The changing face of web search. Prabhakar Raghavan Yahoo! Research

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1 The changing face of web search Prabhakar Raghavan 1

2 What is web search? Access to heterogeneous, distributed information Heterogeneous in creation Heterogeneous in accuracy Heterogeneous in motives Multi-billion dollar business Source of new opportunities in marketing Strains the boundaries of trademark and intellectual property laws A source of unending technical challenges 2

3 What is web search? Nexus of Sociology Economics Law with technical implications. 3

4 The driver Pew Study (US users Aug 2004): Getting information is the most highly valued and most popular type of everyday activity done online. aily_life.pdf 4

5 The coarse-level dynamics Content creators Content aggregators Content consumers 5

6 Brief (non-technical) history Early keyword-based engines Altavista, Excite, Infoseek, Inktomi, Lycos, ca Paid placement ranking: Goto (morphed into Overture Yahoo!) Your search ranking depended on how much you paid Auction for keywords: casino was expensive! 6

7 Brief (non-technical) history 1998+: Link-based ranking pioneered by Google Blew away all early engines except Inktomi Great user experience in search of a business model Meanwhile Goto/Overture s annual revenues were nearing $1 billion 7

8 Brief (non-technical) history Result: Google added paid-placement ads to the side, separate from search results 2003: Yahoo follows suit, acquiring Overture (for paid placement) and Inktomi (for search) 8

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10 Ads vs. search results Google has said that ads (based on vendors bidding for keywords) do not affect ranking in search results Web Sponsored Links CG Appliance Express Discount Appliances (650) Same Day Certified Installation San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose, CA Miele Vacuum Cleaners Miele Vacuums- Complete Selection Free Shipping! Miele Vacuum Cleaners Miele-Free Air shipping! All models. Helpful advice. Results 1-10 of about 7,310,000 for miele. (0.12 seconds) Search = miele Miele, Inc -- Anything else is a compromise At the heart of your home, Appliances by Miele.... USA. to miele.com. Residential Appliances. Vacuum Cleaners. Dishwashers. Cooking Appliances. Steam Oven. Coffee System k - Cached - Similar pages Miele Welcome to Miele, the home of the very best appliances and kitchens in the world k - Cached - Similar pages Miele - Deutscher Hersteller von Einbaugeräten, Hausgeräten... - [ Translate this page ] Das Portal zum Thema Essen & Geniessen online unter Miele weltweit...ein Leben lang.... Wählen Sie die Miele Vertretung Ihres Landes k - Cached - Similar pages Herzlich willkommen bei Miele Österreich - [ Translate this page ] Herzlich willkommen bei Miele Österreich Wenn Sie nicht automatisch weitergeleitet werden, klicken Sie bitte hier! HAUSHALTSGERÄTE... 10

11 Ads vs. search results Other vendors (Yahoo!, MSN) have made similar statements from time to time Any of them can change anytime 11

12 Web search basics User Sponsored Links CG Appliance Express Discount Appliances (650) Same Day Certified Installation San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose, CA Miele Vacuum Cleaners Miele Vacuums- Complete Selection Free Shipping! Miele Vacuum Cleaners Miele-Free Air shipping! All models. Helpful advice. Web Results 1-10 of about 7,310,000 for miele. (0.12 seconds) Web spider Miele, Inc -- Anything else is a compromise At the heart of your home, Appliances by Miele.... USA. to miele.com. Residential Appliances. Vacuum Cleaners. Dishwashers. Cooking Appliances. Steam Oven. Coffee System k - Cached - Similar pages Miele Welcome to Miele, the home of the very best appliances and kitchens in the world k - Cached - Similar pages Miele - Deutscher Hersteller von Einbaugeräten, Hausgeräten... - [ Translate this page ] Das Portal zum Thema Essen & Geniessen online unter Miele weltweit...ein Leben lang.... Wählen Sie die Miele Vertretung Ihres Landes k - Cached - Similar pages Herzlich willkommen bei Miele Österreich - [ Translate this page ] Herzlich willkommen bei Miele Österreich Wenn Sie nicht automatisch weitergeleitet werden, klicken Sie bitte hier! HAUSHALTSGERÄTE k - Cached - Similar pages Search Indexer The Web Indexes Ad indexes 12

13 Social search Is the Turing test always the right question? 13

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15 The power of social media Flickr community phenomenon Millions of users share and tag each others photographs (why???) The wisdom of the crowd can be used to search The principle is not new anchor text used in standard search Don t try to pass the Turing test? 15

16 Anchor text When indexing a document D, include anchor text from links pointing to D. Armonk, NY-based computer giant IBM announced today Joe s computer hardware links Compaq HP IBM Big Blue today announced record profits for the quarter 16

17 Challenges in social media How do we use these tags for better search? What s the ratings and reputation system? How do you cope with spam? The bigger challenge: where else can you exploit the power of the people? What are the incentive mechanisms? 17

