UNIX & UNIX-u slični OS Uvod u Linux

Transcription

1 UNIX & UNIX-u slični OS Uvod u Linux Željko Jeričević, Ph.D. zeljkoj@medri.hr UNIX Što je UNIX i zašto je važan Povijesni pregled Osnove Linux-a 2 November 2009 zeljko.jericevic@riteh.hr 2 1

2 Što je UNIX i zašto je važan Operacioni sustav dizajniran od programera za programere Jedini OS koji se koristi na različitim platformama (hardware), od dlanovnika do super-računala Višekorisnički sustav (multiuser system) Koristi se i kao ugrañeni (embedded) OS 2 November 2009 zeljko.jericevic@riteh.hr 3 UNIX Što je UNIX i zašto je važan Povijesni pregled Osnove Linux-a 2 November 2009 zeljko.jericevic@riteh.hr 4 2

3 Povijesni pregled UNIX-a Unix (officially trademarked as UNIX, sometimes also written as Unix with small caps) is a computer operating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs, including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Douglas McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna. Today's Unix systems are split into various branches, developed over time by AT&T as well as various commercial vendors and non-profit organizations. From Wikipedia 2 November 2009 zeljko.jericevic@riteh.hr 5 Povijesni pregled UNIX-a As of 2007, the owner of the trademark is The Open Group, an industry standards consortium. Only systems fully compliant with and certified to the Single UNIX Specification are qualified to use the trademark; others are called "Unix system-like" or "Unix-like". From Wikipedia 2 November 2009 zeljko.jericevic@riteh.hr 6 3

4 Povijesni pregled UNIX-a During the late 1970s and early 1980s, the influence of Unix in academic circles led to large-scale adoption of Unix (particularly of the BSD variant, originating from the University of California, Berkeley) by commercial startups, the most notable of which are Solaris, HP-UX, and AIX. Today, in addition to certified Unix systems, Unix-like operating systems such as Linux and BSD are commonly encountered. Sometimes, "traditional Unix" may be used to describe a Unix or an operating system that has the characteristics of either Version 7 Unix or UNIX System V. (From Wikipedia) 2 November 2009 zeljko.jericevic@riteh.hr 7 Povijesni pregled UNIX-a From Wikipedia 4

5 From Wikipedia Povijesni pregled UNIX-a 2 November 2009 Povijesni pregled UNIX-a 1964 zajednički projekt AT&T Bell Labs, GE i MIT za razvoj novog OS Cilj je bio razviti OS koji podržava obradu, spremanje i dostupnost podataka u višekorisničkom okolišu Suradnja je rezultirala u OS MULTICS (Multiplexed Information & Computer Service), koji je preteča UNIX-a 2 November 2009 zeljko.jericevic@riteh.hr 10 5

6 Povijesni pregled UNIX-a 1969 Bell Labs se povlači iz suradnje Dva znanstvenika u Bell Labs: Ken Thompson i Dennis Ritchie nastavljaju istraživanje Thompson je prenio space travel igru (napisanu u FORTRAN-u na GECOS OS za Honeywell 635) na malo upotrebljavano PDP-7 računalo Unics (kasnije Unix) je bilo šaljivo ime na račun Multics-a Ritchie je razvio programski jezik B, a onda C 1973 cijeli OS je napisan u C 11 Ken Thompson i Dennis Ritchie 6

7 PDP-7 Povijesni pregled UNIX-a Zbog 1956 Consent Decree AT&T nije mogao prodavati Unix, te ga je dao na akademsku upotrebu Kasnih 70 godina Thompson odlazi na sabatikal da predaje Unix na UC Berkley, što je dovelo do stvaranja BSD Unix s novim mogućnostima AT&T Bell Labs počinje distribuirati Unix Sustav V 2 November 2009 zeljko.jericevic@riteh.hr 14 7

8 Povijesni pregled UNIX-a Sljedi komercijalizacija Unix-a (70 i 80): Sustav V/AT&T, Solaris/Sun, AIX/IBM, Unicos/Cray, IRIX/SGI, HP-UX, 1991 Linux kernel 0.02 dan u slobodnu upotrebu 1994 Linux November 2009 zeljko.jericevic@riteh.hr 15 Roditelji i potomstvo Richard M. Stallman Linus B. Torvalds 2 November

9 Tri definicije Linux-a 1. Linux kernel (jezgra): direktno upravlja s strojevnom opremom i omogucava prikljucak na korisnicku programsku opremu preko POSIX datoteka (POSIX or "Portable Operating System Interface" is the collective name of a family of related standards specified by the IEEE to define the application programming interface (API), along with shell and utilities interfaces for software compatible with variants of the Unix operating system, although the standard can apply to any operating system). 17 Tri definicije Linux-a 1.Linux kernel (jezgra): 2.GNU/Linux OS: Linux jezgra s dodatnim programima potrebnim za radni okoliš 3.Linux distribucija: Linux jezgra, GNU/Linux OS i dodarni programi za administriranje i upotrebu sustava 18 9

