What Makes the World Wide Web Work (WMWWWW)
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1 What Makes the World Wide Web Work (WMWWWW) Tom Gutnick Sunny Banana IT Consulting 19 May 2012 Copyright Tom Gutnick
2 The New Revolution The shift to network computing is profound. I believe it will reshape the world as fundamentally as the invention of the printing press It will reshape every business and institution in the world. Lou Gerstner (IBM) April
3 Internet Early History: ARPAnet ARPA, 1969 Networked computer systems of a dozen universities and institutions 56kbps communications lines Grandparent of today s Internet Intended to allow computers to be shared Decentralized network, designed for survivability runs without centralized control if portion of network fails, remaining portions still able to route data packets Security not a consideration Key benefit was easy/fast communication between researchers 4
4 Internet History Originally limited to universities and research institutions Military became big user Blending of ARPAnet, CSnet, Bitnet, and more Access allowed for commercial purposes (early 1990s) (Thank you, Al Gore!) Internet traffic grew Businesses spent heavily to improve Internet Better service to their clients Fierce competition among communications carriers and hardware/software suppliers Result: Bandwidth of Internet increased tremendously Costs plummeted 5
5 What is The Internet? A worldwide cooperative Public/private networks, globally interconnected Functions as a single Wide Area Network Nobody really in charge Explosive growth Over 70,000 networks (as of 1995) 140 million registered domains (as of May 2012) 443 million connected hosts Hosts advertised in Domain Name Service, January billion users (as of December 2011) 33% of world population Connects 230 countries worldwide 6
6 Top-Level Domains.com.net.org.edu.gov.mil.biz.info.us..gov.edu.org.com.net.mil.arpa 7
7 Protocols and Services
8 Early Internet Protocols TCP: Transmission Control Protocol UDP: User Datagram Protocol IP: Internet Protocol TCP/IP underpins much of the Internet FTP: File Transfer Protocol NTP: Network Time Protocol SMTP: Simple Mail Transport Protocol POP: Post Office Protocol IMAP: Internet Message Access Protocol
9 Evolving Protocols Gopher (1991) Hierarchical structuring of documents WAIS: Wide Area Information Service Used to search Gopher servers Best option, at the time, for text documents
10 World Wide Web 1991, Tim Berners-Lee, CERN Locate and view hypertext-linked multimedia documents Mixes computing and communications technologies Makes information constantly and instantly available to anyone with a connection Most popular Internet protocol (along with ) 11
11 World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Previously, anarchy! Founded in 1994 by Tim Berners-Lee Develops non-proprietary, interoperable technologies for the WWW Goal: making the Web universally accessible Issues standards Extensible HyperText Markup Language (XHTML) Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) Extensible Markup Language (XML) Accessibility 12
12 That Long Ago? 1972: first program 1988: Morris worm unleashed 1994: Yahoo! 1995: Auctionweb ebay Amazon.com 1996: Google 1999: Napster
13 WWW Underpinnings Client-server architecture Hypertext Transmission Protocol (HTTP) Simple and fast Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) View source from browser Variants: XHTML, HTML5 Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) Separate content from presentation 14
14 15
15 Sample [ugly] web page <html> <head> <title>tom s Secure WebServer</title> </head> <body> <h1>welcome to Tom's Secure WebServer</h1> <h2>systems Engineering <br>in the Nation's Capital</h2> <hr /> <p><a href="security-stuff.html"> Tom's security-related stuff</a></p> <p><a href="other-sites.html">other sites</a></p> <hr /> <p><i>this web site maintained by Tom Gutnick, </i></p> <img src="/gifs/dg2.gif" /> </body> </html> 16
