The Core attributes are allowed within all of the elements listed in the element tables. Specifies a document-wide unique identifier for an element

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1 XHTML Reference Appendix A 435 Appendix A XHTML Reference This appendix includes element descriptions sorted both alphabetically and by category. The elements listed in this appendix are the ones you will use most often, including a list of the Core attributes allowed with the majority of XHTML elements and a complete list of character entities. Some elements are deprecated (obsolete) in XHTML but are still in common use in many Web sites. If you are creating XHTML-compliant Web pages, you should not use these deprecated elements. For more detailed information, visit the World Wide Web Consortium Web site at Core Attributes The are allowed within all of the elements listed in the element tables. Attribute Description id Specifies a document-wide unique identifier for an element Appendix A class style title Specifies a class name for an element; the class name can be used to specify style sheet rules Specifies a style sheet rule for the element Specifies a title for the element; the content of the title is displayed in the browser as a pop-up Table A-1 XHTML core attributes

2 436 XHTML Reference Appendix A Alphabetical XHTML Reference Element  <a> <base> <basefont> (Deprecated) <body> <br> Description Allows you to create a clickable hypertext anchor in a document; can be text or an image Sets the base URL or target for a page; this is an empty element Allows you to set a default size for the body text in the document Identifies the body section of the Web page Inserts a line break, forcing text to the next line; this is an empty element Attributes <b> Allows you to boldface text <blockquote> Allows you to insert a comment in your code. Browsers do not display comments in the Web page. Place the comment within the tag, for example:  Indents text on both the left and right margins Table A-2 Common XHTML elements None href The target destination in a documen name The name of a fragment of the document target The t window or frame in which the linked document is displayed href The absolute or relative original url For the current document target The t default window or frame in which links contained in the document are displayed color The default text color face The default text face size The default text size for the document from 1 to 7; normal browser default is size 3 alink The color for the currently selected link* background Points to the image file that is tiled across the background of the page* bgcolor The page background color* link The color for unvisited links* text The t default text color* vlink The color for visited links* * Deprecated in XHTML clear When used with a floating image, forces text to appear at the bottom of the image

3 XHTML Reference Appendix A 437 Element Description Attributes <caption> Indicates that the text appears as the caption of a table align The alignment of the caption, either top or bottom; top is the default <center> (Deprecated) Centers text or images horizontally on the page None <div> Indicates a division within the document align The horizontal alignment of the contents of the division <em> Emphasizes text, usually as italic; browser determines the text style <font> (Deprecated) <frame> <frameset> <h1> to <h6> Allows you to specify the font size for any string of text; range of sizes is 1 to 7, with 3 being the default Defines specific information for each frame in the frameset Defines the column and row characteristics of the frames in the frameset Defines text as a heading level; <h1> is the top-level heading and the largest text size Sets the font size color Sets the text color face Sets the font typeface frameborder The width of the frame s border marginheight The margin height in pixels marginwidth The margin width in pixels noresize Prevents the user from resizing the frame by dragging the frame border name Sets a targeting name for the frame scrolling Determines whether scroll bars appear src Specifies the source XHTML file for the frame s content cols Separates the frameset into columns rows Separates the frameset into rows (Both of these attributes need percentage or pixel values to specify the frame width or height) align The alignment of the heading text Appendix A <head> Identifies the head section of the Web page, which is reserved for information about the document, not document content Three attributes that are not commonly used: profile Specifies the location of one or more metadata profiles about the document lang Specifies the base language for the document dir Specifies the default text direction Table A-2 (Continued) Common XHTML elements

4 438 XHTML Reference Appendix A Element <hr> <html> <i> <img> <li> <link> <meta> Description Inserts a horizontal rule on the page; this is an empty element Identifies the file as an HTML file Italicizes text Inserts an image into a Web page Marks an individual list item; this is an empty tag Defines a relationship between the document and external resources, such as a style sheet Used within the document head to provide information Attributes width The length of the rule in pixels size The height of the rule in pixels align Horizontal rule alignment; default is center noshade Turns off the default 3-D shading of the rule None width Specifies the width of the image in pixels height Specifies the height of the image in pixels src The URL that points to the image file; this attribute is required align Allows you to wrap text around the image; valid values are left, middle, and right alt Allows you to specify an alternate string of text if the image cannot be displayed by the browser border The border for the image; set this attribute to zero (0) to remove a hypertext border on an anchor image hspace The horizontal white space in pixels on the left and right sides of an image vspace The vertical white space in pixels on the top and bottom of an image type The type of external resource href The URL of the external resource rel Describes the relationship between the current document and the anchor specified by the href attribute name The meta information name, such as keyword or description content The content of the named information type Table A-2 (Continued) Common XHTML elements

