untuk memastikan sama ada paparan atau tidak Mengesan dan baikpulih kerosakan panel skrin paparan Pengenalan Windows 8 Melakukan pemasangan OS: 43

44 What an operating system (OS) does: Manages hardware Runs applications Provides an interface for users Retrieves and manipulates files The OS can be analogized to a middleman A computer needs only one operating system Operating systems have evolved to a complex form Operating Systems (OS) Sequence of events occurring after PC is turned on The operating system is loaded Running OS provides an interface (desktop) OS awaits an event, such as a double-click A user can initiate an event in several ways: Click a menu item Enter a command in Run dialog or command console Double-click an icon Operating System 44

45 OS interacts and manages hardware using drivers or BIOS Software falls into three categories: Device drivers or the BIOS Operating system Application software Operating System Operating System 45

New Technology File System (NTFS) Other File Systems Ext (Used in Linux OS)

46 Files & Folders The format of how files & folders are kept and managed on storage devices File systems used by Windows for hard drives: File Allocation Table (FAT) New Technology File System (NTFS) Other File Systems Ext (Used in Linux OS) ReiserFS (Used in Linux OS) HPFS (Used in HP Unix OS) CDFS (File System for CD) File System 46

47 The OS installs and runs all other PC software Application is a software that provides services for users Applications rely on the OS for support operations, eg: MS word relies on OS to manage memory Applications are typically tailored to a single OS. Ensure that OS is suitable for a given application 64bit OS can run both 32bit and 64bit applications 32bit OS can only run 32bit applications Application Installing Windows 8 via USB Practice: 47

48 Baikpulihdan senggaraan perisian Melakukan baikpulih bagi: Cuba cancel document di print dialog Sekiranya gagal, restart print spooler service Print spool stalled 48

49 Dapatkan driver terkini, bersesuaian untuk OS yang digunakan dari laman pengilang printer Incorrect/incompatible driver/form printing Faktor faktor yang menyebabkan Virus Kerosakkan atau korupsi file operating system Jangka masa evaluation sudah tamat Auto-restart errors 49

50 Disebabkan oleh kerosakkan hardware, terutamanya memory (RAM) Bluescreenerror Sistem Hang atau not responding Faktor-Faktor yang menyebabkan, Kelembaban aplikasi Aplikasi error Bug Virus atau malware Hardware yang lembab atau yang bermasalah, terutamanya memory, processor dan hard disk System lock-up 50

Versi driver yang salah Versi driver yang tidak sesuai untuk versi OS Korupsi Virus Kerosakan pada hardware Pastikan tidak kerosakkan hardware dan reinstall driver terkini untuk

51 Versi driver yang salah Versi driver yang tidak sesuai untuk versi OS Korupsi Virus Kerosakan pada hardware Pastikan tidak kerosakkan hardware dan reinstall driver terkini untuk versi OS yang digunakan Kegagalan driver perkakasan Security run as administrator Compatibility Sumber hardware seperti memory atau processor kehausan Kegagalan untuk memulakan aplikasi 51

52 Kerosakan pada active partition Korupsi atau kehilangan boot file Virus Boot priority yang salah di cmos setup Gunakan Windows recovery dan laksanakan automatic repair atau kebalikan keadaan system dengan system restore Invalid boot disk Rujuk invalid boot disk inaccessible boot drive 52

Tidak berkaitan dengan Windows 8, NTLDR adalah boot loader yang bertangungjawab untuk memulakan Windows XP atau variasi Windows NT Gunakan Windows XP recovery cd dan lancarkan

53 Tidak berkaitan dengan Windows 8, NTLDR adalah boot loader yang bertangungjawab untuk memulakan Windows XP atau variasi Windows NT Gunakan Windows XP recovery cd dan lancarkan command fixboot Missing NTLDR Error semasa startup Hang secara tiba tiba Applikasi tertutup dengan mesej has stopped working Prestasi lembab Mengesan kerosakan berkaitan perisian sistem 53

54 Rujuk perisian sistem Mengesan kerosakan berkaitan perisian aplikasi tukar direktori (cd) create direktori (md) delete file (del) list kandungan (dir) Penggunaan wildcard seperti * dan? Penggunaan output redirector ( > ) list semua process yang berjalan ( tasklist ) lupuskan process ( taskkill /pid N dimana N ialah nombor process dari tasklist ) Menyenaraikanjenis-jenisarahanCommand Prompt 54