16 Sample [less ugly] web page <html> <head> <title>tom s Secure WebServer</title> <style type="text/css"> body: { background-color: #dddddd; } h1, h2 { font-family: verdana, sans-serif; } </style> </head> <body> <h1>welcome to Tom's Secure WebServer</h1> <h2>systems Engineering <br>in the Nation's Capital</h2> <hr /> <p><a href="security-stuff.html"> Tom's security-related stuff</a></p> <p><a href="other-sites.html">other sites</a></p> <hr /> <p><i>this web site maintained by Tom Gutnick, </i></p> <img src="/gifs/dg2.gif" /> </body> </html> 17
17 Uniform Resource Locator (URL) Address used to access objects on a web server Uniquely identifies a resource on the WWW Components: Method Host Port (optional, defaults to 80) Path (usually defaults to index.htm or index.html) Fragment identifier (optional) Query string (optional) Examples:
18 Internet Addressing Domain Name Server (DNS) does the work Translates a logical web address into a physical address Invoked every time you attempt to access an Internet resource Request: Returns: IP address Use nslookup if curious 19
19 How a web browser works HTTP: HyperTextTransfer Protocol URL: Uniform Resource Locator client requests URL server sends web page client renders the page DNS: Domain Name System HTML: HyperTextMarkup Language JavaScript Cascading Style Sheets applets images audio video 20
20 Cookies The dark side? or benign? Just a bit of data Set by server, stored by browser Sent back to server later Many functions Create session Remember preferences Curious? Examine with browser 21
21 Odds and Ends Client-side scripting JavaScript Server-side scripting Perl, PHP, ASP Integrates with databases MySQL Ajax Asynchronous JavaScript and XML 22
22 Your Own Web Presence (Hosted by others?) Register a domain Network Solutions, DomainSite Get hosted Weebly Bluehost, Dreamhost, A Small Orange Create content Write HTML code Use site builder tool
23 Browser Wars Tom Gutnick Sunny Banana IT Consulting Copyright Tom Gutnick
24 The battle for the desktop is over. Microsoft won. Tom West, Data General
25 The Battle for the Desktop Media player Office suite Operating system Web browser
26 In the beginning (1991) (1991)
27 Before the skirmishes
28 The First Round
29 Browser market share Q1/2002 % share IE Netscape Mozilla Opera Other Source: TheCounter.com
30 The Current Combatants
31 Browser market share (Q3 2011) % share IE Firefox Safari Opera Chrome Other Source: marketshare.hitslink.com
32 Why Use Safari? Blazing performance Elegant user interface Easy bookmarks Pop-up blocking Tabbed browsing SnapBack Forms autofill Built-in in RSS Resizable text areas Private browsing Security HTML5 iphone
33 Why Use Chrome? Search from the address bar Thumbnails of your top sites Private browsing One box for everything Optimized for Google Apps* Role in world domination?
34 Why Use Opera? The innovator Speed dial Tabs and sessions Mouse gestures Content blocking Widgets Download manager with BitTorrent Zoom, fit to width Fraud protection, extended validation Feed preview Opera Link New browser engine Quick find Quick, customizable search Turbo mode for slow connections Mobile version
35 Why Use Firefox? Tabbed browsing Session saving Themes Extensions One-click bookmarking Phishing protection Search suggestions Smart location bar Smart keywords Open source
36 Why Use IE? Easy default Tabbed browsing Quick tabs Tab groups Advanced printing Instant search Favorites Center RSS Feeds Page zoom Security Status bar Phishing filter Extended validation
37 The Coming Convergence
38 Security Shoot-out out Actually 2 different wars! YOU are the target! Challenge: Browsers are complex software. How to mitigate the threats to systems and privacy?
39 Bad news Good news If you re looking for the perfectly secure browser, stop looking. Any fully patched browser can be used relatively safely. Source: Roger Grimes, InfoWorld,, 30 January 2009
40 Bonus: Browsing Safely Don t run with privileges Run in sandbox or VM Make sure browser, O/S, add-ons patched Don t be tricked into running malicious code If prompted for plug-in, get from vendor site Know your add-ons before using Source: Roger Grimes, InfoWorld,, 30 January 2009
41 Making the Switch (Okay to have more than one!) Download Install When in doubt, default! Import IE settings Bookmarks, cookies, history, passwords Customize as needed Happy surfing!
42 Future combat: Mobile
43 Tom Gutnick
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