5 XHTML Reference Appendix A 439 Element Description Attributes <noframe> <ol> <p> <pre> <span> Contains content that is viewable by browsers that do not support frames Creates a numbered indented list Marks the beginning of a new block of text Preserves the formatting and spacing of text as typed in the source code; displays the text in a monospace font, different from the standard browser text Serves as an inline division; used to apply a style class or rule to text align The horizontal alignment of the paragraph content <strong> Emphasizes text, usually as bold; browser determines the text style <style> Used within the head section to contain CSS style rules type Specifies the type of style language; for CSS, use text/css as the value <sub> Subscripts text <sup> Superscripts text <table> Marks the beginning and end of a table align Floats the table to the left or right of text* border Specifies whether a border is displayed for a table Appendix A bgcolor The background color of the table* cellpadding The amount of space in pixels between the border of the cell and the cell content on all four sides cellspacing The amount of space in pixels between the table cells on all four sides height The height of the table* width The width of the table, either to a fixed pixel width or a percentage relative width* *Deprecated in XHTML <th> Forces the contents of a cell to be displayed as bold and centered align The horizontal alignment for table cells within the table row valign The horizontal alignment for table cells within the row Table A-2 (Continued) Common XHTML elements

6 440 XHTML Reference Appendix A Element Description Attributes <th> Forces the contents of a cell to be displayed as bold and centered bgcolor The background color of the table row* rowspan The number of rows spanned by a cell colspan The number of columns spanned by a cell *Deprecated in XHTML align The horizontal alignment for table cells within the table row valign The vertical alignment for table cells within the row bgcolor The background color of the table row* rowspan The number of rows spanned by a cell colspan The number of columns spanned by a cell *Deprecated in XHTML <title> Specifies the title of the Web page; title Two attributes that are not commonly used: text appears in the browser title bar and as lang Specifies the base language for the the bookmark or favorites text document dir Specifies the default text direction <tr> Marks a row of cells in a table align The horizontal alignment for table cells within the table row <tt> <u> (Deprecated) Specifies monospace text, us ually Courier Underlines text valign The vertical alignment for table cells within the row bgcolor The background color of the table row* *Deprecated in XHTML <ul> Creates a bulleted indented list Table A-2 (Continued) Common XHTML elements

7 XHTML Reference Appendix A 441 Categorical XHTML Reference The following is a quick reference list of the XHTML elements and attributes used in this book, listed by category. Global Structure Elements Element Description Attributes <body> Identifies the body section of the Web page alink The color for the currently selected link* background Points to the image file that is tiled across the background of the page* bgcolor The page background color* link The color for unvisited links* text The default text color* vlink The color for visited links * Deprecated in XHTML <div> Indicates a division within the document <h1> to <h6> <head> Defines text as a heading level; <h1> is the top-level heading and the largest text Identifies the head section of the Web page, which is reserved for information about the document, not document content align The horizontal alignment of the contents of the division align The alignment of the heading text Three attributes that are not commonly used: profile Specifies the location of one or more metadata profiles about the document Appendix A <html> <meta> <span> <title> Identifies the file as an HTML file Used within the document head to provide information Serves as an inline division, used to apply a style class or rule to text Specifies the title of the Web page; title text appears in the browser title bar and as the bookmark or favorites text lang Specifies the base language for the document dir Specifies the default text direction None name The meta-information name, such as keywords or description content The content of the named information type Two attributes that are not commonly used: lang Specifies the base language for the document dir Specifies the default text direction Table A-3 XHTML structure elements

8 442 XHTML Reference Appendix A Text Elements Element Description Attributes <blockquote> Indents text on both the left and right margins <br> <em> <p> <pre> <strong> <sub> <sup> Inserts a line break, forcing text to the next line; this is an emptyelement Emphasizes text, usually as italic; browser determines the text style Table A-4 XHTML text elements List Elements Marks the beginning of a new block of text Preserves the formatting and spacing of text as typed in the source code; displays the text in a monospace font, different from the standard browser text Emphasizes text, usually as bold; browser determines the text style Subscripts text Superscripts text clear When used with a floating image, forces text to appear at the bottom of the image align The horizontal alignment of the paragraph content Element Description Attributes <li> Marks an individual list item; this is an empty tag <ol> <ul> Creates a numbered indented list Creates a bulleted indented list Table A-5 XHTML list element

9 XHTML Reference Appendix A 443 Table Elements Element Description Attributes <caption> <table> <td> <th> <tr> Indicates that the text appears as the caption of a table Marks the beginning and end of a table Marks an individual table cell Forces the contents of a cell to be displayed as bold and centered Marks a row of cells in a table align Floats the table to the left or right of text* border Specifies whether a border is displayed for a table bgcolor The background color of the table* cellpadding The amount of space in pixels between the border of the cell and the cell content on all four sides cellspacing The amount of space in pixels between the table cells on all four sides height The height of the table* width The width of the table, either to a fixed pixel width or a percentage relative width *Deprecated in XHTML align The alignment of the caption, either align The horizontal alignment for table cells within the table row valign The vertical alignment for table cells within the row bgcolor The background color of the table row* rowspan The number of rows spanned by a cell colspan The number of columns spanned by a cell *Deprecated in XHTML align The horizontal alignment for table cells within the table row valign The vertical alignment for table cells within the row bgcolor The background color of the table row* rowspan The number of rows spanned by a cell colspan The number of columns spanned by a cell *Deprecated in XHTML align The horizontal alignment for table cells within the table row valign The vertical alignment for table cells within the row bgcolor The background color of the table row* *Deprecated in XHTML Appendix A Table A-6 XHTML table elements