18 Paid placement What pays the bills 18

19 Paid placement Aggregators draw content consumers Search is the hook Each consumer reveals clues about his current situation The keyword(s) he types (e.g., miele) Keyword(s) in his (gmail) Context information (Yahoo! ) 19

20 Paid placement Aggregator gives consumer opportunity to click through to an advertiser Compensated by advertiser for click through Whose advertisement is displayed? In the simplest form, auction bids for each keyword Contracts: At least presentations of my advertisement to searchers typing the keyword nfl, on Super Bowl day. At least 100,000 impressions to searchers typing wilson in the Yahoo! Tennis category in August. 20

21 Paid placement Leads to complex logistical problems: selling contracts, scheduling ads supply chain optimization Interesting issues at the interface of search and paid placement: If you search for miele, did you really want the home page of the Miele Corporation at the top? If not, which appliance vendor? 21

22 Auctions and pricing Overture s original model (still used by Yahoo!): Ads displayed in order of decreasing bid E.g., if advertiser A bids 50 cents, B bids 25, C bids 35 order ACB How do you price slots? Generalized Vickrey? What s good about this? Advertisers like transparency What s wrong with this? Non-performing ads float to the top Google addressed this with revenue ordering : promote ads based on expected clickability 22

23 Pays 8 Pays 7 Highest Bidder 10 2 nd highest Bidder 8 3 rd highest Bidder 7 23

24 Burgeoning research area Understanding auctions, incentive mechanisms, pricing, optimization a huge deal Already multi-billion dollar business, growing fast Interface of microeconomics and CS Early work Edelman, Ostrovsky, Schwarz Advertiser s perspective spending budget optimally: Borgs/Chayes/Etesami/Immorlica/Jain/Mahdian Rusmevichientong/Williamson Many open problems, a few papers, some of them quite realistic Marketplace design 24

25 Trademarks and paid placement Consider searching Google for geico Geico is a large insurance company that offers car insurance Sponsored Links Car Insurance Quotes Compare rates and get quotes from top car insurance providers. It's Only Me, Dave Pell I'm taking advantage of a popular case instead of earning my traffic. Fast Car Insurance Quote 21st covers you immediately. Get fast online quote now! 25

26 Who has the rights to your name? Geico sued Google, contending that it owned the trademark Geico Thus ads for the keyword geico couldn t be sold to others (Unlikely the writers of the constitution contemplated this issue) US Supreme Court ruled: search engines can sell keywords including trademarks 26

27 Incentive networks Joint w/jon Kleinerg (Cornell) 27

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29 The power of the middleman Setting: you have a need For information, for goods You initiate a request for it and offer a reward for it, to some person X Reward = your utility U How much should X skim off from your offered reward, before propagating the request? 29

30 Propagation r 1 r 2 U U r 1 U r 1 r 2 Request propagated repeatedly until it finds an answer. Target not known in advance. Middlemen get reward only if answer reached. 30

31 More generally. $ U $ U r 1 $ $ Each middleman decides how much to skim off. Middleman only gets paid if on the path to the answer. 31

32 Rewards must be non-trivial We will assume that all the r i 1. Else, have a form of Zeno s paradox: Source can get away with offering an arbitrarily small reward. Equivalently, nodes value their effort in participating. 32

33 Back to the line r 1 r 2 U U r 1 U r 1 r 2 Under strategic behavior by each player, how much should a player skim? n = answer rarity: probability a node has the answer = 1/n, independently of other nodes. 33

34 The bad news For rarity n, it takes about n hops to get to the answer. (By solving a simple recurrence): The initial reward is exponential in n A very inefficient network. For a constant failure probability. Was this because of the model, the network, or? 34

35 Branching proceeses Branching process: a network where Each node has a number of descendants Number of descendants is a random variable X drawn from a probability distribution Expectation[X] = b 35

36 Branching process example 36

37 Branching processes Classical study of population dynamics and random graph evolution Basic fact: If the expected # offspring < 1, process dies out If the expected # offspring 1, process infinite. b=1 called a critical process. 37

38 Main results For b<2, the initial investment must be exponential in the path length from the root to the answer. Inefficient incentive network. For b>2, the initial investment is linear in the path length from Efficient the incentive root to network. the answer. Criticality at b=2. Knowing fewer than 2 people is expensive. 38

39 Tempting conclusion (Sufficient) competition makes incentive networks efficient. But we haven t fully introduced competition yet. On trees, we have a unique path from origin to each node. Limited form of competition. 39

40 Real competition Directed acyclic graph with an origin. Rarity n as before. Now a node may receive different reward offers from different parents. Node must consider that descendants can get competing offers. U 1 U 2 40

41 Many open questions Branching processes: What happens at b=2? When there are exactly 2 offspring, can show cost linear in path length What is the phase transition in the general case? 41

42 Directed acyclic graphs Full model of competition When does competition promote efficiency? Given a DAG, how does a node compute its strategy? 42

43 The net Web search is scientifically young It is intellectually diverse The human element The social element The technology mirrors the economic, legal and sociological reality 43

44 Thank you. Questions? 44