Fundamentals of. Mobile Computing. Second Edition. Prasant Kumar Pattnaik Rajib Mall

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1 Fundamentals of Mobile Computing Second Edition Prasant Kumar Pattnaik Rajib Mall

2 FUNDAMENTALS OF MOBILE COMPUTING SECOND EDITION PRASANT KUMAR PATTNAIK Professor School of Computer Engineering KIIT University Bhubaneswar RAJIB MALL Professor Department of Computer Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Delhi

3 FUNDAMENTALS OF MOBILE COMPUTING, Second Edition Prasant Kumar Pattnaik and Rajib Mall 2016 by PHI Learning Private Limited, Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the publisher. ISBN The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher. Fourth Printing (Second Edition) November, 2015 Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, Rimjhim House, 111, Patparganj Industrial Estate, Delhi and Printed by Raj Press, New Delhi

4 Contents Preface...ix Preface to the First Edition...xi Chapter 1: Basics of Communication Technologies Mobile Handsets, Wireless Communications, and Server Applications Cell Phone System Types of Telecommunication Networks Computer Networks Controller Area Networks Local Area Networks Internetworks Traditional LAN LAN Architectures Bus Architecture Ring Architecture Components of a Wireless Communication System Architecture of a Mobile Telecommunication System Wireless Networking Standards Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) Wireless LAN Architecture Applications of Wireless LANs Advantages of Wireless LANs over Wired LANs Bluetooth Technology Protocol Stack of Bluetooth...20 Summary...22 Further Readings...22 Exercises...23 iii

5 iv Contents Chapter 2: Introduction to Mobile Computing and Wireless Networking What is Mobile Computing? Mobile Computing vs. Wireless Networking Mobile Computing Applications Characteristics of Mobile Computing Structure of Mobile Computing Application Cellular Mobile Communication Generations of Cellular Communication Technologies Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) GSM Services System Architecture of GSM GSM Security General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) GPRS Services GPRS Architecture Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) UMTS Network Architecture Software Defined Radio (SDR) Mobile Phone and Human Body...48 Summary...48 Further Readings...49 Exercises...49 Chapter 3: MAC Protocols Properties Required of MAC Protocols Wireless MAC Protocols: Some Issues The Hidden and Exposed Terminal Problems in an Infrastructureless Network A Taxonomy of MAC Protocols Fixed Assignment Schemes Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Random Assignment Schemes ALOHA Scheme The CSMA Scheme Reservation-based Schemes MACA The MAC Standard Infrastructure-based Mode MAC Protocols for Ad Hoc Networks Cognitive Radio ad-hoc Network Traditional ad-hoc Networks vs. Cognitive Radio ad-hoc Networks Architecture of CRNs...68

6 Contents v Summary...69 Further Readings...69 Exercises...70 Chapter 4: Mobile Internet Protocol Mobile IP Packet Delivery Overview of Mobile IP Desirable Features of Mobile IP Key Mechanism Used in Mobile IP Route Optimization Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Significance of Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Summary...84 Further Readings...84 Exercises...85 Chapter 5: Mobile Transport Layer Overview of TCP/IP Terminologies of TCP/IP Architecture of TCP/IP An Overview of the Operation of TCP Application Layer Protocols of TCP TCP/IP versus ISO/OSI Model Adaptation of TCP Window Improvement in TCP Performance Traditional Networks Popular TCP Congestion Control Algorithms TCP in Mobile Networks Summary Further Readings Exercises Chapter 6: Mobile Databases Issues in Transaction Processing Transaction Processing Environment Centralized Environment Client-server Environment Distributed Environment Mobile Environment Data Dissemination Transaction Processing in Mobile Environment Atomicity Relaxation Consistency Relaxation...120

7 vi Contents Isolation Relaxation Durability Relaxation Data Replication Mobile Transaction Models Rollback Process Two-phase Commit Protocol Query Processing Location-dependent Querying Query Optimization Recovery Summary Further Readings Exercises Chapter 7: Mobile Ad Hoc Networks A Few Basics Concepts How is an Ad Hoc Network Set Up without the Infrastructure Support? Why is Routing in a MANET a Complex Task? Battery Basics Characteristics of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) MANET Operational Constraints Applications of MANETs MANET Design Issues Routing Essentials of Traditional Routing Protocols Link State Protocols (LSP) Distance Vector (DV) Protocols Routing in MANETs: A Few Basic Concepts Routing in MANETs vs. Routing in Traditional Networks A Classification of Unicast MANET Routing Protocols Features of MANET Routing Protocols Popular MANET Routing Protocols Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing Protocol Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) Protocol Ad Hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) Zone Routing Protocol Multicast Routing Protocols for MANET Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) MANET vs VANET Security Issues in a MANET Attacks on Ad Hoc Networks Security Attack Countermeasures Summary Further Readings Exercises...161

8 Contents vii Chapter 8: Wireless Sensor Networks WSN vs. MANET Applications Architecture of the Sensor Node Challenges in the Design of an Effective WSN Characteristics of Sensor Networks WSN Routing Protocols Classification Based on Protocol Operation Classification Based on Network Structure Directed Diffusion (DD) Rumor Routing Sequential Assignment Routing (SAR) Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems (PEGASIS) Geographic and Energy Aware Routing (GEAR) Geographic Adaptive Fidelity (GAF) Target Coverage Some Strategies for Target Coverage Clustered Wireless Sensor Networks Clustered WSNs Objectives of Clustering Summary Further Readings Exercises Chapter 9: Operating Systems for Mobile Computing A Few Basic Concepts Special Constraints and Requirements of Mobile O/S Special Constraints Special Service Requirements A Survey of Commercial Mobile Operating Systems Windows Mobile Palm OS Symbian OS ios Android Blackberry Operating System A Comparative Study of Mobile OSs Operating Systems for Sensor Networks Summary Further Readings Exercises...205

9 viii Contents Chapter 10: Mobile Application Development and Protocols Mobile Devices as Web Clients HDML (HanDheld Markup Language) WAP J2ME J2ME Configuration Android Application Development Software Development Kit (SDK) Features of SDK Android Application Components Android Software Stack Structure Advantages of Android Summary Further Reading Exercises Chapter 11: Mobile Commerce Applications of M-Commerce Business-to-Consumer (B2C) Applications Business-to-Business (B2B) Applications Structure of Mobile Commerce Pros and Cons of M-Commerce Mobile Payment Systems Mobile Payment Schemes Desirable Properties of a Mobile Payment System Mobile Payments Solutions Process of Mobile Payment Security Issues Summary Further Readings Exercises Glossary Index

10 Preface This new edition was necessitated due to the rapid advancements in the area of mobile computing that have occurred over the last few years. Almost every chapter in this edition has been revised to make the book up to date with the latest developments. At the same time, we have tried to maintain the readability of the contents. We have received a large number of suggestions from a number of teachers and students of various Universities across India. We have tried to address all these suggestions in this Edition, and feel that these have helped us to enrich several aspects of the presentations. We express our indebtedness to all the readers who have provided their thoughtful comments. For the current Edition of the book, we encourage the readers to write to us about any suggestions they may have in our following mail ids. We acknowledge the tremendous support received from the Editorial staff of PHI Learning. In particular, it was a pleasure to work with Shivani Garg, Ajai Kumar Lal Das, and Lakshmi. Finally we thank our respective families, without whose patience and understanding, this Edition would not have been possible. Prasant Kumar Pattnaik patnaikprasant@gmail.com Rajib Mall rajib@cse.iitkgp.ernet.in ix

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