10 444 XHTML Reference Appendix A Link Elements Element Description Attributes <a> Allows you to create a clickable hypertext href The target destination of the hypertext link anchor in a document; name Names a fragment of the document can be text or an image target The window or frame in which the linked document is displayed <base> <link> Sets the base URL or target for a page; this is an empty element Defines a relationship between the document and external resources, such as a style sheet href The absolute or relative original URL for the current document target The default window or frame in which links contained in the document are displayed type The type of external resource href The URL of the external resource Table A-7 XHTML link elements Inclusion Element Element Description Attributes <img> Inserts an image into a Web page width Specifies the width of the image in pixels height Specifies the height of the image in pixels src The URL that points to the image file; attribute is required align Allows you to wrap text around the image; valid values are left, middle, and right alt Allows you to specify an alternate string of text if the image cannot be displayed by the browser border The border for the image; set this attribute to zero (0) to remove a hypertext border on an anchor image hspace The horizontal white space in pixels on the left and right sides of an image vspace The vertical white space in pixels on the top and bottom of an image Table A-8 XHTML inclusion element Style Sheet Element Element Description Attributes <style> Used within the headsection to contain CSS style rules type Specifies the type of style language; for CSS, use text/css as the value Table A-9 Style sheet element

11 XHTML Reference Appendix A 445 Formatting Elements Element Description Attributes <b> <basefont> (Deprecated) <center> (Deprecated) Boldfaces text Allows you to set a default size for the body text in the document Centers text or images horizontally on the page color The default text color face The default text face size The default text size for the document from 1 7; the normal browser default is size 3 None <font> (Deprecated) Allows you to specify the font size for any string of text; range of sizes is 1 to 7, with 3 being the default size Sets the font size color Sets the text color face Sets the font typeface <hr> <i> Italicizes text <tt> Inserts a horizontal rule on the page; this is an empty element Specifies monospace text, usually in Courier width The length of the rule in pixels size The height of the rule in pixels align Horizontal rule alignment; default is center noshade Turns off the default 3-D shading of the rule Appendix A <u> (Deprecated) Underlines text Table A-10 XHTML formatting elements Frame Elements Element Description Attributes <frameset> <noframe> Defines the column and row characteristics of the frames in the frameset Contains content that is viewable by browsers that do not support frames cols Separates the frame set into columns rows Separates the frameset into rows (Both of these attributes need percentage or pixel values to specify the frame width or height) Table A-11 XHTML frame elements

12 446 XHTML Reference Appendix A Numeric and Character Entities Character Character Entity Numeric Entity Description " " Quotation mark # # Number sign $ $ Dollar sign % % Percent sign & & & Ampersand ' Apostrophe ( ( Left parenthesis ) ) Right parenthesis * * Asterisk + + Plus sign,, Comma - - Hyphen.. Period (full stop) / / Solidus (slash) 0 0 Digit Digit Digit Digit Digit Digit Digit Digit Digit Digit 9 : : Colon ; ; Semicolon < < < Less than sign = = Equals sign Table A-12 Numeric and character entities

13 XHTML Reference Appendix A 447 Character Character Entity Numeric Entity Description > > > Greater than sign?? Commercial at A Z A Uppercase letters A Z [ [ Left square bracket \ \ Reverse solidus (backslash) ] ] Right square bracket ^ ^ Caret Horizontal bar (underscore) ` ` Grave accent a z a - &#122 Lowercase letters a z { { Left curly brace Vertical bar } ~ } ~ Right curly brace Tilde Nonbreaking space Inverted exclamation mark Appendix A Cent sign British Pound sign $ Currency sign Yen sign Broken vertical bar Section sign Spacing diaeresis Copyright sign a ª ª Feminine ordinal indicator «««Left-pointing double angle quotation mark Not sign _ Soft hyphen Table A-12 (Continued) Numeric and character entities

14 448 XHTML Reference Appendix A Character Character Entity Numeric Entity Description Registered trademark sign Macron overline Degree sign ± ± ± Plus-or-minus sign 2 ² ² Superscript digit 2 3 ³ ³ Superscript digit 3 Acute accent μ µ µ Micron sign Paragraph sign Middle dot Cedilla 1 ¹ ¹ Superscript digit 1 o º º Masculine ordinal indicator»»» Right-pointing double angle quotation mark 1 4 ¼ ¼ Fraction one-quarter 1 2 ½ ½ Fraction one-half 3 4 ¾ ¾ Fraction three-quarters Inverted question mark À À À Capital letter A with grave Á Á Á Capital letter A with acute Â Â Â Capital letter A with circumflex Ã Ã Ã Capital letter A with tilde Ä Ä Ä Capital letter A with diaeresis Å Å Å Capital letter A with ring above Æ Æ &Aelig; Capital letter AE Ç Ç Ç Capital letter C with cedilla È È È Capital letter E with grave É É É Capital letter E with acute Ê Ê Ê Capital letter E with circumflex Table A-12 (Continued) Numeric and character entities