10 The Four Freedoms The word "free" in our name does not refer to price; it refers to freedom. First, the freedom to copy a program and redistribute it to your neighbors, so that they can use it as well as you. Second, the freedom to change a program, so that you can control it instead of it controlling you; for this, the source code must be made available to you. (RMS) 19 The Four Freedoms The modern definition has four points, which it numbers zero to three. It defines free software by whether or not the recipient has the freedoms to: run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0) study how the program works, and adapt it to your needs (freedom 1) redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor (freedom 2) improve the program, and release your improvements to the public, so that the whole community benefits (freedom 3) 20 (RMS) 10

11 Otvoreni kod (Open Source) Najčešce znači da je sistem dostupan svima koji žele na njemu raditi. Inspiracija za veću transparentnost i slobodu u drugim područjima. Ima aspekt općeg dobra. 2 November 2009 zeljko.jericevic@riteh.hr 21 Otvoreni kod (Open Source) Otvoreni kod je distributivni model razvoja programa (pijaca) za razliku od monolitnog korporacijskog modela (katedrala). Izbor izmeñu kreativnosti i konzumerizma. Wikipedia, slobodna enciklopedija: November 2009 zeljko.jericevic@riteh.hr 22 11

12 Otvoreni kod (Open Source) Eric S. Raymond The Cathedral and the Bazaar The Art of Unix Programming Larry Wall PERL (Practical Extraction and Report Language) 2 November 2009 zeljko.jericevic@riteh.hr 23 GNU GNU (pronounced /gnu/ (help info)) is a computer operating system composed entirely of free software. Its name is a recursive acronym for GNU's Not Unix, which was chosen because its design is Unix-like, but differs from Unix by being free software and by not containing any Unix code.[1] GNU was founded by Richard Stallman and was the original focus of the Free Software Foundation (FSF). (from Wikipedia) 2 November 2009 zeljko.jericevic@riteh.hr 24 12

13 GNU November 2009 zeljko.jericevic@riteh.hr 25 Example of GNU software (1 of 5390) Gcc - GNU Compiler Collection The GNU Compiler Collection is a full-featured ANSI C compiler with support for K&R C, as well as C++, Objective C, Java, Objective C++, Ada and Fortran. The GNU Compiler for Java is now integrated and supported: GCJ can compile Java source or Java bytecodes to either native code or Java class files. Java programs will run faster while letting users run a completely free system without needing a proprietary Java compiler. zeljko.jericevic@riteh.hr 26 13

14 Zadatak Pročitati Wikipedia stranicu i sljedeće linkove sa stranice: Comparison of open source and closed source Free as in Freedom Linux software 2 November 2009 Linux: glavni izvori informacija Wikipedia 2 November 2009 zeljko.jericevic@riteh.hr 28 14

15 UNIX Što je UNIX i zašto je važan Povijesni pregled Osnove Linux-a 2 November 2009 zeljko.jericevic@riteh.hr 29 Pingvin i upotreba računala Slobodni pristup (Open Access) Otvoreni kod (Open Source) Snalaženje u Linux & Unix okolišu Sustav datoteka Kretanje Osnovne komande Zašto CLI? (Command Line Interface) 30 Linux GUI (Graphic User Interface) 15

16 From Wikipedia 16

17 33 Snalaženje u Linux & Unix okolišu Snalaženje u Linux & Unix okolišu Sustav datoteka (file system) izgleda kao obrnuto stablo, dostupan preko relativnog i apsolutnog adresiranja Ljuska (shell) ili CLI radni okoliš Osnovne komande Zašto CLI? automatizacija! (Scripting) Linux GUI Gnome, KDE, X Window 34 17

18 Neki elementi sustava datoteka / directory (root) /bin /boot /dev /etc /home /lib /media /sbin /selinux /tmp /usr 35 Linux GUI 36 18

19 Osnovne komande mkdir - make directories cd - change directories mv- change the name of a file or directory pwd - print working directory rmdir - remove an existing directory rm -r - removes directories & files within the directories recursively chown - change file owner and group chmod - change file access permissions ls - short listing of directory contents cp - copy files ln - creates a symbolic link to a file 37 Osnovne komande less - opposite of the more command cat - sends file contents to standard output wc - print byte, word, and line counts bg jobs - places the current job in the background cal - prints a calendar clear - clears the terminal screen. diff file1 file2 - compares two files, reporting all discrepancies. fg jobs - brings jobs to the foreground. man title man section title - prints the specified man page. sort find 38 19

20 Osnovne komande man man neke opcije: -f isto kao whatis -k isto kao apropos (-K za sve man stranice- sporo) man section title - prints the specified man page. MANUAL SECTIONS: The standard sections of the manual include: 1 User Commands 2 System Calls 3 C Library Functions 4 Devices and Special Files 5 File Formats and Conventions 6 Games et. Al. 7 Miscellanea 8 System Administration tools and Deamons 39 20