55 Penyelenggaraan pencegahan (preventive maintenance) Rujuk support tools Menggunakan peralatan yang sesuai bagi pemeriksaan fizikal 55

56 Pastikan tiada retakkan, wayar tercabut, pin dalam keadaan baik, screw komponen ketat dan etc. Melaksanakan pemeriksaanfizikalkeatas computer Rujuk Checklist Menggunakanperalatanyang sesuaibagiproses penyelenggaraan pencegahan 56

57 Task Check for updates with Windows Update Create System Restore Check all hard drives for errors Run Disk Cleanup Wizard Scan and optimize all hard drives Manually scan for viruses Back up your hard drives Check for latest video and sound card drivers Check Device Manager for hardware problems Schedule Automatically Once a month Once a week Once a week Once a month Once a month Once a month (at minimum) Once a month Once a month Maintenance Checklist Scan disk Check Disk Defrag Disk Cleanup Melaksanakan proses penyelenggaraan pencegahan ke atas computer 57

58 Berfungsi untuk menghapus file-file yang sudah tidak digunakan lagi. Contoh file di dalam recycle bin, fail sementara (temporary file), setup log file Command prompt: cleanmgr Melaksanakan proses disk cleanup Menjaga kestabilan komputer dan keadaan hardisk kerana defragmenter mampu mengelakkan / membetulkan boot sector dalam hardisk ataupun error program untuk menjaga perkakasan Menyusun fail dengan lebih teratur bagi pencarian cepat Menyusun fail yang bertaburan/berselerak Command prompt: defrag Melaksanakan proses defrag 58

59 Dapat membetulkan kerosakan fail seperti fail bersilang atau fragmen fail hilang Memeriksa cakera keras Melaksanakan proses scandisk Memeriksa bad sector dan bad file pada hard disk Memperbaiki kesalahan (error) pada sistem di hardisk. Command prompt: chkdsk Melaksanakan proses check disk 59

60 Meningkatkan sekuriti sistem operasi untuk menangkis seranganserangan virus yang baru mahupun yang lama Mengemaskini driver atau perisian kepada versi yang terkini Melaksanakan pengemaskiniandriver Terdapat 3 cara, 1. download file bios (.BIO) dan aktifkan flash update semasa POST 2. download file bios (.ZIP), gunakan bootable usb untuk boot sistem dan lancarkan setup 3. download file bios (.EXE), and lancarkan setup di windows. Setup akan pasang, reboot, flash (update bios) dan kembalikan windows Melaksanakan pengemaskinianfirmware 60

61 Rujuk pengemaskinian driver Melaksanakan pengemaskinianos Rujuk pengemaskinian driver Tukar pasword Update perisian anti-virus Melaksanakan pengemaskiniansecurity 61

62 HwInfo Microsoft Security Essentials Kaspersky virus Removal Tools Mengenalpasti dan menggunakan perisian freeware Penyelenggaraan Pencetak 62

63 Cartridge Paper tray Power supply USB cable Installation CD Menerangkan komponen asas pencetak Cartridge Mengandungi ink atau toner Paper tray Memuatkan kertas Power supply USB cable Menyambungkan pencetak ke komputer Installation CD program maintenance dan memantau paras ink Menerangkan fungsi asas komponen 63

64 Printout pudar, tak jelas, kotor Berbunyi semacam semasa pencetakkan Mengesan kerosakan Lancarkan clean ink dan clean printer Pastikan bahagian dalaman bersih dan tidak ada cebisan kertas atau habuk Tukar cartridge Semak dengan syarikat pengeluar Melakukan baikpulih pada pencetak 64

A+ Guide to Hardware: Managing, Maintaining, and Troubleshooting, 5e. Chapter 1 Introducing Hardware

A+ Guide to Hardware: Managing, Maintaining, and Troubleshooting, 5e. Chapter 1 Introducing Hardware : Managing, Maintaining, and Troubleshooting, 5e Chapter 1 Introducing Hardware Objectives Learn that a computer requires both hardware and software to work Learn about the many different hardware components