15 XHTML Reference Appendix A 449 Character Character Entity Numeric Entity Description Ë Ë Ë Capital letter E with diaeresis Ì Ì Ì Capital letter I with grave Í Í Í Capital letter I with acute Î Î Î Capital letter I with circumflex Ï Ï Ï Capital letter I with diaeresis Ð Ð Ð Capital letter ETH Ñ Ñ Ñ Capital letter N with tilde Ò Ò Ò Capital letter O with grave Ó Ó Ó Capital letter O with acute Ô Ô Ô Capital letter O with circumflex Õ Õ Õ Capital letter O with tilde Ö Ö Ö Capital letter O with diaeresis x Multiplication sign Ø Ù Ú Û Ø Ù Ú Û Ø Ù Ú Û Capital letter O with stroke Capital letter U with grave Capital letter U with acute Capital letter U with circumflex Appendix A Ü Ü Ü Capital letter U with diaeresis Ý Ý Ý Capital letter Y with acute P Þ Þ Capital letter THORN ß ß ß Sz ligature à à à Small letter a with grave á á á Small letter a with acute â â â Small letter a with circumflex ã ã ã Small letter a with tilde ä ä ä Small letter a with diaeresis å å å Small letter a with ring above æ æ æ Small letter ae ç ç ç Small letter c with cedilla Table A-12 (Continued) Numeric and character entities

16 450 XHTML Reference Appendix A Character Character Entity Numeric Entity Description è è è Small letter e with grave é é é Small letter e with acute ê ê ê Small letter e with circumflex ë ë ë Small letter e with diaeresis ì ì ì Small letter i with grave í í í Small letter i with acute î î î Small letter i with circumflex ï ï ï Small letter i with diaeresis ð ð ð Small letter eth ñ ñ ñ Small letter n with tilde ò ò ò Small letter o with grave ó ó ó Small letter o with acute ô ô ô Small letter o with circumflex õ õ õ Small letter o with tilde ö ö ö Small letter o with diaeresis Division sign o/ ø ø Small letter o with stroke ù ù ù Small letter u with grave ú ú ú Small letter u with acute û û û Small letter u with circumflex ü ü ü Small letter u with diaeresis ý ý ý Small letter y with acute þ þ þ Small letter thorn ÿ ÿ ÿ Small letter y with diaeresis Table A-12 (Continued) Numeric and character entities

17 CSS Reference Appendix B 451 Appendix B CSS Reference This appendix includes the most commonly used CSS property descriptions, sorted both alphabetically and by category. For more detailed information, visit the World Wide Web Consortium Web site at CSS Notation Reference Notation <> [ ] Definition Words between angle brackets specify a type of value; for example, <color> means to enter a color value such as red A single vertical bar between values means one or the other must occur; for example, scroll fixed means choose scroll or fixed Two vertical bars separating values means one or the other or both values can occur; for example, <border-width> <border-style> <color> means any or all of the three values can occur Square brackets group parts of the property value together; for example, [ underline overline line-through blink ] means the value is either or one of the values within the square brackets Table B-1 CSS notations Alphabetical CSS Property Reference Property Values Default Applies to Background (Shorthand property) <background-color> <background-image> <background-repeat> <background-attachment> <background-position> No default for shorthand properties Backgroundattachment Backgroundcolor scroll fixed scroll color name or hexadecimal value transparent transparent Appendix B Table B-2 CSS properties

18 452 CSS Reference Appendix B Property Values Default Applies to Backgroundimage <url> Backgroundposition [<percentage> <length>] {1,2} [top center bottom] [left center right] 0% 0% Block-level and replaced elements Backgroundrepeat repeat repeat-x repeat-y no-repeat repeat Border (Shorthand property) <border-width> <border-style> <color> No default for shorthand properties Border-bottom <border-bottom-width> <border-style> <color> No default for shorthand properties Border-bottomcolor <color> The value of the color property Border-bottomstyle dotted dashed solid double groove ridge inset outset Border-bottomwidth thin medium thick <length> medium Border-color <color> The value of the color property Border-left (Shorthand property) <border-left-width> <border-style> <color> No default for shorthand properties Border-left-color <color> The value of the color property Border-left-style dotted dashed solid double groove ridge inset outset Border-leftwidth thin medium thick <length> medium Border-right (Shorthand property) <border-right-width> <border-style> <color> No default for shorthand properties Border-rightcolor <color> The value of the color property Border-rightstyle dotted dashed solid double groove ridge inset outset Border-rightwidth thin medium thick <length> medium Border-style dotted dashed solid double groove ridge inset outset Border-top (Shorthand property) <border-top-width> <border-style> <color> No default for shorthand properties Table B-2 (Continued) CSS properties

19 CSS Reference Appendix B 453 Property Values Default Applies to Border-top-color <color> The value of the color property Border-top-style dotted dashed solid double groove ridge inset outset Border-topwidth thin medium thick <length> medium Border-width (Shorthand property) [thin medium thick <length>] No default for shorthand properties Bottom <length> <percentage> auto auto Positioned elements Clear left right both Color <color> Browser specific Display inline block list-item run-in compact marker table inline-table table-row-group table-header-group table-footer-group table-row tablecolumn-group table-column tablecell table-caption inline Float left right Font (Shorthand property) [ <font-style> <font-variant> <font-weight> ] <font-size> [ / <lineheight> ] <font-family> No default for shorthand properties Font-family Font family name (such as Times) or generic family name (such as sansserif) Browser specific Font-size <absolute-size> <relative-size> <length> <percentage> medium Font-stretch normal wider narrower ultracondensed extra-condensed condensed semi-condensed semiexpanded expanded extra-expanded ultra-expanded normal Font-style normal italic oblique normal Font-variant Font-weight Height normal small caps normal bold bolder lighter <length> <percentage> auto normal normal auto Block-level and replaced elements; also all elements except inline images Appendix B Table B-2 (Continued) CSS properties

20 454 CSS Reference Appendix B Property Values Default Applies to Left <length> <percentage> auto auto Positioned Letter-spacing normal <length> normal Line-height normal <number> <length> <percentage> normal List-style (Shorthand property) <keyword> <position> <url> No default for shorthand properties Elements with display value listitem List-style-image <url> Elements with display value listitem List-styleposition List-style-type inside outside disc circle square decimal lowerroman upper-roman lower-alpha upper-alpha outside Disc Elements with display value listitem Elements with display value listitem Margin (Shorthand property) [ <length> <percentage> auto ] No default for shorthand properties Margin-bottom <length> <percentage> auto 0 Margin-left <length> <percentage> auto 0 Margin-right <length> <percentage> auto 0 Margin-top <length> <percentage> auto 0 Padding <length> <percentage> 0 Padding-bottom <length> <percentage> 0 Padding-left <length> <percentage> 0 Padding-right <length> <percentage> 0 Padding-top <length> <percentage> 0 Position static relative absolute fixed static except generated content Right <length> <percentage> auto auto Positioned elements Text-align left right center justify Depends on browser and language direction Block-level elements Text-decoration [ underline overline linethrough blink ] Text-indent <length> <percentage> 0 Block-level Text-shadow [<color> <length> <length> <length>?,]* [<color> <length> <length> <length>?] Table B-2 (Continued) CSS properties

21 CSS Reference Appendix B 455 Property Values Default Applies to Text-transform capitalize uppercase lowercase Top <length> <percentage> auto auto Positioned Vertical-align baseline sub super top text-top middle bottom text-bottom <percentage> baseline Inline elements White-space normal pre nowrap normal Block-level elements Width <length> <percentage> auto auto Block-level and replaced elements; also all elements except inline elements Word-spacing normal <length> normal Z-index auto integer auto Positioned elements Table B-2 (Continued) CSS properties CSS Properties by Category Property Values Default Applies to Color <color> Browser specific Font (Shorthand property) [ <font-style> <font-variant> <fontweight> ] <font-size> [ / <line-height> ] <font-family> No default for shorthand properties Font-family Font family name (such as Times) or generic family name (such as sans-serif) Browser specific Font-size <absolute-size> <relative-size> <length> <percentage> medium Font-style normal italic oblique normal Font-stretch Font-variant Font-weight Letter-spacing normal wider narrower ultra-condensed extra-condensed condensed semi-condensed semi-expanded expanded extra-expanded ultra-expanded normal small-caps normal bold bolder lighter normal <length> normal normal normal normal Appendix B Table B-3 Font and text properties

22 456 CSS Reference Appendix B Property Values Default Applies to Line-height normal <number> <length> normal <percentage> Text-align left right center justify Depends on browser and language direction Block-level elements Text-decoration [ underline overline line-through blink ] Text-indent <length> <percentage> 0 Block-level elements Text-shadow [<color> <length> <length> <length>?,]* [<color> <length> <length> <length>?] Text-transform capitalize uppercase lowercase Vertical-align baseline sub super top text-top middle bottom text-bottom <percentage> Baseline Inline elements Word-spacing normal <length> normal Table B-3 (Continued) Font and text properties Property Values Default Applies to Margin (Shorthand property) [ <length> <percentage> auto ] No default for shorthand properties Margin-bottom Margin-left Margin-right Margin-top Padding Padding-bottom Padding-left Padding-right Padding-top Border (Shorthand property) <length> <percentage> auto <length> <percentage> auto <length> <percentage> auto <length> <percentage> auto <length> <percentage> <length> <percentage> <length> <percentage> <length> <percentage> <length> <percentage> border-width> <border-style> <color> No default for shorthand properties Border-bottom <border-bottom-width> <border-style> <color> No default for shorthand properties Border-bottomcolor <color> The value of the color property Border-bottomstyle dotted dashed solid double groove ridge inset outset Table B-4 Box properties

23 CSS Reference Appendix B 457 Property Values Default Applies to Border-bottomwidth thin medium thick <length> medium Border-color <color> The value of the color property Border-left (Shorthand property) <border-left-width> <border-style> <color> No default for shorthand properties Border-left-color <color> The value of the color property Border-left-style dotted dashed solid double groove ridge inset outset Border-leftwidth thin medium thick <length> medium Border-right (Shorthand property) <border-right-width> <border-style> <color> No default for shorthand properties Border-rightcolor <color> The value of the color property Border-rightstyle dotted dashed solid double groove ridge inset outset Border-rightwidth thin medium thick <length> medium Border-style dotted dashed solid double groove ridge inset outset Border-top (Shorthand property) <border-top-width> <border-style> <color> No default for shorthand properties Border-top-color <color> The value of the color property Border-top-style dotted dashed solid double groove ridge inset outset Border-topwidth thin medium thick <length> medium Border-width (Shorthand property) Clear Float Height [thin medium thick <length>] left right both left right <length> <percentage> auto No default for shorthand properties auto Block-level and replaced elements Appendix B Width <length> <percentage> auto auto Block-level and replaced elements Table B-4 (Continued) Box properties

24 458 CSS Reference Appendix B Property Values Default Applies to Background (Shorthand property) Backgroundattachment Backgroundcolor Backgroundimage Backgroundposition Backgroundrepeat <background-color> <backgroundimage> <background-repeat> <background-attachment> <background-position> scroll fixed color name or hexadecimal value transparent <url> Table B-5 Background properties [<percentage> <length>] {1,2} [top center bottom] [left center right] repeat repeat-x repeat-y no-repeat No default for shorthand properties scroll transparent 0% 0% Repeat Block-level and replaced elements Property Values Default Applies to Bottom <length> <percentage> auto auto Positioned Height Left Position Right Top Width Z-index <length> <percentage> auto <length> <percentage> auto static relative absolute fixed <length> <percentage> auto <length> <percentage> auto <length> <percentage> auto auto integer Table B-6 Visual properties auto auto static auto auto auto auto Positioned except generated content Positioned elements Positioned elements except inline elements Positioned elements

25 CSS Reference Appendix B 459 Property Values Default Applies to Display inline block list-item run-in compact marker table inline-table table-rowgroup table-header-group table-footergroup table-row table-column-group table-column table-cell table-caption inline List-style-image List-styleposition List-style (Shorthand property) List-style-type White-space <url> inside outside <keyword> <position> <url> disc circle square decimal lowerroman upper-roman lower-alpha upper-alpha normal pre nowrap Table B-7 Classification properties outside No default for shorthand properties disc normal Elements with display value list-item Elements with display value list-item Elements with display value list-item Elements with display value list-item Block-level elements CSS Measurement Units Unit Code Abbreviation Description Centimeter cm Standard metric centimeter Em Ex Inch Millimeter Pica Pixel Point Relative em ex in mm pc px pt For example: 150% The width of the capital M in the current font, usually the same as the font size The height of the letter x in the current font Standard U.S. inch Standard metric millimeter Standard publishing unit equal to 12 points The size of a pixel on the current display Standard publishing unit; 72 points in an inch Sets a font size relative to the base font size; 150% equals 1.5 times the base font size Table B-8 CSS measurement codes Appendix B

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27 Glossary!important A CSS keyword that lets the user override the author s style setting for a particular element. absolute URL See complete URL. active white space White space used deliberately as an integral part of your design that provides structure and separates content. audience definition A profile of your average user. banding An effort to match the closest colors from the GIF s palette to the original colors in a photo. box model A CSS element that describes the rectangular boxes containing content on a Web page. breadcrumb One or more site navigation links, usually at the top of a Web page, that show the current page and any pages above it in the site hierarchy. browser-safe colors The 216 colors shared by PCs and Macintoshes. These colors are displayed properly across both platforms without dithering. cache The browser s temporary storage area for Web pages and images. There are two types of cache: memory cache and hard drive cache. canvas area The part of the browser window that displays the content of the Web page. cascade Style sheets originate from three sources: the author, the user, and the browser. The cascading feature of CSS lets these multiple style sheets and style rules interact in the same document. Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) A style language, created by the W3C, that allows complete specifications of style for HTML documents. CSS allows HTML authors to use over 50 properties that affect the display of Web pages. CSS style information is contained either within an HTML document, or in external documents called style sheets. cell-level attribute An attribute that affects one data cell in a table. CGI See Common Gateway Interface. CGI script A program that transfers form data to a server. child element An HTML element contained within another element. color depth The amount of data used to create color on a display. The three common color depths are 8-bit, 16-bit, and 24-bit. Not all displays support all color depths. Common Gateway Interface (CGI) The communications bridge between the Internet and the server. Using programs called scripts, CGI can collect data sent by a user via the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and transfer it to a variety of data processing programs including spreadsheets, databases, or other software running on the server. complete URL A complete Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is an address of documents and other resources on the Web that includes the protocol the browser uses to access the file, server or domain name, the relative path, and the filename. containing box The containing rectangle, or parent element, of any child element. The absolute containing element is the window area of the browser. All other elements are displayed within this containing box, which equates to the <body> element of an HTML document. Within <body>, elements such as <div> or <p> are parents, or containing boxes, for their child elements. GLOSSARY

28 462 Glossary contextual link A link that allows users to jump to related ideas or cross-references by clicking the word or item that interests them. You can embed contextual links directly in your content by choosing the key terms and concepts you anticipate your users will want to follow. core attribute One of the four attributes that can be used with any element. They include id, title, style, and class. CSS See Cascading Style Sheets. CSS visual formatting model A model that describes how CSS element content boxes should be displayed by the browser. cursive A generic value for the CSS font-family property. Cursive fonts are designed to resemble handwriting. Most browsers do not support this font family. declaration The declaration portion of a style rule consists of a property name and value. The browser applies the declaration to the selected element. deprecated element An element that the W3C has identified as obsolete in future releases of HTML. dithering This color mixing process occurs when a browser encounters a color on a Web page that it does not support. The browser is forced to mix the color. The resulting color may be grainy or unacceptable. To avoid dithering, work with browser-safe colors. Document Type Definition (DTD) A set of rules that contains all the elements, attributes, and usage rules for the markup language you are using. DTD See Document Type Definition. em unit In CSS, a unit equal to the font size of an element. ex unit In CSS, a unit equal to the height of the lowercase letter x in any given font. Extensible Hypertext Markup Language (XHTML) XHTML is HTML 4.01 reformulated as an application of XML. extranet A private part of a company s intranet that uses the Internet to share securely part of an organization s information. fantasy A generic value for the CSS font-family property. Fantasy fonts are primarily decorative. Most browsers do not support this font family. File Transfer Protocol (FTP) A standard communications protocol for transferring files over the Internet. font A typeface in a particular size, such as Times Roman 24 point. form controls These are the input elements that make up an HTML form, such as radio buttons, text boxes, and check boxes. fragment identifier The use of the <a> element and NAME attribute to name a segment of an HTML file. You then can reference the fragment name in a hypertext link. frame A section in canvas area of the browser that displays a separate, independent HTML document. FTP See File Transfer Protocol. GIF See Graphics Interchange Format. global attribute An attribute that affects an entire table. Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) The Graphic Interchange Format (GIF) is designed for online delivery of graphics. The color depth of GIF is 8-bit, allowing a palette of no more than 256colors. The GIF file format excels at compressing and displaying flat color areas, making it the logical choice for line art and graphics with simple colors. grid A layout device that organizes the Web page, providing visual consistency.

29 Glossary 463 HTML See Hypertext Markup Language. hypertext A nonlinear way of organizing information. When you are using a hypertext system, you can skip from one related topic to another, find the information that interests you, and then return to your starting point or move on to another related topic of interest. Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) The markup language that defines the structure and display properties of a Web page. The HTML code is interpreted by the browser to create the displayed results. HTML is an application of SGML. (See Standard Generalized Markup Language.) inheritance The order of CSS rules dictating child elements inherit rules from parent elements. interlacing The gradual display of a graphic in a series of passes as the data arrives in the browser. Each additional pass of data creates a clearer view of the image until the complete image is displayed. You can choose an interlacing process when you are creating GIFs. Internet service provider (ISP) A company that provides Internet access and Web site hosting services to individuals and organizations. intranet A private collection of networks contained within an organization. Intranet users gain access to the Internet through a firewall that prevents unauthorized users from getting in to the intranet. ISP See Internet service provider. JavaScript A client-side scripting language used with HTML forms. Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG or JPG) A file format, commonly shortened to JPG, designed for the transfer of photographic images over the Internet. JPGs are best for photos and images that contain feathering, complex shadows, or gradations. JPEG See Joint Photographic Experts Group. JPG See Joint Photographic Experts Group. look and feel The interface that the user must navigate on a Web site. markup language A structured language that lets you identify common elements of a document such as headings, paragraphs, and lists. metalanguage A language that lets you describe the characteristics of a markup language. The Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a metalanguage. monospace A generic value for the CSS fontfamily property. Monospace fonts are fixedwidth fonts. Every letter has the same horizontal width. nesting The practice of placing one element within another element. nesting tables The practice of placing an entire table within a table cell. parent element An HTML element that contains child elements. parser A program built into a browser that interprets the markup tags in an HTML file and displays the results in the canvas area of the browser interface. partial URL A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) that omits the protocol and server name, and only specifies the path to the file relative to one another on the same server. passive white space The blank area that borders the screen or is the result of mismatched shapes. plug-in A helper application that assists a browser in rendering a special effect. PNG See Portable Network Graphic. points of presence (POP) Dial-up access points to your service provider s network. Your service provider should have at least one POP available so you can dial a local number to get access. Major ISPs such as AT&T have POPs throughout the United States, where a local ISP only will cover the area that includes their subscriber base. GLOSSARY

30 464 Glossary POP See points of presence. Portable Network Graphic (PNG) A graphics file format for the Web that supports many of the same features as GIF. positioned layout A CSS method that gives you control over the way element boxes are laid out in a Web page, allowing you to create complex page designs without tables. processing instruction A special type of XML element that contains information that doesn t fit into a standard XHTML structure. property A quality or characteristic stated in a style rule, such as color, font-size, or margin. The property is a part of the style rule declaration. pseudo-class An element that selects elements based on characteristics other than their element name. pseudo-element An element that lets you change other aspects of a document that are not classified by elements, such as applying style rules to the first letter or first line of a paragraph. raster graphics Images represented pixel-bypixel for the entire image. GIFs and JPGs are raster formats. rendering engine A program contained in every browser that interprets the markup tags in an HTML file and displays the results in the browser. row-level attribute An attribute that affects an entire row in a table. sans-serif A generic value for the CSS fontfamily property. Sans-serif fonts have no serifs. The most common sans-serif fonts are Helvetica and Arial. Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) A language for describing two-dimensional graphics using XML. SVG files can contain shapes such as lines and curves, images, text, animation, and interactive events. screen resolution The horizontal and vertical height and width of the computer screen in pixels. Currently, the two most common screen resolutions for Web design (traditionally expressed as width height) are and script A small program written with a scripting language such as JavaScript. search engine A software program that searches out and indexes Web sites in a catalog. Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) Communications software that allows transmission of encrypted secure messages over the Internet. selector The part of a style rule that determines which HTML element to match. Style rules are applied to any element in the document that matches the selector. semantic markup Descriptive markup that identifies the intended use of different document sections. serif A generic value for the CSS font-family property. Serif is the traditional printing letter form, with strokes (or serifs) that finish off the top and bottom of the letter. The most common serif fonts on the Web are Times and Times Roman. SGML See Standard Generalized Markup Language. shareware Software that is distributed free so users can try before they buy. Users then can register the software for a relatively small fee compared to software produced commercially. Shareware usually is developed by individuals or very small software companies, so registering the software is important. site specification The design document for your Web site. SQL See Structured Query Language. SSL See Secure Sockets Layer. stacking level The ordering of CSS elements on the z-axis.

31 Glossary 465 stacking tables The technique of building several successive small tables rather than one large one. Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) A standard system for specifying document structure using markup tags. Structured Query Language (SQL) A programming language that lets you select information from a database. style rule The basic unit of expression in CSS. A style rule is composed of two parts: a selector and a declaration. The style rule expresses the style information for an element. style sheet A set of style rules that describes a document s display characteristics. There are two types of style sheets: internal and external. SVG See Scalable Vector Graphics. text property A CSS property that lets you adjust the spacing around and within your text. type selector A CSS selector that applies a rule to every instance of the element in the document. typeface The name of type family, such as Times Roman or Futura Condensed. Uniform Resource Locator (URL) The global address of documents and other resources on the Web. universal selector A selector that lets you quickly select groups of elements and apply a style rule. URL See Uniform Resource Locator. valid code Markup code that conforms to the rules of the W3C. value The precise specification of a property in a style rule, based on the allowable values for the property. vector graphics Images represented as geometrical formulas, as compared with a raster graphics format, which represents images pixel by pixel for the entire image. GIFs and JPGs are raster formats. SVG is a vector graphic format. Vector graphics are scalable and cross-platform compatible. W3C See World Wide Web Consortium. Web hosting service Commercial service that provides Web server space only and may be more capable of hosting a more complex commercial site. This service does not include Internet access. Web palette The 216 colors shared by PCs and Macintoshes. These colors display properly across both platforms without dithering. Web server A computer connected to the Internet that runs server software. The software lets the computer use the Hypertext Transfer Protocol to serve HTML files to Web browser clients. well-formed document A syntactically correct XML or XHTML file. World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Founded in 1994 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to standardize Web markup languages. The W3C, led by Tim Berners-Lee, sets standards for markup languages and provides an open, non-proprietary forum for industry and academic representatives to add to the evolution of HTML. x-height The height of the letter x in a particular font. XHTML See Extensible Hypertext Markup Language. GLOSSARY

32 Index * (asterisk), 162, 181, 341, 355 : (colon), 247 / (forward slash), 8, 123, 162 # (pound sign), 99, 244 ; (semicolon), 160 A <a> tag, 99, , absolute path, 73 positioning, 313, , 328, 329 units, accessibility issues, active class, 247 Adobe Dreamweaver, 11, 68, 82 Adobe Fireworks, 69, 232 Adobe Flash, 69, 227 Adobe GoLive, 11, 68 Adobe Photoshop, 69, 190, 228, 232 Adobe Shockwave, 227 Aladdin, 68 align attribute, 125, 139, 145, 233 align="center" attribute, 147 alt attribute, 15, 86, , 144, alternate text, 86, always-on connections, 80 Animal Diversity Web site, animation GIF, positioned layouts and, 311 Arial font, 189, 190, , 201, 215, 217 asterisk (*), 162, 181, 341, 355 AT&T (American Telephone & Telegraph), 80 Atlantic Monthly Web site, 42 43, attribute(s). cell-level, , 461 core, 173, 435, 462 deprecated, 124, 233 global, , 462 row-level, 125, 464 quoted, 15 tables and, audience(s). See also users analyzing, definitions, 66 68, 461 knowing your, 16 planning Web sites and, 64, B <b> tag, 200 background color, 205, 245, , 273. See also background graphics; color background graphics. See also background color; graphics centered, overview, URLs for, background-color property, background-image property, background-position property, background-repeat property, , 261, 265 backups, 69 backward compatibility, 10 banding, 242, 461 bandwidth, banner class, , See also banners banners, 110, 152, , See also banner class Barksdale, Karl, 311 <base> tag, baseline value, 207 basic.htm, BBC News Web site, 46 Berners-Lee, Tim, 1, 2, 53 best practices method, of coding, 12 billboard Web sites, 64 blink value, 204 block-level elements, , <blockquote> tag, 7, <BLOCKQUOTE> tag, 7 blogs, 65 body copy, <body> tag, 97, 99, 137, 245, 247, , 256, , , bold type, 188, 200 borders(s), , color, 247, properties, removing, from graphics, styles, width, border attribute, 125, 233 border property, 238, 282 border-bottom property, 282 border-bottom-color property, 288 border-bottom-style property, border-bottom-width property, 286 border-color property, border-left property, 282 border-left-color property, 288 border-left-style property, border-left-width property, 286 border-right property, 282 border-right-color property, 288

Appendix D CSS Properties and Values

HTML Appendix D CSS Properties and Values This appendix provides a brief review of Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) concepts and terminology, and lists CSS level 1 and 2 properties and values supported by